Vasily Dark 2: Paitonga, Biography

Moscow Prince Vasily Dark 2 mitemo panguva apo kwavabati yake zvishoma nezvishoma akava chinoumba rakabatana Russian mamiriro. Nokuti nguva rokutonga Rurik uyewo chakaita kuti hondo huru pakati iye nehama dzake - Vakwikwidzi simba iri Kremlin. Izvi kunetsana feudal Wakapedzisira munhoroondo Russia.

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Future Prince Vasili 2 Dark aiva mwanakomana Basil I uye Sophia Vitovtovna wechishanu. Maternally mwana aiva mumiririri raitonga dzinza Lithuanian. Pausiku hwaakafa, Basil Ndakatumira baba-muna Vytautas tsamba yake raakakumbira kudzivirira muzukuru mucheche.

Wokutanga ina vanakomana vose Grand Duke akafa pauduku kana muduku kubva kakawanda apo chirwere, izvo anozikamwa yenhau se "denda." Saka, mudyi wenhaka Basil ndakagara 2 Basil Dark. Kubva mamiriro pfungwa maonero, kuvapo mwana chete yaiva ndinoiitawo chete, nokuti anobvumira mutongi kuti zviparadzanise simba pakati pavana vake vakawanda. Nokuda kwaizvozvi tsika wakananga akafa Kievan Rus uye makore akawanda akatambudzikira Vladimir-Suzdal nyika.

The political mamiriro ezvinhu

Moscow kwavabati zvakanga nemhosva mbiri zvakakodzera kuroora pamusana dzimwe kutyisidzira. Pasinei chokwadi kuti Basil II sekuru Dmitry Donskoy akakunda wechiTatar-Mongol hondo musi Kulikovo Field muna 1380, Russia akaramba novimba Golden Horde. Moscow zvakare zvasarira chikuru necheSalvic Orthodox enyika pakati. vatongi varo ndivo aizomira kusvikira khans, kana kwete muhondo, vachibatsirwa nzwisisa nezvibvumirano.

Kubva kumavirira, East necheSalvic zvemisoro mungozi Lithuania. Kusvikira 1430 nayo Vytautas mitemo - sekuru Basil II. Kwemakumi emakore, kuti kusabatana Russia Omani vatongi vakakwanisa kuisa zvinhu zvake wokumavirira Russian kweutongi (Polotsk, Galich, Volyn, Kyiv). Apo Basil ndakarasikirwa rusununguko yangu Smolensk. Lithuania pachayo iri kuramba nezvezvandaifanira Catholic Poland zvakazoita kuti kusingadzivisiki kunetsana pamwe Orthodox ruzhinji uye Moscow. Basil II zvakafanira yokufudza vavakidzani ngozi uye kuchengetedza rugare yavo ezvinhu. Nguva yaratidza kuti akabudirira kwete nguva dzose.

Vachinetsana babamukuru vake

Muna 1425, Prince Vasili Dmitrievich akafa, tichisiya choumambo kusvikira gore gumi okuberekwa mwanakomana. machinda Russian akabvuma mutongi mukuru wayo mu Russia. Zvisinei, pasinei akaratidza kutsigira nzvimbo Basil duku raiva shaky chaizvo. The chete chikonzero kuti hapana akamboda kubata, sekuru vake - a simba changamire Lithuanian Vytautas. Asi akanga akwegura kwazvo, uye akafa muna 1430.

Izvi zvakateverwa rose ngetani zviitiko zvakatungamirira hondo yevagari makuru. The chikuru muparanzvongo makakatanwa akanga Basil II Uncle Yuri Dmitrievich - mwanakomana kunozivikanwa Dmitry Donskoy. Asati afa, Kumukundi pamusoro Mamaia pamusoro tsika ikazopiwa mwanakomana wake muduku anofanira nhaka. Achiziva ngozi tsika iyi, Dmitry Donskoy aihuitira chokuti Yuri akapa guta duku: Zvenigorod, Galich uye Vyatka Ruza.

Vana muchinda mushakabvu vaigara norugare uye kubatsira mumwe. Zvisinei, Yuri aizivikanwa vavariro yake uye kuda simba. In yababa vake kuda, aifanira nhaka yose Muscovy vari chiitiko vakurumidze rufu mukuru mukoma wake Basil I. Asi kuti aiva navanakomana vashanu, muduku kwavari uye akava mutongi Kremlin muna 1425.

nguva yose iyi, Yuri Dmitrievich akaramba minimis Zvenigorod muchinda. Vatongi Moscow akakwanisa kuchengetedza mamiriro avo uye zvinowedzera nayo nokuti kuti hurongwa yokugara rakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo, maererano iyo chigaro akabva baba mwanakomana wedangwe, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda nevanun'una. Muzana XV remakore, nzira iyi achiri mutsva. Vasati kuti, kuRussia, maererano nesimba nhaka agnatic ukuru, kana kodzero ukuru (kureva Vanasekuru yokutanga pamusoro vazukuru).

Chokwadi, Yuri aiva mutsigiri nehurumende yekare, sezvo akamutendera kuti kuva mutongi chepamutemo muMoscow. Uyezve, kodzero yake vakanga vaitsigira muvaravara mukuda baba vake. Kana kubvisa chaiyo hunhu uye, muna Moscow hugota pasi Basil II vakatarisana gadziriro maviri nhaka, mumwe wakanga wakakodzera kutsvaira mumwe. Yuri akanga chete achimirira mukana wokuburitsa zvaanotaura. Norufu Vytautas, mukana uyu pamberi pake.

Dare iri Horde

Panguva Mongol khans utongi wakabudiswa Labels kutonga, akapa kodzero Rurikovich kugara ichi kana kuti chigaro. Kazhinji, tsika iyi haasi kupindira chakaipa zvikuru, kana wacho haasi chakasimba muArabhu. Zvisarudzo Indomitable Khan vakanga kurohwa chokuti iri nhaka yavo kurwisa ropa revanhu.

Dmitry Donskoy nezvizvarwa vachiri kugamuchira Labels mambo, uye akaripa mutero, pasinei nokuti eMongolia akatanga vanotambura yake nokukakavara. Muna 1431, kuti akura 2 Basil Dark akaenda Golden Horde, kuti mvumo yavo kukwira. Panguva imwe chete nawo inowanzorimwa akadzinga Yuri Dmitrievich. Aida kuratidza kuti Khan kuti ane zvimwe kodzero choumambo pane muzukuru wake.

Ishe Golden Horde Ulugh Muhammad akasarudza vachida Vasily. Yuri varasikirwa yake yokutanga, asi kwete kuenda bvumidza. Mumashoko akavaziva "mukoma guru" wake muzukuru uye yadzoka nhaka, kumirira mukana mutsva kuruma. Nhoroondo yedu ine mienzaniso yakawanda nhema, uye pfungwa iyi, Yuri Dmitrievich haasi akasiyana zvikuru kubva vazhinji vezera rake uye vamutangira. Panguva iyoyowo akamedura chivimbiso chake uye Basil. At mudare Khan kuti akanga avimbisa babamunini vake kupa ndikamuripa mutaundi Dmitrov, asi havana kuita saizvozvo.

Kuvamba kokukakavara

Muna 1433, Prince gumi gore yekare Moscow airidza muchato. Basil II nemukadzi wake Maria - mwanasikana mubati yakananga Yaroslava Borovskogo (uyewo kubva Moscow dzinza). Mhemberero hama dzakawanda vakakokwa muchinda, kusanganisira vana Yuri Dmitrievich (haana kuratidza, asi akaramba ari ake Galicia). Dmitriy Shemyaka uye Vasily Diagon achiri kuda basa guru iri yehondo. Pavakanga vari vaeni ari Grand Duke. Mukati kwamakuhwa muchato. Mother Basil II Sofia Vitovtovna akaona Basil Koos bhandi kuti anonzi zvaimbova Dmitry Donskoy, uye wakabiwa musikana. Iye ndokubvarura kure chimedu zvipfeko mwana, izvo zvakakonzera chakakomba nharo pakati pehama. Akuvara vanakomana Yuri Dmitrievich pakarepo vakabva ndokuenda kuna baba vake mumugwagwa yakaparadzwa muna Yaroslavl. The Chiitiko nebhanhire chakabiwa akazova zvinhu ngano uye nevakawanda nyaya iri dzechembere.

Domestic bopoto yakava Saka chikonzero kuti Zvenigorod Prince aitsvaga kutanga guru hondo muzukuru wake. Kudzidza pamusoro zvaitika pamutambo, akaunganidza hondo akatendeka uye akaenda Moscow. machinda Russian kamwe zvakare vakagadzirira kudururira ropa vavanotonga nokuda zvido.

Hondo Grand Duke of Moscow, Yuri yakatyoka pamahombekombe of Klyazma. Nokukurumidza babamunini wangu uye akatora guru. Basil akagamuchira muripo muna Kolomna, apo, chokwadi, akapedzisira nhapwa. Pakupedzisira, Yuri akazadzisa hope dzake pamusoro choushe chababa vake. Zvisinei, richisvika zvinodiwa, akaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvinouraya. New Prince akaenda neevamwe kuMoscow boyars, ane simba muguta raiva guru kwazvo. Rutsigiro kirasi iyi uye avo mari ipapo zvinokosha chaizvo unhu simba.

Apo Moscow vakakwirira akaziva kuti vatongi vayo mutsva akatanga kuzvimbandidzira kubudisa zvekare vanhu kubva kuhofisi todzitsiva yavo musarudzo, hwakawanda vatsigiri kiyi vakatizira Kolomna. Yuri aiva zindoga uye akanga akabviswa muuto guru raMwari. Akabva afunga kuenda nyika muzukuru wake uye vakabvuma kumudzosa choumambo pashure pemwedzi mishomanana rokutonga.

Asi Basil haana kuchenjera zvikuru kuti sekuru vake. Kare guru, akatanga pachena udzvanyiriri vaya boyars vaitsigira George kwake kutaura simba. Vanopikisa chikanganiso chete, kwete kufungisisa chiitiko chinosuruvarisa kwavavengi vake. Ipapo Vasili akazivisa vanakomana Yuri hondo. The Grand Duke vakakundwa zvakare pedyo Rostov. sekuru vake zvakare akava mubati Moscow. Zvisinei, kunyange mwedzi mishomanana pashure perimwe reshuffle Yuri akafa (June 5, 1434). In guru, kwaiva kuramba nerunyerekupe kuti akanga muchetura mumwe courtiers ake. Under kuda George, Duke akava mwanakomana wake mukuru Basil Diagon.

Oblique Basil muMoscow

All ushe Yuri muMoscow Vasily 2 paaitiza, vachirwa remuSamoa varwe navanakomana vake. Apo Diagon akaudza Shemyaka mukoma wake kuti iye zvino anotonga muMoscow, Dmitry haana kugamuchirwa kuchinja uku. Akaita rugare Basil, iro, kana kubudirira, wemasangano vakagamuchira Shemyaka Uglich uye Rzhev. Zvino machinda maviri, vakanga kare vavengi, akabatana muchiuto kudzinga mwanakomana Moscow wedangwe, Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo.

Oblique Basil, kudzidza pamusoro kusvika mauto muvengi vakatiza guta guru iri Novgorod, pashure akatora pfuma yababa vake. Iye proknyazhil muMoscow mwedzi mumwe chete muchirimo 1434. In mhanya-kuutapwa kutora mari akaunganidza varwi uye akaenda naye kurutivi Kostroma. Pakutanga, akanga akundwa panguva Kotorosl rwizi pedyo Yaroslavl, uye ipapo zvakare Hondo chereh River muna May 1436. Vasily akanga akabatwa namesake ake uye barbarously akapofumadzwa. Imhaka achimukuvadza, akanga zita remadunhurirwa Squint. Yaimbova Prince akafa mujeri muna 1448.

Hondo Kazan Khanate

Panguva imwe nguva muna Russia norugare. Grand Muchinda Moskovskiy Vasily II aiedza kudzivisa hondo nevavakidzani vayo, asi haana kubudirira. Huchaita ropa mutsva aiva Khanate pamusoro Kazan. Panguva ino, chete Zolotaya Orda yakakamurwa dzikava anoverengeka akazvimirira ulus. The Kudeuka uye simba zvikuru aiva Kazan Khanate. Tatars akauraya vatengesi Russian uye aigara akarongeka nzendo kumuganhu munzvimbo.

Muna 1445 pakati pamachinda necheSalvic uye Kazan Khan Mahmoud hondo rakashama dzakasunungurwa. July 7 pedyo Suzdal hondo kwakaitika, umo Russian kukupfura akatambura unorema kukundwa. Musungwa chakabatwa Michael Verey uye nehama yake Vasily Dark 2. Paitonga ichi muchinda (1425-1462) akanga azere Zvikamu apo zvachose anorasikirwa simba. Pano zvino, ari muutapwa ari Khan, akanga muchidimbu kubviswa zviitiko kumba.

mubatwa Tatars

Nepo Basil akaramba mubatwa kuti Tatars, aiva mubati Moscow Dmitry Shemyaka - mwanakomana mukupera Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo rechipiri. Panguva ino, akanga awana nevatsigiri vakawanda muguta guru. Zvichakadaro Vasily akanyengetedza Kazan Khan kumurega kuti aende hake. Zvisinei, aifanira kusaina imwe-mativi chibvumirano umo aifanira kubhadhara indemnity hombe, kuipa, kupa mamwe maguta ake kuna Tatars mu dzichifura.

Izvi zvakakonzera sefungu nehasha muRussia. Pasinei vanonyunyuta vanhu vakawanda vari munyika, ndakatanga kutonga muMoscow Vasily ari Dark 2 zvakare. Policy zvichemo Horde aisagona asi kutungamirira taisireva. Mukuwedzera, muchinda akauya Kremlin inotungamirwa Khan nemauto, yakanga yapiwa kwaari Tatars, kuti vadzosere choushe chokwadi.

Dmitry Shemyaka pavakadzokera nemuvengi wake basa Uglich. Nokukurumidza izvozvo vakatanga kudirana kuna Moscow vatsigiri, pakati pavo pakanga vanokudzwa uye vatengesi, ndisingambofariri kwemaitiro Basil. Uchibatsirwa wavo, Uglich muchinda rakarongwa nevapanduki, pashure iro zvakare akatanga kutonga muna Kremlin.

Uyezve, iye wechi kutsigira mamwe machinda, aimbovenga vairega kurwisana. Pakati pavo paiva Mozhajskij mutongi Ivan A. uye Boris Tverskoy. machinda maviri aya akabatsira Shemyaka asunga Vasily nhema iri paberere zvitsvene Trinity-rwacho Segiyo Lavra. February 16, 1446 akanga akapofumadzwa. The wazvakaitika akaruramiswa chokuti Basil akaenda makava ruvengo mhirizhonga. Uyezve, akanga kamwe akarayira kuti inopofumadza muvengi. Saka Shemyaka akatsiva njodzi yake mukoma Vasiliya Kosogo.

pashure anodzimaidza

Pashure pechiitiko ichi, kokupedzisira akatapwa 2 Basil Dark. Muchidimbu, zvaimushungurudza ake zvakafanorongwa kwakawedzera vatsigiri ake pakati vakakwirira kutsauka. Anodzimaidza sezvo kufunga ruzhinji machinda Moscow State, izvo zvava zamu vavengi Shemyaka. Ndakatora mukana Vasily Dark 2. Sei Dark akasimuka remadunhu- ake, tinoziva kubva yaMakoronike anotsanangura ichi epithet upofu. Pasinei Kukuvara, muchinda akaramba achishingaira. mwanakomana wake Ivan (Papera Ivan III) vakava maziso ake uye hura, achibatsira ose ehurumende munyaya.

By kuti Shemyaka Vasily wake rakaitwa Uglich. Mariya Yaroslavna, kufanana nomurume, asina kurasa mwoyo. Kana muchinda vakatapwa akatanga kudzoka vatsigiri vakarangana chirongwa kubata Moscow. Muna December 1446 Basil nehondo akatora guru, zvakaitika panguva apo Dmitry Shemyaka aiva kure. Zvino muchinda pakupedzisira rufu rwake nekusimbiswa Kremlin.

Nhoroondo yedu inozivikanwa yakawanda kukakavara. Kazhinji kacho vakagumisa ari kubvuma, uye kwakakwana kukunda rimwe vemapato. In pakati pezana XV remakore, chete chakaitika. Shemyaka akaunganidza mauto uye vakagadzirira kuramba kurwa pamwe Grand Duke. Makore mashomanana pashure kudzoka Basil muMoscow, January 27, 1450, paiva hondo Galich, izvo kare funga rokupedzisira internecine kuhondo Russia. Shemyaka vakatambura isiyo kukundwa uye nokukurumidza vakatizira Novgorod. Guta iri kazhinji Taigamuchira kuti nhapwa kuna Rurik hwedzinza. Residents havana ngaateme Shemyaka, uye akafa zvoga muna 1453. Zvisinei, zvinoita kuti akanga pachivande muchetura Basil nevamiririri. Saka kupera wokupedzisira kurwisana kwevagari muRussia. Kubvira ipapo, machinda chikwata haana kuwana kana vavariro kudzivisa nechepakati simba.

Rugare Poland uye Lithuania

At muduku, Prince Vasily Dark 2 havana kusiyana kufanoona. Haana kubvisa vaanotonga vari chiitiko hondo uye kazhinji vanokanganisa inokosha, uve chikonzero ropa. Anodzimaidza zvakachinjira hunhu waro. Akava vanozvininipisa, akadzikama, uye zvichida kunyange vakachenjera. Pakupedzisira wokurera muMoscow, Vasily akatora mudziyo rugare nevavakidzani vayo.

The chikuru ngozi ndiye Mambo muPoland uye Grand Duke pamusoro Lithuania Casimir IV. Muna 1449, pakati vatongi akanga paakavapa chibvumirano umo vakaziva yakasimbiswa miganhu uye vakavimbisa haana kutsigira pamba vakwikwidzi yomuvakidzani. Kazimierz, uyewo Basil, mungozi hondo yevagari vemo. mupikisi yake huru yaiva Mihail Sigizmundovich, kuvimba Orthodox chikamu Lithuanian muvanhu.

The chibvumirano pamwe Republic of Novgorod

Naizvozvo bhodhi Basil 2 Dark akaramba saizvozvo. Nokuda kuti anodzivirira Shemyaka Novgorod, Republic akawana pacharo yega, izvo, pasi chibvumirano, vachitsigirwa namambo wePolish. With rufu muchinda revapanduki asvika Moscow nhumwa kudzima nemugwagwa zvirango uye dzimwe Prince zvinogadzirisa, nekuti icho vagari upenyu anova zvikuru kuoma.

The 1456 Chibvumirano yazhelbitsy akanga akapedzisa pakati mapato. Akachengetedza nzvimbo yava pasi pakati Novgorod zvokuvhoterwa kubva Moscow. Gwaro zvakare of jure akasimbisa aitungamirira nzvimbo Grand Duke kuRussia. Pave paya, chibvumirano rakashandiswa Basil mwanakomana Ivan III kuti kubatana vapfumi maguta yose kuchamhembe kumucheto Moscow.

Results of Board

Mumakore okupedzisira oupenyu Vasiliy Temny rakaitirwa dzine rugare uye. Akafa muna 1462 kubva tibhii uye kurapwa kukodzera pachifo ichi. Aiva nemakore 47, 37 zvacho (nokungozorora) aiva muchinda Moscow.

Basil akakwanisa kubvisa fiefdoms diki mukati masimba aro. Akasimbisa kuvimba Moscow kune dzimwe nyika Russian. Kana akabata chinhu chinokosha ecclesial chiitiko. By sezvakarayirwa Prince Bishop pakati Metropolitan Jona akasarudzwa. Chiitiko ichi chakanga mavambo nomugumo zvichienderana Moscow Church weConstantinople. Muna 1453 iri Byzantine guta rakatorwa vokuTurkey, pashure chaiko muzinda Orthodoxy vakatamira Moscow.