The Westphalian hurongwa. Pokuwa Westphalian ino uye paumbwe imwe murayiro nyika itsva

Westphalian ezvinhu - muitiro kuti mufambiro dzakawanda mutemo, muEurope muna XVII remakore. It nheyo ano hukama pakati penyika mbiri uye zvakasimbisa kuti paumbwe rutsva rudzi-inotaura.

War BACKGROUND matatu '

Westphalian changamire rakaumbwa somugumisiro makumi matatu Years War 1618-1648 gg., Panguva iyo akaparadza nheyo yapfuura kuti nyika. Mukurwisana ichi chakange wakavhomorwa anenge ose States of Europe, asi yakanga yakavakirwa pavanotaurirana pakati Protestant uye Catholic madzimambo ose Germany Holy hweRoma, vachitsigirwa ne chimwe machinda German. Pakupera ari XVI remakore, convergence pamusoro yeAustria uye Spanish nemapazi Imba Habsburg akasika preconditions kuti kudzorerwa rezvitendero Charles V. Asi kwaiva chipingamupinyi kuti rusununguko wemadzishe German Protestant vanotenderwa Ausburgskim nyika. Muna 1608 ndimo makapiwa akasika muPurotesitendi chokubatana, kunotsigirwa Britain uye France. Kusiyana naye muna 1609 yeKaturike League akasikwa - mutsigiri Spain uye Papa.

Course hondo 1618-1648 gg.

Mushure Habsburgs kusimbisa simba muCzech Republic, uko chokwadi chinotungamirira kuti kutyora kodzero vaPurotesitendi munyika yokumukira. Friedrich Palatinate - pamwe vatsigire Union kwamambo mutsva Protestant akasarudzwa munyika. Kubva nguva iyi unotanga nguva hondo yokutanga - Czech. It kunoratidzwa pokukundwa weuto yechiPurotesitendi, kutorerwa nyika yamambo, kuchinja pasi simba Upper Palatinate muna Bavaria, uyewo kudzorerwa yeRoma munyika.

nguva Second - Danish, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva kupindira dzakavakidzana mukufamba ruvengo. Denmark kutanga kundorwa kuti kubvuta reBaltic pamhenderekedzo. Panguva iyi, uto Anti-Habsburg mubatanidzwa vanotambura chinokosha kukundwa Catholic League, uye Denmark vanomanikidzwa kusada hondo. With nechisimba kuchamhembe kweGermany Gustavian Swedish mauto kunotanga rutsigiro. Nokuchinja kukuru kunotanga pakupedzisira Danho - yaFranco-Swedish.

rugare Westphalia

Mushure France apinda hondo, zvakanakira ari Protestant chokubatana akava pachena, izvi zvakaita kuti aifanira kutsvaka imwe nekuyanana pakati mapato. Muna 1648 zvakanzi yakasainwa Rugare Westphalia, iyo yaisanganisira zvibvumirano zviviri, wakagadzirirwa panguva Congress of Münster uye Osnabrück. Iye akanyora mutsva pakuenzanisa simba munyika uye mvumo disintegration Mutsvene hweRoma mu (vanopfuura 300) akazvimirira anoti.

Uyezve, sezvo Rugare Westphalia chikuru chimiro enyika sangano nzanga anova "mamiriro - rudzi", uye ringareva pfungwa dzakawanda ukama - uchangamire munyika. The yechitendero zvinoumba chibvumirano kwainzi sezvinotevera: muGermany makanga yakaenzana kodzero kuti Calvin, vaLutheran yeRoma.

Westphalian changamire

zvarinotaura zvinokosha zvava kudaro vvyglyadet:

1. chimiro enyika sangano nzanga - National mamiriro.

2. Geopolitical kusaruramisira zvakajeka akanyatsorongwa kwemasimba - kubva simba kusvika kurukutika.

3. chikuru musimboti ukama munyika - uchangamire rudzi inotaura.

4. Tsika enyika zvakanyatsoenzana.

5. Mamiriro vanosungirwa wokukwenenzvera kupokana kwoupfumi pakati vaanotonga.

6. Non-chipingaidzo munyaya dzomunyika kunyika kune mumwe.

7. Clear sangano akatsiga miganhu pakati European inoti.

8. non-pose zvakasikwa. Pakutanga, mitemo kuti akasimbisa Westphalian hurongwa, kuita chete pamusoro munharaunda Europe. Nokufamba kwenguva, vakapiwa vakabatana Eastern Europe, North America uye reMediterranean.

, Itsva dzakawanda ukama Nokufarisisa kudyidzana uye kusangana tsika kwakaratidza kuguma voga pakati munhu anoti. Uyezve, zvakatungamirira pokugadzwa nokukurumidza kukura capitalism mu Europe.

Kukura Westphalian hurongwa. 1st Danho

Zvakajeka kurondwa multipolarity pamusoro Westphalian ezvinhu, apo hapana inoti kugona kuzadzisa mhedziso hegemony, uye mukuru kurwira zvematongerwo zvinobatsira yakarwiwa pakati France, England uye Netherlands.
Paitonga "Sun King" Louis XIV, France achawedzera ayo dzimwe negwaro. Rakanga dzinoratidzwa chinangwa vawane kundima itsva uye anogarokanganiswa basa munyaya dzakavakidzana.

Muna 1688, anonzi Grand Alliance, chikuru nezvenzvimbo iyo vakatora Netherlands uye England yakatangwa. mubatanidzwa uyu akatungamirira mabasa ayo kuderedza simba romuFrance munyika. Papera chinguva kuNetherlands uye England, vakabatana nevamwe vavengi Louis XIV - Savoie, Spain neSweden. Ivo akasika Augsburg League. Somugumisiro yehondo, zvakanzi akadzorerwa mumwe mukuru misimboti, izvo kuzivisa Westphalian hurongwa - pakuenzanisa simba mune dzakawanda ukama.

Kushanduka ari Westphalian hurongwa. 2nd Danho

Pane kuwedzera simba Prussia. nyika iyi iri mumwoyo Europe, akabatana kutamburira nenzvimbo nzvimbo German. Kana Prussian zvirongwa kuva chokwadi, zvinogona kukanganisa nheyo iri iyo akazorora Westphalian changamire. Panguva chirongwa pamusoro Prussia vakanga chakakonzerwa uye Yemakore Seven 'Hondo yeAustria nhaka. Kurwisana Vose vane vasanyanya nenhungamiro rugare murau, yakasimbiswa panopera Hondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu.
Kunze kusimbisa Prussia, Russia yakawedzera basa munyika. It akaenzanisira hondo yeRussia-Swedish.

Kazhinji, nguva itsva umo Westphalian hurongwa wakapinda kuguma Hondo Yemakore Seven 'anotanga.

Danho chetatu kuvapo Westphalian hurongwa

paumbwe National inoti rinotanga pashure Great French Revolution. Munguva iyi, mamiriro ndiye rubatso kodzero vemo, zvinonzi vakati dzidziso "Mvumo enyika". chikuru chinyorwa Its ndechokuti nyika National anekodzero kuvapo chete zvakaitika apo nemiganhu yayo kusangana dzemadzinza mundima.

Pashure kuguma Napoleonic Wars, ari Congress of Vienna muna 1815 kekutanga akataura nezvokukosha yokubvisa uranda, mukuwedzera, nyaya chokuita rusununguko uye rusununguko.

Panguva iyoyo hapana chaizvoizvo nheyo kwokuputsika, asarudza kuti zvinhu vagari ehurumende - iri matambudziko setsikawo zvemukati munyika. Izvi zvinooneka pane Berlin Conference musi Africa uye congresses muna kweBrussels, Geneva uye The Hague.

Versailles-Washington hurongwa dzomunyika ukama

ino yakavhurwa mushure First World War uye regrouping mauto ari dzakawanda munhandare. Hwaro itsva kurongeka nyika zvasvika zvibvumirano vakagumisa somugumisiro dzeParis uye Washington RESE. Muna January 1919, mavambo basa rayo dzeParis Conference. Hwaro hurukuro pakati US, France, Britain, Italy uye Japan vakaiswa "14 pfungwa" ainzi Woodrow Wilson. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chikamu Versailles maitiro akasikwa nokupesvedzera zvinangwa enyika neechiuto-inokosha veHurumende vakundi muna World Vokutanga. Panguva iyoyowo kuteerera zvinodiwa akakundwa munyika uye avo kuti vachangobva akazviratidza pamusoro enyika mepu dzenyika (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.). Uwandu zvibvumirano akanga abvumirwa kubudikidza disintegration of rweAustro-Hungary, Russian, German uye hweOttoman umambo, uye rinotema gadziriro ine hurongwa nyika itsva.

Washington Conference

Versailles Act zvibvumirwano Germany, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany vakanga ainyanya ukama kunyika dzokuEurope. Muna 1921-1922, akashanda se ari Washington Conference, izvo rwakapedza dambudziko post-hondo kugarwa kuFar East. Basa rinokosha basa of Congress iri vairidza US uye Japan, uyewo kufungawo zvido England uye France. Panguva musangano, isu akasaina inoverengeka zvibvumirano dzaanofanira hwaro Far Eastern subsystem. mabasa aya uye vakaumba chikamu chitsva kurongeka nyika pasi zita Washington ezvinhu dzakawanda ukama wechipiri.

Chinangwa chikuru United States yakanga "musuo" Japan uye China. Vakwanisa nzira musangano kuti zvibviswe mubatanidzwa Britain uye Japan. With kuguma Washington Congress akagumisa chehupenyu paumbwe imwe kuti nyika itsva. Kuva nzvimbo simba, iro akakwanisa kuva hwakanyatsorwisa kugadzikana nyika ukama.

Basic misimboti uye maitiro dzomunyika ukama

1. Kusimbisa utungamiriri US, Britain uye France pamusoro dzakawanda zvaiitika uye rusarura kuGermany, Russia, Turkey uye Bulgaria. Kusagutsikana nei hondo, rinokunda munhu nyika. Izvi akafanosarudza mukana kutsiva.

2. Kubviswa kubva US European negwaro. Kutaura zvazviri, imwe kosi kuzvida-woga akaziviswa pashure kukundikana yepurogiramu B. Wilson "14 pfungwa".

3. Kushandurwa US European nechikwereti inoti iri huru abhadhara. Kunyatsoyeuka mwero nedoro nezvimwe nyika kubva kuUnited States yakaratidza zvarongwa Dawes uye Young.

4. pokugadzwa League of Nations muna 1919, waiva kunobatsira kutsigira Versailles-Washington hurongwa. havaoni Its vakatevera zvatinoda dzakawanda ukama (United Kingdom uye France vakaedza kuwana vega hukuru chinzvimbo mune nyika zvematongerwo enyika). Kazhinji, Chinzwano chaMarudzi pakanga pasina mashandiro kuongorora Implementation dzaro sarudzo.

5. Versailles Tsika dzakawanda ukama wakange yose hunhu.

The crisis yakawondomoka

Matambudziko Washington subsystem yakabuda kare muna 20s, uye kwakanga kwakonzerwa hwehasha wokuti Japan vakananga China. Mukutanga 30-ies nayo yavaibatisa muManchuria, hwakasikwa neHurumende chidzoyi. The chaMarudzi mhosva muJapan utsinye, uye vakabva sangano iri.

Matambudziko Versailles maitiro akafanosarudza nokusimbaradza Italy uye Germany, kune zviremera umo nevaFascist uye vaNazi vakauya. Development wegadziriro dzakawanda ukama 30s kwakaratidza kuti kuchengeteka ezvinhu akavaka kunhivi chaMarudzi, zvachose isashande.

Dzinenge Migumisiro dambudziko yakava pakati Anschluss Austria muna March 1938 uye Munich Agreement muna September wegore iroro. Kubvira panguva iyoyo akatanga ngetani maitiro pokuwa hurongwa. 1939 kwakaratidza kuti chokuyananisira chezvawanyora zvachose isashande.

Versailles-Washington gadziriro dzakawanda ukama, akanga kutadza zhinji uye akanga zvachose kusagadzikana, kuparara pamwe nokutambudzika Second World War.

Negadziriro ukama pakati rinoti yechipiri yezana XX remakore

Nheyo mutsva kuitira nyika pashure pehondo 1939-1945 kunge yakatanga panguva Yalta uye Potsdam Misangano. ReCongress akatora vatungamiriri Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa kunyika: Stalin, Churchill uye Roosevelt (gare gare Truman).
Kazhinji, asi Yalta-Potsdam hurongwa dzakawanda ukama hwokuratidza bipolarity, sezvo aitungamirira chinzvimbo rakatora US uye USSR. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe dzimwe nzvimbo emasimba vakawanda kukanganiswa hunhu international hurongwa.

The Yalta Conference

Vakwikwidzi of Yalta Conference, ayo chikuru Vavariro ndiyo kuparadza chiuto German uye kusikwa inopikira yorugare, sezvo nhaurirano yaiitwa ezvinhu muhondo. At Congress iyi akasimbisa miganhu itsva USSR (panguva Curzon mutsetse) uye Poland. Kunewo akatoparadzirwa mapazi maigara muGermany, pakati in Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti nyika ine makore 45 raiva nezvikamu zviviri - West uye East Germany. Uyezve, paiva weboka mabhora ose simba iri Balkan nharaunda. Greece akauya pasi pesimba England, utongi hwechiKomonisiti I. B. Tito yakavhurwa muYugoslavia.

The Potsdam Conference

Panguva Congress iyi, kwakasarudzwa pamusoro demilitarization uye decentralization muGermany. Domestic uye vatorwa mutemo pasi kudzorwa Board, anoumbwa vatungamiri mana inoti-vakundi muhondo. Potsdam Tsika dzakawanda ukama tichishandisa zvinotaurwa matsva pamwe pakati European inoti. Council of Vashumiri Affairs Foreign rakavambwa. The chikuru Zvaizobuda reCongress raiva kunomurayira Kuregwa Japan.

Mazano uye zvimwe itsva

1. bipolarity muchimiro enyika uye pfungwa nokurwisana pakati "nyika yakasununguka" rinotungamirirwa United States uye mugovanisi nyika.

2. kusakakavadzana. Enderana kushora vaikudzwa kunyika zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi, zvechiuto uye mamwewo. kunetsana uku vakasvika musoro panguva Cold War.

3. Yalta hurongwa dzakawanda ukama asina chaiwo pamutemo hwaro.

4. New Order yakaumbwa munguva kuwandisa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe chokumbofanobata mashandiro. Paiva yokuti chokuti pasava nehondo yenyukireya kwakavakirwa kutya hondo itsva.

5. pakusikwa UN, iro chisarudzo chakanga chakavakirwa vose Yalta-Potsdam hurongwa dzakawanda ukama. Asi post-hondo iyoyo, sangano raiva kudzivirira kurwisana nezvombo pakati United States uye Soviet Union panguva yose uye emunharaunda mumatunhu.

zvakawanikwa

Munguva dzazvino, kune zvakawanda mugadziriro dzakawanda ukama. The Westphalian maitiro akanga kupfuura vakarongeka uye chine musoro. Tevera hurongwa vaiva kusakakavadzana, rinotsanangura kuora yavo nokukurumidza. The ano tsika dzakawanda ukama kwakavakirwa chinobva pakuenzanisa simba, unova mugumisiro wacho kuchengeteka zvido zvose inotaura.