Zvinoitwa kushanda ezvinhu, muzadze mharidzo. The pamazita sika ne ngozi kushanda mamiriro

Kwete mushandi ose vachakwanisa zvakanaka kuongorora mamiriro nebasa. Munyaya ino uchadzidza zvose pamusoro kwezvakatipoteredza, akatarisana vamiririri akasiyana-siyana.

Chii hunhu pagadzirwe?

In siyana zvinoitika, kudiwa vaitarira vanosungirwa kupa mushandi ane yorugwaro, mazita "maindasitiri Achipindura". Gwaro iri zvinogona anounzwa zvakasiyana siyana uye zvitaera, nekuti zvose achavaponesa chinangwa zvichidikanwa.

Chokwadi, mhando dzose okuwana zvatariswa vachava zvakaoma chaizvo kuverenga. Zvisinei, tinofanira kutaura vatatu emhando dzakawanda zvinowanzovapo gwaro iri. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

Production maitiro mabasa. Zvarakanyorwa mubvunzo chero chimiro; chikuru ezvinhu pano ndiyo rondedzero nounyanzvi, munzanga kana chokupika mushandi, uyewo kunyatsoongorora pachavo uye mabhizimisi unhu.

Production zvinoitwa kushanda ezvinhu ari mudzidzi, ita mazano basa kambani. Ichi chimiro gwaro hakuitiki saka kazhinji, asi hunotova nzvimbo kuva. Muchiitiko chino, pari mune akasununguka chimiro. Inopa foromani wake kana mumiririri sangano yevashandi basa.

Production unhu basa mamiriro hunodiwa kuti ndima kuburikidza VTEK (zvokurapa basa nyanzvi basa) uye rinonzi Itu (zvokurapa uye munzanga unyanzvi). Ichi chimiro gwaro ndechimwe chezvinhu vakakurumbira uye akakurumbira. Zvinonzi zvakaitwa panguva imwe yakakwana vanachiremba kuzviongorora murwere. Zvinonyatsoenderana dhigirii kurasikirwa (kukwana kana zvakakwana) ari mushandi urema yakajeka cheboka urema. Zvakakodzera zvose, Chokwadi, nokuti migumisiro yacho kuongorora kuti zvaidiwa nokushanda ezvinhu utano mushandi wacho. The chaizvo chete Gwaro nekanzuru mushandirwi, kare kuitwa zvizere maererano Utsanana unhu. Uyewo, panotaurwa zvinofanira kusanganisira hunhu negoho, zvose mitemo kugadzirwa mudonzvo, etc .. D. Kana boka rako ane zvipatara, ipapo zadza mhinduro inofanira kuva chiremba. Zvisinei, rokumanikidzirwa advertising pamusoro gwaro achava kushandisa siginicha musoro kana Mukuru Staff.

About hunokuvadza kushanda mamiriro

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva kuti mitemo pari vanosungirwa kupa vanhu kuti vashande hunokuvadza basa ezvinhu, vamwe inopikira uye zvakanakira. Rudzii zvinovimbisa uye chii chimiro vane? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu ndiyo yakaoma zvikuru uye zvakaoma. Pashure zvose, pane classifications zhinji kuti kuona mitemo kupa zvikomborero kuvanhu vashandi. Naizvozvo zvakafanira kuti kureva mumwe, mubvunzo unokosha zvikuru: chii yokushanda kwezvakatipoteredza mhando anoonekwa kuva kunokuvadza uye ngozi utano hwevashandi?

tsananguro Long rwekuita ezvinhu vamiririri zvakasiyana ounyanzvi hwokugadzira vabvumirwe zvinotevera huru zvinhu kuti kunobvumirwa anokuvadza nyanzvi ezvinhu:

• Anoyera makakatanwa kwekushanda ezvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira nguva refu uchishandiswa pasina kuvhiringidzwa, zviri monotonous kwazvo, kazhinji anoshandisa mupfungwa njere uye bhora.
• Anoyera kwokuomerwa kushanda ezvinhu. Izvi chenguva simba uye kunofambira mberi mutoro-ukama, kazhinji pamwe remaoko. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira diki uye kunovhiringidza zvinhu zvakafanana vachinyara postures kana kuita basa, vakawanda repetitions upi chiito, uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Chemical zvinodiwa. Ndakatendeka, kana iripo mune nezvainoita muviri-siyana ngozi zvinhu (acids, alkalis, reagents uye t.). Guruva kana kusvibiswa, rinorema stuffy mhepo - izvi zvose anewo chokuita nzira dzekuziva.
• General chaiko zvinodiwa. Zvichida vakawanda boka zvinhu; All nekuti pano havasi zvakafanana dzose tembiricha, mwando, akasiyana siyana nemwaranzi - ionizing kana asiri ionizing, mwero kumhanya mhepo, vibration uye ruzha, kushayiwa chiedza, uye zvakawanda. Vashandi vane zvinokuvadza kushanda ezvinhu vari ngozi kakawanda muna muchikwata ichi. emakambani Most munyika dzakawanda kuri yakakodzera vaiona zvinodiwa boka.
• Biological zvinhu. Uyu chaizvo chaizvo unyanzvi hwakasiyana boka, zvakakodzera chete vaya makambani apo pane zvoutachiona zvinenge kunosiyana nekuomarara. Gurai zvinenge izvi, Chokwadi, muzvikwata zviviri: tusingaoneki (utachiona, notumwe tupukanana nemavhairasi uye spirochetes) uye makro-zvinenge (mhuka nezvinhu zvinomera).

Akaramba unsolved mumwe mubvunzo: sei kuziva kana imwe mhando basa kunokuvadza? Pane wehurumende chinokosha pamusoro RF nhamba 870. ruzivo All pamutemo pamusoro mhando mabasa anodiwa kutora kubva ikoko. Zvisinei, rugwaro urwu, zvinosuruvarisa haringapiwi kunzwisiswa nevanhu vakawanda nokuti urongwa. Pane mitemo kubva Health Ministry, asi vakawanda vavo vari inobva yekare chirevo Soviet, chinopa pasi rose nemasangano, madhipatimendi uye nzvimbo kuti anogona kunzi kuchengeteka utano. Ndezvipi mazita izvi? On ichi uye ichakurukurwa pashure.

The pamazita sika ne ngozi kushanda mamiriro

Full pamazita mabasa ane ngozi uye kunaka kushanda nemamiriro vari nokudzorwa Hurumende Decision nhamba 665. Mugwaro iri, rose mazita vakanyorwa vanobatsirwa, vane kushanda ngozi, rinorema kana hakuvaki ezvinhu. Below Zvisinei, chinhu akapfupikiswa pamwechete mazita Mapato evanhu kuti vanobatanidzwa munyaya kuchengeteka sika. Muna 2016 aya dzinosanganisira:

• kuchera vashandi;
• metallurgists, mokusvinwa asiri ferrous uye ferrous simbi;
• Vashandi inobereka gasi jenareta;
• Vashandi, vashandi himkompaniyah;
• vanhu vane basa ane gunpowder, zvombo uye zvinoputika siyana uye zvichingodaro. d.
• Vashandi makambani mafuta uye gasi uyewo masangano kuti pave marasha migodhi, shale zvinhu, gasi condensate, uye zvichingodaro. d.
• vanhu chokuita simbi;
• vashandi, imwe nzira kana imwe kwakabatana redhiyo engineering Electronics;
• vaiti magetsi nemakambani;
• vashandi makambani inobereka zvokuvakisa;
• Vashandi girazi uye porcelain mafekitari;
• vanhu mubasa zvaAtemisi fibers, pepa pulp;
• Vashandi kugadzira zvinodhaka uye siyana mishonga;
• Vashandi senga kuzvipatara uye masangano;
• vanhu chokuita simba renyukireya uye indasitiri yenyukireya.

Vavaki, welders, vashandi mumunda Agriculture, Plumbers, Vadzimi nevamwe vazhinji, mumwe nzira kana imwe zvematongerwo muzvinhu nokushandiswa remaoko - zvose vavo kuva ropafadzo Mapato uye kupinda pamazita sika ne ngozi kushanda ezvinhu.

Nzira kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kushanda ezvinhu

Muna 2013, zvakanga akaiswa kuparadzirwa Federal Law nhamba 426. anosarudza abate chaiwo muitiro, rinonzi "Assessment yokushanda mamiriro kumabasa." Head kwesangano kare akaita chete advertising mabasa anowanika, pashure kuitwa Federal Mutemo kupinda simba aifanira kutanga nenguva nokushanda pasi kukurukurwa.

Mharidzo Unhu basa mamiriro nokuda MLCE akapa pazasi.

Saka, chii chinokosha tinyatsonzwisisa kushanda mamiriro kumabasa uye nei kudiwa? The kupima - imwe mhando muunganidzwa vamwe kushandiswa, maduramazwi unhu kushanda mamiriro kunangidzirwa:

• pamusoro kuonekwa ane ngozi zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa uye basa kwacho;
• pamusoro kunyatsoongorora padanho simba izvi zvinokonzera pamusoro vashandi.

Panopera kupima ichi vanofanira:

• nechokwadi vashandi vose kudzivirirwa (zvose seboka uye munhu);
• gadza ose anodiwa inopikira uye kubatsira vashandi;
• kuitisa zvokurapa bvunzo (kwokutanga uye nguva nenguva);
• gadza mamwe tariffs, zvipo kuna National mudyandigere Fund;
• ngaaverenge dhisikaundi pamusoro "zvinokuvadza,";
• gadzirira mishumo muchimiro nhamba achishanda ezvinhu.

Kune mumwe akatuma ose mabasa akauya pamusoro? Maonero yokushanda ezvinhu pabasa yaifanira nevose kushanda vanhu, kunze homeworkers uye vashandi kushanda ari kure. Hauna sezvo nokukoshesa vanhu kuti mapinda pabasa ukama mushandirwi - munhu haasi munhu entrepreneur.

About sei zvinofanira kutakurirwa kunze kunyatsoongorora kushanda ezvinhu, zvakanyorwa mune mabhuku akasiyana-siyana uye nyaya. Zvisinei, rakarurama kupfuura bhuku, riri Zvechokwadi, nhamba Federal Law 426. Zvakakodzera kuteerera mumwe mubvunzo unokosha: chii nguva yaifanira nhevedzano nezviyero pasi kukurukurwa?

Kana ane tinyatsonzwisisa kushanda ezvinhu?

The inofungidzirwa hunhu kushanda ezvinhu anofanira kanenge kamwe pamakore mashanu. It akapa boka zviyero kunze, Chokwadi, iri madikanwa hwaro - pasinei ezvinhu chero ngozi kana kusina kare pachena. Panewo zvinhu zvinoverengeka kuti pave Implementation pamusoro unscheduled inspections yokushanda ezvinhu. Heano mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kuti pave odhita zano iri:

• richangobva akarongeka dzekushandira vari kupinzwa kushanda;
• musoro sangano anopiwa "mashoko" ari mamiriro basa rekuongorora pamusoro unscheduled rokuongorora;
• kusandura Kuronga mbishi zvakashandiswa kana mashoko (asi chete kana zvinhu zvakadaro zvaigona kukanganisa vashandi ari zvebhizimisi);
• shanduko muitiro pacharo, pane mumwe munhu wokutsiva okuwana michina (zvakare, chete ari chiitiko kuti michina yakadaro ngozi);
• akatsiviwa kana modernized Achishandisa seboka kana munhu inodzivirira;
• Production kunoitika chimbichimbi kana tsaona;
• nomination vaitaura kuti unscheduled inspections mabhizimisi nokuda wesangano rinomirira kana zvimwe muviri mumiririri.

Saka, imwe tsananguro mukuru kushanda ezvinhu uye basa mamiriro zvingaitika kakawanda kamwe pamakore mashanu ose. Maererano nenhamba, ruzhinji emakambani tatarisana unscheduled inspections kakawanda. Ndokusaka basa ane zvebhizimisi vanofanira kunyatsongwarira uye akangwarira. Vanofanira kutarisira vashandi vayo kuchakubatsira kuva kugadzirwa yepamusoro uye kubvisa zvakare kakawanda, uye saka intrusive inspections.

4 uye 3 makirasi kushanda ezvinhu

Kuzviona kushanda zvinhu akapedza kugadzwa zvimwe zvidzidzo uye subclasses kumabasa. Chiitiko ichi rakaitirwa kuti kuona mamwe tariffs, muna Russian Federation mudyandigere Fund, avo kukura uye kukosha.

Saka, chii vari akasiyana makirasi kushanda ezvinhu? Zvose zvinoenderana padanho njodzi; zvokuti pane ina nhanho:

• Level 4 - ngozi;
• Level 3 - zvinokuvadza;
• Level 2 - bvumidzwa;
• Level 1 - zvakanakisisa.

Chii ngozi basa romuranda? Kana ukaedza zvishoma kutsanangura boka iri nyanzvi, tinogona kutaura kuti mushandi kuona ngozi uye kunokuvadza kugadzirwa ezvinhu zvakadaro kukwanisa pangozi upenyu uye utano vashandi. Pane matunhu mukana chakasimba Occupational zvirwere.

Boka rechitatu, kureva, inokuvadza, anogona kuiswa pa kugadzirwa chete kana vashandi pamusoro pesvedzero zvinorwarisa zvinhu kupfuura kunze mitemo. boka iri ezvinhu basa rakakamurwa zvinotevera subclasses:

3.1. kirasi iyi inonzi yakarongwa yokushanda ezvinhu, apo muviri mushandi anotora zvishoma yakawanda nguva apore. Zvinofanira kuitwa Masvomhu pakati majana uye kwevhiki.

3.2. subclass ichi kunoratidzwa ne chidzoke zvirwere mushandi yemapapu nokuda basa.

3.3. Dzinoratidzwa kuwanikwa iri kushanda hosha nemwero.

3.4. Dzinoratidzwa panowanikwa nezvirwere pakati vashandi rinorema uye unopinza chimiro.

1 ne2 makirasi kushanda ezvinhu

Boka rechipiri - achishanda ezvinhu kuti inokurukurwa zvinogamuchirwa. Zvinosanganisira kunaka zvinhu kumabasa, izvo zvisinei asingadi kusapfuudza yakasimbiswa Utsanana uye utsanana zvinodiwa. Chokwadi, dzakasiyana yakatarwa mhando uye maitiro kushanda ezvinhu ushandiswe kuti vashandi kuva kirasi yechipiri, vangava vachiri zvishomanana mukana kudonha achirwara nokuda kwete zvakanaka nokushanda kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, maererano nemagwaro, muviri anokwanisa kushanda uzonyatsotanga kune vaivapo nokushanda kusuduruka. Mukuwedzera, chinokuvadza havazofaniri inokanganisa munhu ari refu kana pfupi yenguva.

The wokupedzisira boka - kushanda ezvinhu vari Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri. Chiripo chete kana kugadzirwa zvachose hapana zvinhu zvine ngozi kana zvinokuvadza, uye pane zvakanaka okunze inosimudzira yakadzikama mumuviri uye mupfungwa mupfungwa. Zadzisa nokuti boka vashandi rokutanga hazvibvumirwi.

Saka, nekubata mamiriro chaakafoira akauya pamusoro apa vakanyorwa zvikuru zvakajeka uye zviri nyore. Ziva zvinokunetsa ichi kana kuti basa, hazvina kudaro nyore chii chaizvo boka.

On the utsanana-Utsanana unhu basa mamiriro

Muna 2008, 31 May, yakabudiswa pamusoro hurongwa zvokudya. Service nokuti munhu zvakanaka uye kudzivirirwa yevatengi 'kodzero pasi nhamba 103. Zviri gwaro iri uye uchibvumira mirayiridzo kuitisa mabasa chokuita Utsanana uye utsanana tinyatsonzwisisa basa ezvinhu. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani sei zvinofanira kutakurirwa kunze utsanana-Utsanana zvechadenga kushanda ezvinhu, zvakakodzera "famba" riri zvirevo zvikuru. Saka, kuti vafunga kushanda tsika anotakura nokushanda chiso nezvirwere kuti vavapo mukufamba nounyanzvi basa, unofanira kutevera nhungamiro idzi:

1. Achienda uye akaita zvose zvakafanira mashoko ari pamusoro kushanda ezvinhu, yakaratidza Occupational zvirwere.
2. Rakanyorwa ne The unhu havachiri kupfuura mazuva 7.
3. Mamirire zvinofanira akagadzira muna 4 maBhaibheri uye akasaina masimba nyanzvi.
4. Kana zvakakodzera, anofanira akakumbira mamwe magwaro uye ruzivo.
5. Kana mushandi rakazivikanwa rokutanga chirwere inofanira kushandiswa chero magwaro asimbise zvinorwarisa upenyu uye utano zvikonzero okuwana.
6. Mukutsanangura basa ezvinhu hwevashandi zvinofanira kufungwa mabasa yepamutemo, uyewo mashoko kunobva zvakananga kubva mushandi.
7. ruzivo All pamusoro vasiri, rabhoritari kana richishanda zvidzidzo anofanira pasi somunhu kuda kuti vaiona apindure.
8. Maonero ari mushandi, uyewo kuzviremera, zvapupu nevamwe vanhu angashandiswa kana pane kugadzirira uye zvinodiwa zvinoitwa mushandi achishanda ezvinhu ari yokuzivisa chirwere chake Occupational.

How kuzadza tsanangudzo kushanda ezvinhu?

Kuti mashoko sei kuti vaswedere uye ngaateme nounyanzvi hunhu, kuziva, zvinosuwisa, kwete vanhu vose vanotenda utariri imwe sangano. Ndokusaka zvakakodzera kufunga rakanyatsojeka unokosha uye nokukurumidza mubvunzo: sei nounyanzvi inozadza hunhu kushanda ezvinhu vashandi akatuma kuti kuongorora yokurapa?

Imhandoi chimiro unofanira kutora? Kazhinji tinofunga zvainyanya akanyorwa kunyorwa chimiro, kunyange zviri zvachose kwete chinodiwa. At pamusoro pamazita rinoratidza F. ıO mushandi, rokuberekwa, uye kero, nhamba dzorunhare, uye, kana iripo, nzvimbo yokudzidza.

Kamwe vakanyora tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro yapfuura mabasa nokushanda. Zvakakosha kutsanangura kare basa nyanzvi munhu, mibayiro ake uye zvayakawana vakagamuchira Occupational kukuvara uye zvichingodaro. D. Uyu kunokosha kana characterization unoitwa kushanda mamiriro VTEK.

Mharidzo zvechadenga kushanda ezvinhu nokuti Itu anogona kuonekwa Photo pazasi.

Next, tsanangura ino nzvimbo basa vanhu. Izvi zvinoitwa kare sezvo detailed sezvinobvira. Rinoratidza nokushanda kwadzinoita, mutoro, zororo musisiri kana masikati, tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa Mudzimba uye zvakawanda. Zvisinei, hazvina zvakakodzera pano ose anokuvadza kupona zvinokonzera okuwana, zvimwe zvingaita kuvhiringidzika. Ita izvozvo zvinofanira kuva yoga chinhu (kana chikamu). Zvichaita kuti kutaridzwa chaiyo nenhanho ruzha, vibrations, ngozi zvinhu mudenga, uye zvichingodaro. D. Pano zvakafanira kunyora zvose mashoko panzendo dzebhizimisi ari mushandi (kana). Mu "Mhedziso" zvichibvira kunyora nezvomukana kutamira kune imwe nyore uye zvishoma ngozi basa.

Created gwaro chasainwa musoro vashandi dhipatimendi mukuru zviri pamutemo dhipatimendi, chiremba mukuru uye musoro vachida. Zvinofanira kunge varipo, Chokwadi, uye rokudhinda.

Musi hunhu kushanda ezvinhu ari mabasa kondirakiti

Sezvazvakanyorwa zvinozivikanwa, mukuita nzvimbo iri munhu kushandisa basa iri basa kondirakiti kuti zadza okupedzisira mbiru "kushanda mamiriro". Zvaizoratidza sokuti hapana dambudziko. Zvisinei, mabhizimisi akawanda vari kazhinji pasi vakawanda unscheduled rokuongorora, asi nekuti spetsotsenka kushanda ezvinhu chinoshayikwa. Zvokuita mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro? Ramba haya munhu, pfungwa, kusvikira Shandisa nokuda spetsotsenke yakauya mhinduro? Kunenge kuti iyi ndiyo nzira yakarurama kunze.

Chokwadi, kuramba kutora basa mapato siyana vachiri pamire. Zvisinei, panova nuance. Saka, asati spetsotsenki basa mamiriro Mushandirwi yaizova anodiwa kwazvo kusanganisira chero chibvumirano basa inopikira nekuripira kukuvadza. Ita izvozvo akanakisisa ipapo, kana kuedza uye kuongorora apera. Zviito kwakadaro kururamiswa uye pamutemo pamutemo.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tinyatsonzwisisa basa mamiriro hakufaniri kunonoka. Zvinoitwa kushanda ezvinhu ari mabasa kondirakiti anofanira kuurayiwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.