Prince Dmitry Shemyaka: Biography. Domestic uye vatorwa Politika Dmitriya Shemyaki

Munhoroondo Russian, muzukuru uyu Moscow huru machinda vaiva nomukurumbira munhu rusingadzorwi simba; aiva MUTSOROPODZI uyo hahungoshandi chinhu kuitira kuti awane chinangwa. Ndiani iye? Muzukuru Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Dmitry Shemyaka. Ari kurangarira zvakapembererwa kwezvombo, uye vakabudirira kacho vari kurapa yakazvimirira weutungamiriri, uye kuti akatungamirira kurwa kusingaperi nokuda choushe. Dmitry Shemyaka aida kutonga hurumende yose yeRussia, pane ayo nomumwe nhengo. Muchiitiko chino, sezvo kare kusimbiswa nhau, raaishandisa kutora chigaro, muchinda haana kunyanya picky. Gangaidzo iri yokuti iye achiri vakakwanisa kuzadzisa chinangwa chake uye rava musoro kuMoscow weutungamiriri. Saka, Dmitri Shemyaka aigona kutora chigaro mu guru Russian? Funga mubvunzo uyu zvizere.

Facts kubva Biography

Dmitry Shemyaka (Makore oupenyu: 1420-1453) akanga ari mwanakomana Grand Prince of Moscow Yuri Dmitrievich.

Nechekare muduku, Prince akanga pfungwa kuti kupfeka "chivharo Monomakh", pasinei nokuti baba vake uri utano hwakanaka. Young Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka, iyo ine pfupi Biography kuti chero bhuku iri nhoroondo, akatanga kuita dynastic feuds pamusoro Basil II (Dark), achitsigirwa ake mukoma Vasiliya Kosogo. Muchinda muduku akagovera rutsigiro zvizere baba vake Yuriyu Dmitrievichu, kana totaura dzinofunga kuti chigaro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kurwira kodzero kutarisira hurumende pakati apa Vakwikwidzi akanga 'zvakaoma': vakagara pachigaro rave.

rufu baba vake

Apo Grand Prince Yuri Dmitrievich anofa (zvakaitika muna 1434), anogara pachigaro choushe nomwanakomana wake mukuru - Vasily Diagon. Dmitry Shemyaka akatora nhau iyi undisguised chinetso; haana inogutswa mamiriro ezvinhu aya. Pamwe munun'una wake Dmitry Krasnov kubatsira kungaparadza Basil II uye ake mukoma kutora chigaro. In kuonga basa iri Dmitry Shemyaka (ushe: kwavabati vose Galich - (1433-1450), hugota wenyika Uglich - (1441-1447), Moscow - (1445-1447) anogamuchira nhaka akava mubati Uglich uye Rzhev ..

Race nokuti simba

Zvisinei, pashure penguva Shemyaka anotendeukira ive muchinda chinzvimbo: anosarudza kubatana pakurwisana nokuda choushe, achiunganidza zvakamupoteredza munhu kushora pakati boyars dzakawanda.

Zvisinei, kuziva hope dzavo kana asina kubudirira, uye akamanikidzwa kuuya mashoko chero nguva Vasily II. Asi, vakawanda kare, izvozvo zvakandishamisa kwakakwana ndechokuti Dmitry Shemyaka imwe nguva yakanga muchinda Moscow. Heunoi sei zvakaitika.

Muna 1445 zvakanga akanzi kushingirira pamusoro Golden Horde, iyo varwi kutyora miganhu Russia. Afirwa Hondo Suzdal, Basil II yakatorwa uye, pasi mitemo yokugara, mutsivi wake, kunyange kwenguva pfupi, akava Dmitry, nekuti akanga ari mukuru wavana Ivan Kalita.

vachimhanya nyika

Sources dzinoratidza kuti Grand Duke pamusoro Uglich, Galich uye Moscow aiva "sagona" maneja. Dmitry Shemyaka, vatorwa uye mudzimba mitemo rakanga kungotaurwa rekuona kuti kusimbisa zvinzvimbo zvavo havana mutobvu yaakaronzeswa hurumende kuti kubudirira uye kubudirira.

Kubva zvisarudzo ake pfupi VANOONA dzimwe nguva vakatambura makirasi zvose vakakudzwa, vatengesi, namachinda hondo. Inosimudzira hasha pakati vanhu vakashevedza anonzi matare Shemyaka. Prince upstart kukupindurai chaizvo uye vanozvikudza murume, saka mitongo akaberekera kururamisira zvakasikwa naye, wakange zvishomanana zvakafanana nokururamisira.

About nehanya, izvo akashanda ari ipapo vamiririri Themis, kunonyatsopupurira inorondedzerwa satirical "The zvakaedza Shemyakinsky dare." Zvaive munguva iyi, sezvo kumbobvira akabudirira mananara akadai pfumbamuromo, ugororo, kushandisa masimba avo navatongi. Kuteerera dzemunharaunda pakati mitemo yekare, nezvaakatonga aiwanzopiwa pamusoro pfungwa. Munyori Karamzin akatenda chaikonzera zvinhu muzukuru Dmitry Donskoy.

nehanya kwakadaro akasika zvose prerequisites nekuda guru kwakanga hombe water drainage vanhu. Kuwanda vasingagutsikani Dmitry Yuryevich mutemo kwakawedzera kubva zuva nezuva.

The vatorwa wokuti Russia paitonga Shemyaka uyewo zvinodiwa nguva. Great Muchinda Uglich, Galich uye Moscow kubvuta chigaro choumambo, haana kubhadhara rudzikinuro nhapwa Basil II, uye kuti varambe vaine simba, akaedza kufadza Khan Yechinwiwa Horde. Iyewo wechi achitsigirwa ake brother-- Grand Duke pakati Lithuania Svidrigailov Olgerdovich, vachisiya enyika zvido Novgorod Republic.

Standoff anoenderera

Papera nguva, Basil II Anokwanisa vasiye wechiTatar pakutapwa nokubhadhara rudzikinuro hombe. Kudzidza uku, Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich haana kuzotora nzvimbo uye akakurumidza adzikatidza anokumhan'arira kuti nzira iri "ibwe jena". Tatarisana Basil pa Holy Trinity wemamonk, The Great Muchinda Uglich, Galich uye Moscow kunyimwa naye kukwanisa kuona uye akadzingirwa Uglich.

Asi nokukurumidza Shemyaka akasunungura hama yake uye akamupa ive Vologda. Muguta rino akatanga kusvika vatsigiri uye vateveri Basil II, uyo pashure pechinguva wakazviunganidza mauto makuru uye vachifamba guru kuhwina pachake chigaro. Uye akabudirira. Dmitry Yu mumaoko kuna Grand Duke pamusoro Uglich uye Rzhev Bezhetskaya yeko. Uyezve, iye wakanyengwa kudzorera mari kubva ehurumende papfuma uye handichisiri kuisa vanoti chigaro. Zvisinei, iye akaramba akaputsa zvipikirwa mune ramangwana.

Tron akarasikirwa

Sezvo 1447 Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich anotora kudzorwa Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod nyika, uye munguva kubvira 1451 kusvika 1453 makore ushe ari Novgorod Republic. Asi pano iye akamira pfupi. Iye zvakare akatanga irere chinzvimbo hurongwa kuwedzera miganhu rokutonga kwake. Dmitry Yu uye nehondo yake vakaburuka kubva Dvina uye akatora Ustyug pasina zvikuru nemishonga. Zvisinei, havasi vose vagere muguta rino vakafara Mukuru Duke, achinyatsoziva kuti simba rake musimba ose zuva anofa. Shemyaka asi zvakadaro vaida kudzora vanhu, kunyange chimwe chete kweutongi, saka noutsinye ruchitsemuka pasi ustyuzhanami uyo akaratidza kusindimara kwaari.

Uye kwaari aishandisa wakakura zvikuru zviyero kutyisidzira: vamwe vakaurayiwa, mufuke mutsipa ibwe ndikaakanda murwizi. The veko havana kuda kuti panyika yavo vari kuita nehanya kwakadaro, uye akakumbira rubatsiro kubva vymechey uye vychegzhan sezvo ndima yavakararama, administratively vaiva Ustyug. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi Dmitry Yuryevich aigona pakupedzisira kuhwina guta Russian yekare. Pashure pokukunda uku, akarayira vyatchan anobira chikuru yeko, riri mundima Vychegda-Vym pasi.

anathematization

Kwakanyanyisa uye utsinye zvaizomuwira panguva behest of Great Muchinda Uglich, Galich uye Moscow, asingagoni kunokanganisa vafundisi. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, muna 1450, Prince Dmitry Shemyaka akadzingwa muchechi, "mhosva dhipuroma," rakanyorwa inosimbisa. Gwaro iri rinosainwa na Bishop Pitirim Permian. Zvisinei, kusvikira zvino, vanyori venhau vari hatifaniri kukakavadzana pamusoro kana muzukuru Dmitry Donskoy aiva rushambwa, sezvo matsime panyaya iyi dzinopesana. Zvikurukuru, Metropolitan Jona mutsamba yake kuna Archbishop Efrim akanyora kuti muchinda "pachake muchechi."

Sei Shemyaka?

Saka, isu afunga sei akasvika simba, Dmitry Shemyaka. Nei moniker akadaro vasiyana Grand Duke pamusoro Uglich, Galich uye Moscow? mubvunzo uyu haisi zvishoma zvinonakidza muverengi.

Nemhaka iyi, pane shanduro dzakawanda. Mumwe wavo inobva ndechokuti shoko "Shemyaka" raakashandisa rakangofanana wechiTatar-Mongol "Chimek", izvo zvinoreva mapfekero kana kushongedzwa. Chimwe kududzirwa kweshoko rinoti "Shemyaka" - ane chidimbu kuti "Sheemyaki" (anonzi ane simba guru). Asi muzukuru Dmitry "yakakurumbira" Don nokuda nohumwe unhu: nemanomano, utsinye, kunyengera uye kuda simba. Nokuda zvivanakire zvachose yakagadzirira Dmitry Shemyaka. akagamuchira ari vanhu The remadunhu-, vakapararira munyika umo simba guru vaiva muchinda Galician. Zvinogoneka kuti muchinda Aleksandr Andreevich Shahovsky akatanga akapfeka shure ukama Shemyaka. Sources dzinoratidza kuti muna 1538 akararama Ivan Shemyaka chikwereti-Saburov, miti mhuri vane midzi yakatanga muna Kostroma. Muna 1562, rinotaura Shemyaka Istomin-Ogorelkove: madzibaba ake akanga Vologda. Muna 1550 iye aishanda Russia Vasily Shemyaka, akanga yayo munyu mabasa. Muzana XVI remakore, maererano zvinyorwa munharaunda yacho Novgorod Republic ndiyewo kumusha vanhu vane zita Shemyaka.

Wife nevana

Great Muchinda Uglich, Galich uye Moscow akaroora Sophia Dmitrievna, aiva mwanasikana Prince Dmitry Vasilyevich Zaozersky. Dmitry Shemyaka vamwene ndewedzinza St. Prince Fedor Black. zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti muzukuru Dmitriya Donskogo muchato pamwe Sofey Dmitrievnoy akabata haana kwokutanga pane 1436. In muchato, vakava mwanakomana, Ivan Dmitrievich. Zvino Uglich hapana yapfuura pane 1437. Makore 12 gare gare mwana aigara naamai vake St. George wemamonk.

Uyewo Sophia D. akabereka mwanasikana Maria. Akazoroorwa Alexander uye Czartoryski akagara Velikiy Novgorod. rufu wake akauya ari kushamisika: iye akavigwa chando 1456 muna St. George wemamonk.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake

The yokupedzisira pavaipfuura upenyu nguva muzukuru Dmitry Donskoy asina kudzidza kwazvo, sezvo zvinyorwa dzisina dzoga ruzivo nezvazvo. aronga chinzvimbo havana achaiswa akaziva kumukuru pamwero: kugara pachigaro choushe, iye asingagoni muMoscow, uye kuedza kuva gavhuna mumwe simba uye akazvimirira kwavabati ane guta rinofanira kuva Ustyug, pazvisina. Great Muchinda Uglich, Galich uye Moscow ari kutya zvikuru kutsiva yezviito zvavo pamusoro chikamu Basil II, mukunyadziswa dzaiva vanoitisana uye Novgorod Dmitry Yuryevich. Kwenguva yakati, ivo "vakatendeuka sevasingaoni" kune vakawanda utsinye muzukuru Dmitry Donskoy, vachisarudza havo kwete kuti zvematongerwo nebope pakati muMoscow uye Ustyug. Same Shemyaka kurega ndichifunga kuti kamwe zvakare kuva sei mutongi sepasi Russia, asi vanhu vari kare vaneta internecine hondo uye kukakavara; zvose vaida norugare uye norunyararo. Metropolitan Jona aiva kunyorerana Bishop Euphemia, rave iro akakumbira Dmitry Yuryevich akasiya kuedza vose vavezve choumambo mumaoko ake zvachose ngaadzokerane Basil II. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa kuti yakanaka akanga: Shemyaka aisada kuti chero zvichemo. Asi nokukurumidza iye akanga zvivi zvavo.

rufu

The nhau kuti akafa muzukuru Dmitry Donskoy "akauya" kubva guru Novgorod Republic muna "ibwe jena" Muzhizha 1453. In yenhau zvakanyorwa kuti akati nhau mabharani ainzi Basil, vaitakura remadunhu- kuti "dambudziko." Chinoshamisawo chokwadi kuti pashure peizvi akakwidziridzwa kuti vanamabharani. Nokuda kwechikonzero akafa Dmitry Shemyaka? A nhamba magwaro anoratidza kuti Grand Duke muchetura. Chii chinozivikanwa pamusoro chokwadi ichi? Sources vanoti muchetura mushonga waizoita kubva guru vakauya, sezvo vachiti, "muvimbwi Basil II" - wezvokukurukurirana Stepan Bearded. Aiva akangwara murume uye akazadzisa basa rayo nemazvo. Vamwe mabhuku vanoti Bearded muruoko muchetura Boyar Ivan Kotov, vamwe: Boretsky meya. Next chakaonekwa Chef Dmitry, uyo uturu hwakatamisirwa. Yakaramba nyaya kuti zviduku, kupa Shemyaka mushonga waizoita, izvo zvakaitwa. Pischevar kudare tenzi wake huku. Mazuva gumi Grand Duke akakunda "hvoroba", pashure iro pakupedzisira akafa. Kudzidza mapfupa Dmitriya Shemyaki anosimbisa kuti vakafa nomuchetura.

Mumwe chikamu dzekare nechokwadi kuti rufu muzukuru wake Dmitry Donskoy - ndiro basa Novgorod boyars, uyo ari kuti zvodii aida kugadzirisa kunetsana yavo Basil II. Nokuti Novgorod kwamachinda Grand Muchinda Uglich, Galich uye Moscow, kwakatanga kudzikira simba uye zvinzvimbo, nokukurumidza akava akaipa.

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi kufirwa muzukuru wake Dmitry Donskoy zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakawanda munzanga. Chokwadi kuti akanga muchetura uyu youmbwende nzira, akaita mheremhere. Muchinda akabvuta chigaro Dmitry Shemyaka akatendeuka anenge pakarepo kupinda kuurayirwa, iro vavengi vakakundwa muhondo kutendeseka.

Gare gare, pamwe undisguised chinetso kururamisirwa mhirizhonga pamusoro Grand Duke achanyora hama yake kure - Andrey Mihaylovich Kurbsky.