Ndezvipi mashoko ane mavara ane mavara? Stylistic coloring

Dzinotaura nezvekuparadzana kwesayenzi, iyo inobata nekudzidzisa kusiyanisa kushandiswa kwemutauro mukukurukurirana, uye inopawo ruzivo rwemutauro wacho pachavo uye nzira dzakakodzera dzinoshandiswa pakushandiswa kwayo. Iyo inonzi "stylistics", uye yakatangira iyo yaiva rhetoric (pfungwa yeunyanzvi hwemitambo), iyo yaitaura chete nemutauro wevanhu wekutaura. Stylistics seSayenzi inosanganisira masangano ese ekutaura zvinyorwa. Uyu ndiwo rudzi rwekudzidzisa pamusoro penzira dzakanakisisa dzekutaura kwemafungiro nemanzwiro.

Ndezvipi mashoko ane mavara ane mavara?

Inoshandiswa chete mumatafura chaiwo, kunyanya:

1. Scientific vocabulary. Inosanganisira mazwi ayo anoshandiswa muzvidzidzo, sayenzi uye teknolojia (somuenzaniso, maruva, laser, nezvimwewo).
2. Zvematongerwo enyika mazwi. Izvi zvinosanganisira mazwi anoshandiswa munharaunda, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika (mubatidzi, chirevo, Duma, nezvimwewo).
3. Kutaura mazwi. Inomiririrwa nemashoko anoshandiswa kunyanya mukukurukurirana kwezuva nezuva, mumuromo (huru, mifananidzo, internet, etc.). Mumugariro wemabasa ekugadzira, inoshandiswa kuratidza vanhu vanyori.

Kupfupisa zvataurwa pamusoro apa, tinogona kugadzira mazwi ane mavara ane mavara. Aya mazwi anowedzera kukoshesa, kunyanya, vanodana chinhu chacho uye vanopfuudza kuenzanirana kwekutsvaga (kusazvidza, kubvumirwa, kusavhiringidzika, nezvimwewo), pamwe chete nemamwe manzwiro maererano nezvayo.

A variety of stylistic coloring

Inomiririrwa nezvikamu zviviri:

1. Kushanda-kunongororwa kunongedza mavara (mavara ezvinyorwa zvemurimi), iyo, zvakare, yakakamurwa kuva mhando mitatu mikuru:

• Kukurukurirana;
• Bhuku;
• Neutral.

Mhando mbiri dzekutanga dzinogona kuva:

- ma grammatical mafomu (somuenzaniso, zvibvumirano (zvematongerwe enyika) - zvibvumirano (zvinyorwa);

- mazwi (somuenzaniso, nzvimbo (kusatsigira) - nzvimbo (bhuku);

- Phraseologisms (somuenzaniso, tambanudza makumbo ako (kukurukurirana) - zorora nehope dzisingaperi (bhuku);

- inopa (somuenzaniso, nekuda kwekusingaendi kwemamiriro okunze, iyo ndege inonoka (isina kwaakarerekera) - nekuda kwehupenzi ini handina kubhururuka kure (kutaura).

2. Kujekesa-kunofungidzirwa kushandiswa kwemavara (hakusi kusungirirwa kune imwe nzira, iri muzwi iro pachayo) inosanganisira zvitatu:

• Yakaderedzwa;
• Kuwedzera;
• Neutral.

Muenzaniso: hupenyu (kusatsigira) - zhitu (kuderedzwa) - hupenyu (yakasimudzwa).

Mashoko asina mavara uye ane mavara ane mavara

Shanduro mumutauro wekunyora inowanzogoverwa muzvikamu zviviri zvakakosha: mavara ane mavara uye asingatauri mazwi.

Shanduro dzisingatauriki - mashoko asina kuiswa kune chero ipi zvayo yemitauro yekutaura, kureva kuti, inogona kushandiswa mune chero nzira yekutaura nhepfenyuro, nokuti inonzwisisika uye inonzwika isiri yemavara. Zvisinei, mazwi aya ane mazano ekufananidzira (colloquial, bookish, colloquial).

Maererano nedzidziso yeMV Lomonosov (The Three Stilts), mamwe mazwi ose anotaura nezvemhando yepamusoro yekutaura zvinhu (semuenzaniso, kuzorora, nyika yekodzero, etc.), kana kuti pasi (somuenzaniso, rimwe zuva, dumbu, nezvimwewo. .).

Panyaya iyi, pane izwi rekutarisa (bluu rakasvibirira, tsyts, nezvimwewo) uye bhuku, iro iro, iro rakagoverwa mumhando dzinotevera:

• Bhizimisi rebhizimisi (counterparties, protocol, nezvimwe);
• Mashoko echirevo (meso, ruvara rwepepuru, nezvimwewo);
• Scientific (katet, thesis, etc.);
• Journalistic (fieldworkers, initiative, etc.).

Nzira dzenyanzvi dzemasikirini

Pane maviri acho, kunyanya:

• Mutauro wekutaura;
• Stylistics yekutaura (functional stylistics).

Nhungamiro yekutanga inodzidza stylistic zvinoreva mashoko, girama uye phraseology, uyewo shanduro yakarongeka yemutauro.

Yechipiri ndiyo marudzi akasiyana ekutaura uye maitiro avo nezvinangwa zvakasiyana zvekutaura.

Linguistic stylistics inofanira kuva nemutemo wekusagadzikana uye kushanda uye kuratidza kushamwaridzana kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutaura nechinangwa chekutaura, nyaya yaro, mazwi ekukurukurirana, mafungiro emunyori uye chidimbu chekutaura.

Chikamu chayo chakakosha ndeye mashizha anoshanda (marudzi akasiyana emitauro iyo inoshumira marudzi ose ehupenyu hwehupenyu).

Tsika dzakasiyana dzakasiyana-siyana zvekushandiswa kwemutauro mukutaurirana. Nzira yega yega yekutaura inoratidzwa nehukuru hwezvishandiso zvemutauro zvinoshandiswa, uyewo nekusanganiswa kwavo kwakasiyana.

Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuumba tsanangudzo yezvinyorwa zvemichina. Izvi, kutanga kwezvose, chikamu chemitauro inodzidza mitauro yakasiyana-siyana (mutauro, mutauro, marudzi, nezvimwewo). Uyewo nyaya yekutsvakurudza kwake ndeyekutaura, kufungidzira uye kuongorora maitiro ezvinyorwa mumapuraneti eparadigmatic (mukati mekutaura kwemitauro) uye muchigadzirwa chechimiro (mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekukurukurirana).

Chimiro chechikamu chemitauro iri pasi pekufungisisa

Stylistics yemutauro wemaRussia wemazuva ano ane zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:

1. Stylistics yezvinyorwa, izvo zvinongororwa mukati maro nekugadzirisa kwehukama hwezvisiri izvo mutauro (chinangwa, chinyorwa, nezvimwewo) nemitauro yekutaura.

Kune chikamu chino, zvakakosha kuvaka gwaro, kubatana kwezvinhu zvaro zvemuumbi, ukama huri pakati pehuwandu hwehuwandu uye huwandu, hutano hwezvinangwa zvekutaurirana zvemunyori uye mumiririri, pamwe chete nemigumisiro yezvimwe zvikonzero. Nenzira yakawanda, chiyero chekuzarurirwa kwebasa rinokurukura rinotamba basa rinokosha.

2. Kushanda stylistics kunotarisa pakuongorora nzira dziripo dzekushandisa mutauro mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzebasa revanhu (mitemo yezvemitemo, yesayenzi, zvematongerwe enyika, uye nezvimwewo).

3. Stylistics of resources (practical stylistics) inobatanidzwa mukudzidza mutauro inoreva kubva pamagariro ekunyora kwemavara (mafungiro-anoratidza uye anoshanda-maitiro). Pano, nguva dzinoongororwa maererano nekushandiswa kwemaunitiramu emitauro senzira yekuratidza pfungwa, manzwiro, uye ruzivo rwekutumira.

Mune mamwe mazwi, stylistics yemutauro weRussia wemazuva ano, semutauro wekutaura, uye rhetoric, unodzidza mibvunzo ine chokuita nekuwedzerwa kwekushandiswa nekushandiswa kwemutauro uye nzira dzayo mukati mehutano hwekutaura nemashoko. Anofarira matambudziko ane chokuita nekusiyana uye kutaura kwekutaura.

Nokudaro, pakagadzirisa zvikamu zve stylistics, zvinobvira kuumba tsanangudzo yaro. Maererano nemashoko ekunyora encyclopaedic emutauro weRussia, iyo chikamu chemizimi mune zvingangoreva mutauro, zvinoreva zvayo uye mitemo yekushanda mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvebasa revanhu inodzidzwa.

Zvinyorwa zvebasa rakanaka

Kutanga, inosanganisira ruzivo rwezvemitauro yemitauro. Chechipiri, maitiro anonyanya kushandiswa anosanganisira kuongororwa kwekutarisa uye kufungidzira kwezvishandiso zvemutauro. Chechitatu, chikamu ichi chine mutauro wezvinyorwa.

Nzvimbo yepamusoro yakachengeterwa yekupedzisira, se:

• Mune mutauro, pane kazhinji pasina mhedziso yakakwana;
• Synonymous variations inofanira kugara ichienderana nemitauro yakanyorwa;
• Vachifananidzi vanobvumirwa kuenzaniswa zvose pasi pemamiriro ekuvapo kwavo panguva imwe uye pasi pemamiriro ekushanduka kwavo.

Izvo zvinokoshawo, mukati mehutano hwetsika stylistics, kushandisa girmatical uye nexical zvinoreva mutauro.

Nhoroondo yekushanduka kwe stylistics

Sezvambotaurwa kare, vatungamiri vemazuva ano ve stylistics vaiva vekare uye vekare vanyori uye rhetoric. Yokutanga yakanzwisiswa saisayenzi yezvinyorwa, uye yechipiri yaiva yesayenzi yeanoricalical art, nzvimbo inokosha iyo yaive yakabatwa nedzidziso yekutaura kwemashoko kubva pakusarudzwa kwemashoko mamwe, izwi ravo kusanganiswa uye nhamba dzemitauro.

Pakati pemugariro weRussia stylistics, basa rinokosha rakapiwa dzidziso yemitambo yemusayendisiti wokutanga weRussia M. V. Lomonosov.

Izwi iro pacharo rakamuka mukutanga kweXIX yezana remakore. Kakawanda mumabasa eGermany Romantic, uye ikozvino pakati pezana remakore rimwechete kuedza kunoitwa kusayenzi kutsigira stylistics (The Philosophy of Style naHerbert Spencer (1852) naHeiman Steinthal (1866).

Nheyo dze stylistics dzakaiswa mumabasa aAA Potebni naA. A. Veselovsky ("Kubvira munhoroondo ye epithet").

Muchidimbu (semagadziro emitauro mumutauro mukati memiganhu ye morpheme kusvika kumutsara wose), chikamu chemizimi chakashandiswa neAmerican descriptive linguistics (40-50s XX yezana remakore).

Mupfungwa yakazara, stylistics yakanzwisiswa nemazuva ano shanduro yeruzimi rwemashoko. Panguva imwecheteyo, pfungwa dzakadaro dzeku conjugate sekusiyana, rusununguko rwekusarudzwa kwemafambi nemagadzirirwo nemunyori wezvinyorwa kana vatauriri vakanyatsopesana, saka zvakarongedzwa zvakajeka ne grammar (text stylistics).

Sezvedzidziso yekuenzanisa zvinyorwa nezvimwe zvinyorwa-zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemurimi ("code", mutauro wakawanda, nezvimwewo), chimiro chakagadzirwa kare kare nevamiririri vechiPrague chikoro chechimiro kare kare (30-40s ye XX yezana remakore). Pano, kazhinji, chiito chekutaura (muromo kana kuti chakanyorwa) chinonzwisiswa sechigumisiro chekusarudzwa nemukurukuri pachake semhando dzakasiyana dzemitauro pakati pemikana yakatangwa kare nerurimi (grammatical, syntactic, phonetic, lexical). Uyewo sekubatanidzwa kwavo mukati megadziriro yekutaura kwekutaura, hongu, zvichienderana ne "basa."

Nheyo dzorudzi urwu rwekushandurwa kwema stylistics yaiva pfungwa ye "shingaira" ("kutaura") mutauro wekutaura. Izvi zvakabatanidzwa munyaya yaCharles Bally: mumutauro, mazita mazhinji akafanana akaiswa pamwe chete neakatevedzana avo, rimwe rawo nderokuti "kutenderera mberi", uye mamwe akasiyana mune imwe dhigirii yemamwe mavara - stylistic.

Zvinyorwa zvekunyoresa maonero ezwi

Zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvipi zviviri, kunyanya:

1. Kuvapo kana kusavapo kweshoko ndeyeimwe nzira yekushanda yemutauro weRussia.
2. Kuvapo kwekutaridzika kwepfungwa kwezwi (zvinyorwa zvinoshamisa zveununuri mutauro).

Izwi rekunyora kunzwisisika

Icho chirevo chechinyorwa chemashoko ndicho chivako chezvakagadzikana kana fomu yezwi rinomirira chimiro, iyo inogumira kushandiswa kwayo neimwe nzira. Pane rimwe zita-connotation (concomit value).

Kazhinji pane dzimwe nguva apo zvakaoma kusiyanisa shanduro uye nexical zvinoreva chikwata chemutauro. Semuenzaniso, mazwi akadai sehuma, matama nemiromo ndezvezvinyorwa zvemaatoriki (chikamu chehenya, maziso, zviso, ganda nemasumbu mapfupa), uye maSlavicisms eChechi anoenderana (brow, masaya, uye muromo) ndiwo "chirevo chekufunga", "chitubu chekutaura kwakachenjera."

Saka, tinogona kutaura apa pano chirevo chinosanganiswa nezwi rinoreva izwi. Asi zvakadaro, kusiyana kwemashoko kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana kunogona kunge asina kuwanda (somuenzaniso, Breg-shore, kutonhora kunotonhora, nezvimwewo). Panyaya iyi, tinogona kusiyanisa chimwe chinhu chekunyora kunzwisisika, sekuzvimirira.

Zvikamu zvekufananidza

Pane zvitatu:

1. Runoshanda-chimiro. Inotarisa iyo inhengo yemutauro wemutauro kune imwe nzira.
2. Emotionally evaluative. Ichi chikamu chinosimbisa hukama hwemukurukuri kune chinangwa chekutaura.
3. Inotsanangura (inoratidza). Anoratidza kuedza kwemukurukuri, kuti ataure, "kuvekorora" kutaura. Kudzokorora kwechiGiriki kunogona kunzwisiswa sekugadzirisa kwemukati mazwi ezwi (kubatana pakati pezvinoreva nezwi).

Stylistic mabasa emitauro yezvikamu

Kune zvakawanda zvavo, asi tsika yekusiyanisa zvinotevera:

• Basic:

- kutaurirana basa (kukurukurirana);

- kugona (kufunga).

• Primary;
• Derivatives (zvishoma).

Stylistic mabasa emashoko (anozivikanwa kune mutauro) akaparadzaniswa kuva mapoka matatu:

• Kusarudzwa (iyo zita rezvinyorwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvekutenderera kwechokwadi);
• Emotional (kutaura kwehukama hwemukurukuri kune chinhu chekutaura);
• Konativnaya (kutarisana nechokuita kumudziriri).

Basa guru, sekutonga, rinoreva mutauro wakazara, unoratidzwa mumamiriro ezvinyorwa chero chipi zvacho (pasina kutaridzirwa kune unyanzvi hwekuita sangano).

Kutaura matanho uye mabatiro emashoko

Ndezvipi mazwi ane mavara ane mavara, akataridzirwa kare, zvino zvakakosha kunzwisisa zvikanganiso zvinokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwavo zvisina kukodzera. Kunyanya kubhadharwa kunobhadharwa kune zvidzidzo zvemitauro, izvo zvinobatanidzwa nepamutemo-yebhizimisi nzira.

Zvikamu zvayo, zvinosanganiswa mumamiriro ekunyora asingagamuchirwe kwavari, zvinowanzoti mahofisi ehurumende ("mutauro wechiRussia mutauro 10"). Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti izwi iri rinoreva kutaura kunongoreva mumamiriro ezvinhu apo inoshandiswa mumutauro usingabatanidzi nemitemo iyi.

Kumutauro wemashoko uye nexical chancelleries ndeye tsika yekuisa mazwi (izwi kusanganiswa) ane mavara anowanzoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu (semuenzaniso, nekushayikwa, kana kune, kubvisa, nezvimwewo). Kushandiswa kwavo mukati mekuita iyi kunoita kuti kutaura kunyorese inexpressive.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka zvakare kuti mazwi akadaro ane mavara akasiyana-siyana ndiwo masangano anowedzera kukosha.

Kutungamirirwa kwemahofisi ehurumende-mabhizimisi inoratidzwawo nekushandiswa kwekutaura matanho (mashoko akave akapararira zvikuru, uye mazwi akadzikisa semantics uye faded emotion tinge). Semuenzaniso, mukati memamiriro ezvinhu ezvakasiyana-siyana, mazwi okuti "kuwana mvumo yekugara" inowanzoshandiswa ("Bhora rinopinda musuo, rinowana kubhadhara mumatafura", "Aphrodite yakazova chiratidzo chekusingaperi chekuunganidza musamu, uye nokudaro kuwana chivako chekugara muguta redu").

Chidhindo chinogonawo kuva chero chinowanzoitwa nenzira yekutaura, somuenzaniso, zvinyorwa zvema template (tsanangudzo dzakarasikirwa nesimba razvo rokufungidzira nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo nguva dzose mukukurukurirana). Zvisinei, mukati mekushandiswa kwemaitiro ekunyora, izwi iri rakagamuchira kududzirwa kuduku: izvi ndezvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki zvine mavara emabhaibheri ("Mutauro weRussia wevhesi yegumi").

Mamwe mazwi ose anoshandiswa muzvinoreva zvisingagoneki anogonawo kuita sematauriro emitauro (somuenzaniso, rudimbu, mubvunzo, kuzarura, kutsanangurwa, chiitiko, kubata, kupatsanurwa, nezvimwewo).

Vanofanirwa kusiyaniswa kubva kune izvo zvinonzi mitauro yemitauro (nzira dzekutaura, dzakabudiswa mumutauro, dzinoshandiswa mumutauro wemashoko).

Izvi zvinosanganisira kushamwaridzana kwekugara kwakasimba (basa rekushandira, vashandi vehurumende, vashandi vemarudzi ose, rubatsiro rwakadaro). Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevanyori venhau nekuda kwekuti hazvibviri kuramba nekugadzira nzira itsva yekutaura.