The labyrinth chii? Tsanangudzo

Kubvira paucheche, vazhinji vanoyeuka nheyo yechirwere chinotyisa chine Minotaur, uyo amai, kuitira kuti avanze pameso ake evanhu mwana wake asina kujairika, akagara mu Knossos labyrinth. Iyi chivako chakanga chakavhiringidza zvokuti hapana, kunze kwe tenzi wake, aigona kuwana nzira yekubuda nayo. Kuvakwa kwe labyrinths kwakanga kwakakurumbira kwete munguva yekare chete, asi zvakare muMiddle Ages uye nguva dzakatevera. Ndeipi nhoroondo yekuonekwa kwechirevo chaicho che "labyrinth" uye kana ine zvimwe zvinoreva?

The etymology yezwi rokuti "labyrinth"

Usati waziva zvinorehwa neshoko iri, zvakakodzera kukoshesa kutangira kwayo. Kufanana nenhema ye Minotaur, saka iyi zita rakasvika muchiRussia kubva kuvaGiriki vekare.

Zvinyorwa zviviri zvezvakabva zita iri zvakajairika. Maererano neumwe wavo, pachitsuwa cheCrete shoko rokuti "labyrinth" ndiro nzvimbo iyo maitiro emitambo, ainzi Labrys, akachengetwa. Mune imwe, iyo labyrinth inhare. Mukuda kweiyi pfungwa ndeyekuti muchiGiriki kune shoko rimwe-root pamwe naro, rinoshandura se "mumugwagwa" kana "nzira".

Kune vaSlav izwi rechiGiriki rokuti labyrinthos rakauya kuburikidza nekupindirana kwechiGerman uye izwi rokuti labyrinth rinoshandiswa mazviri. Izvi zvakaitika panguva yaPeter I, uyo aifarira chaizvo kufara kwemaEurope kunofadza. Anonzi akavaka anenge gumi labyrinths muumambo hwose, asi izvi hazvisi chokwadi zvachose.

Muzvokwadi, chete "Bindu paTemberi Pavilion" yakavakwa muna Peterhof. Akamirira paki yakaoma uye dziva rekushambira pakati nepakati yenharaunda 2 mahekeri. Yakanga yakavakwa maererano nebasa raJean Baptiste Leblon uye yaiva nzvimbo yakanaka yekufamba nemusi wechando.

Sezvo nehupi humwe hutsva, hupenyu hwakasiyana-siyana hunoparadzirwa pamusoro peizvi. Vamwe vakatenda kuti vamwe vafambi vakanyangarika pasina mutsva munzvimbo iyi isingazivikanwi. Vamwe vakatenda nomwoyo wose kuti labyrinth yaPetro yaiva nzvimbo yekusangana yekusununguka kweHeemasons. Ichokwadi kuti maonero aya ndeechokwadi asingazivikanwi.

Asi pakati pevanhuwo zvavo izwi chaiyo rokuti "labyrinth" (zvarinoreva-pasi) rakatora midzi kwenguva yakareba, nokuti panzvimbo yaro zita rokuti "Bhabhironi" raishandiswa kwenguva refu. VaBhabhironi vaigara vachitarisirwa, vachifunga kuti vane zvimwe zvemashiripiti.

Somuenzaniso, chiratidzo chakakurumbira chezana remakore rechiXVIII. - "Labyrinth of the Spirit" - yakafananidzirwa pachayo kuti zvakaoma sei kuwana nzira yekuenda kuHumambo hweKudenga. Zvaitendwa kuti kana ukazvitarisa usingatauri, unogona kupenga.

Izwi rokuti "labyrinth": lexical zvinoreva

Kutenda mukududzirwa kweshoko rechiGiriki nhasi, shoko iri richiri kushandiswa kushandiswa mukutaura. Uye kuwedzera pane kukosha kukuru, yakawanawo zvishoma zvishoma. Kubvira muzana remakore rechina reXIX. Iwe unogona kutosangana ne "labyrinth" (zvinoreva izwi) mune tsanangudzo rinotsanangurwa reDahl, uye gare gare muOzhegov, Ushakov nevamwe.

Vladimir Dal mubasa rake anodana maze iyo nzvimbo iyo yakaoma kuwana nzira yekubuda nayo nemhaka yegadziriro ye nzira dzakaoma uye kuchinja. Zvinoratidzika kuti izwi rechirevo chezwi rokuti "labyrinth" nemamwe maRussia akatsanangura zvinyorwa.

Nhasi shoko iri rinonzi maviri-kana matatu-dimensional sakhiwo nehurongwa hwakaoma hwemakwara kusvika kubuda. Inogona kuva yematombo uye yemichero yakabva.

Zvimwe zvinoreva izwi

Mukuwedzera kune chinangwa chekutanga chezita iri, Vladimir Dal mubhuku rake anotungamirira uye wechipiri. Saka, anodana labyrinth yemukati memukati wevanhu.

Asi Ushakov akanyora mubhuku rake rinotsanangurwa mamwe tsanangudzo yezwi iri. Saka, kuwedzera kune zvataurwa pamusoro apa, anotaura nezvekufananidzira kwezwi: tangled interweaving chimwe chinhu (abyrgyth of thoughts, a labyrinth of feelings). Semuenzaniso, nhaurwa kubva kuSaltykov-Shchedrin inodzokororwa: "Kana ndikasazoputsa kamwechete, ini zvimwe ndinozovhiringidzika mumararamiro ekuzvidzivirira uye kuzviratidza."

Mazuva ano, labyrinth iriwo chigadziro chekudzivirira kakombiyuta hard drive, pamwe nezita rebhodhi rebhodhi neimba yokuRussia yokudhinda uye mabhuku ezvitoro.

Mukuwedzera, kuparidzirwa kwezwi iri kwakashanda kune chokwadi chokuti mumakore makumi matatu adarika, mafirimu mashanu akafuridzirwa, mumusoro iyo izwi iri rinooneka. Kunewo mabhuku akawanda ane chinyorwa ichi nemavhidhiyo albhamu.

Fayum labyrinth

Imwe yekutaura kwokutanga kwegadziriro-labyrinth ndeyebaba vezvakaitika - Herodotus. Akarondedzera temberi yeumwari weIjipita nemusoro wegeko, uyo ainamatwa muShedhe (Herodotus akadana guta iri "Krokodilopol"). Chinangwa chekuvaka Fayum labyrinth hachizivikanwi, inowanzofungidzirwa kuti yakanga yakagadzirirwa kuita mitambo yakasiyana-siyana yechitendero, pamwe nekuchengetedza pfuma. Maererano nenhau dzekare, hurongwa hwekufambisa, zvinyorwa uye niches zvakabvumira munhu asingazivi chigadziro chake chekufamba-famba panzvimbo ino kwemazuva mazhinji, kana masvondo.

Kubva matongo akasiyiwa munzvimbo yawo nhasi, zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti zvakaoma sei chivakwa ichi chaicho, asi, kutonga netsanangudzo yebaba vezvakaitika, yakaratidzika chaizvo inonakidza. Nenzira, maze iyi inotsanangurwa munyaya yeBoleslaw Prus "Farao".

Greek, Roman, Indian labyrinths

Iyo yakakurumbira Knossos labyrinth yakagadzirwa mumufananidzo weFayumsky, asi yakawanda zvikuru kune iyo muhukuru. Akashandawo sechitendero chechihedheni, asi huMwari hwakanga huri ingwe, sevaEgipita, asi nzombe (zvichida kubva pano uye nhoroondo ye Minotaur). Zvisikwa zvake zvinonzi Daedalus pachake. Kusiyana nenzvimbo yeEgipita yeiyi isati isingazivikanwi.

Mukuwedzera kuneCretan, pakanga kune rimwe chiziviso chechiGiriki chinonzi labyrinth. Zvisinei, kwaakange ari chaizvo, hazvizivikanwi. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakadana kuti nzvimbo yechitsuwa cheAegean: Samos kana Lemnos. Mukubatana neizvi pane shanduro iyo labyrinth ye Minotaur yakanga isingagoni kuKrete zvachose. Asi kusvikira matongo eine imwe yei awanikwa, zvose izvi zvinongova zvinyorwa zvekusha.

Zvechokwadi, vaRoma, avo vakagamuchira kubva kuvaGiriki tsika yavo, havagoni kudzivisa uye kwete kuvaka mavobyrinths avo. Vazhinji vavo havana kusvika pamazuva edu, zvisinei, muguta rePompeii, iyo nguva yakaita seyeya, dzimba mbiri duku-labyrinth ine mifananidzo inoshamisa, ichifananidzira nhema ye Minotaur yakaramba yakasimba. Zvinotendwa kuti vaRoma maze - iyo yaivawo yakakurumbira yevana inofadza. Sezvakaita vaGiriki, dzimwe nguva vaishandisa urongwa uhwu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvechitendero, sezvinopupurirwa nemuzinda wamambo wokuviga muCliusium, unoumbwa nenheyo yakaoma yemakamuri ekufadzwa.

Nenzira, muIndia, zvakare, chitendero chechimiro ichi chakaparadzirwa. VaHindu vaidavira kuti madhimoni akaipa anogona kungofamba chete, saka pavakapinda mutemberi nedzimba, vakagadzira labyrinths kuti vadzivirire.

Mazita emabhaibheri muMiddle Ages

Nekushandurwa kwechiKristu muchitendero chikuru cheEurope, rudo rwezvivakwa zvakaoma rakapona pakusimuka kwaro kutsva. Pakutanga, labyrinths yakanga yakashongedzwa nechepasi pemachechi nemakereke, achifananidzira kutadza kwevanhu. Kwapera nguva pfupi, labyrinths yechitendero yakatanga kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya pakufamba kuenda kuJerusarema.

Mabhiyrinth muGreat Britain neFrance

Kubvira muna XIII yezana. Izvi zvivako zvakatanga kushandiswa sekunakidzwa kwekunaka munyika. Sezvo zvakanga zvisingabatsiri kuvaka nekuchengetedza matombo ematombo emhando iyi, labyrinths-gardens zvishoma nezvishoma yakava mafashoni. Vaive vakakurumbira zvikuru muFrance, Great Britain, uyewo muItaly. Zvisikwa zvevaraidzo yakadaro yakava unyanzvi hwechokwadi, hwakakurumbira kusvikira nhasi.