Language chikwata. Language vamapoka mutauro wokuRussia - zviri mutauro Russian ...

Kudzidza mutauro wokuRussia kunotanga zvinokosha. Vanoumba hwaro chacho. Sezvo zvinoriumba ndiwo mitauro vamapoka mutauro wokuRussia. Ndivo zvinoumba munhu mitauro ino, izvo inadmissible nokupesana mukati yavo chechetere. Next, isu kuongorora zvakadzama pfungwa, rinotsanangura kupatsanura. Uyewo achapiwa zvinoitwa chikuru mitauro zvinoriumba munyaya.

"Anotsemura"

Ndezvipi zvinokosha mutauro wokuRussia? Marongerwo pane kupesana kupinda zvinhu chokuita yakaderera chinzvimbo. Pane kudaro chinhu sechinhu chokuratidza kuti decomposability. It kunotema kana mutauro chikwata chiri divisible. Decomposability zvichibvira ose okunze vari rakakamurwa nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Pakati dzekare indivisible dzakabatana dzakadai phoneme uye morpheme. Boka rechipiri rinosanganisira avo zvinoriumba izvo yaora kune zvokuvamba vari rakadzika chechetere. Main dzakabatana mutauro ikashandiswa dzakasiyana kwevari hurongwa.

kupatsanura

Siyana mutauro zvidzidzo ikashandiswa muzvikwata zviviri. Wokutanga anosarudza mhando inzwi membranes. Nokuti muchikwata ichi pane zvokunyama marudzi kuti vane dzose inzwi deko. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvinosanganisira chikwata mutauro akadai phoneme, shoko, morpheme, uye kunyange panyaya. Panewo hwakanaka zvinhu mhando. Rinomiririra muenzaniso kuvaka mitsara uye mitsetse, iyo anowanzoshandiswa ane generalized rinoreva. Pane here chinonzi kukosha chimwe. Havagoni kurarama kunze zvinhu uye hama zvinhu nemifananidzo, sezvo vari dzavo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro chikamu. Uyezve, mashoko mutauro dzakabatana dziri mberi rakakamurwa yaitsigira divi uye bilateral. Wokutanga haana kukosha, ivo chete kubatsira kuumba inzwi hamvuropu. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, phonemes uye mabhii. Asi bilateral nyaya, ndokusaka vari kunyange rakava pakati pamusoro vamapoka mutauro. Aya ndiwo mashoko uye mitsara. Language nhanho vari kana kunzwisisa hurongwa ndivo yenhengo dzavo.

mutauro Russian

By tsanangudzo, ino ndiyo dzakaunganidzwa iconic nezvimedu kuburitswa mune ruzha muchimiro kuti vataure pfungwa dzevanhu uye manzwiro. Uyewo, ivo nenzira pakukurukurirana uye ruzivo chinja. Nina Davidovna Arutyunov, Soviet uye Russian nyanzvi, mutauro vaiona chinhu chinokosha munzvimbo shanduka tsika uye nzanga. At yakadereresa pachiyero kwava phonetics, kureva mitinhimira. Kumusoro muri morphemes kuti akaumbwa ne yapfuura chechetere. Morpheme inoumbwa mashoko izvo zvaizoitawo akaumba nemarongerwo. Mitauro chikwata inozivikanwa kwete chete nokuda kwayo nzvimbo hwakaoma kunzwisisa. Zvinoitawo anoita yakananga nerevane ane maitiro zvechiratidzo chacho. Tora mutauro mumwe, iri rakadzika pamwero - phoneme. Roga, mutsindo haarambi chero zvaanoreva. Zvisinei, iye interacts nevamwe zvinhu zviri naye chete pachiyero, zvinobatsira kusiyanisa munhu morphemes uye mashoko. Pakazosvika phonetic okunze ndiwo mabhii. Zvisinei, nokuti kuti kukosha kwavo nguva dzose dzinoruramiswa zvakakwana, mamwe masayendisiti ari hapana kukurumidza anobvumirana chokuti mabhii - zvakafanana mitauro chikwata.

morpheme

Morpheme vaiona duku vamapoka mutauro kuti vane zvaanoreva. Chinonyanya kukosha kweshoko - ndiwo mudzi. Pamusoro pazvo, anosarudza zvinoreva mashoko. Asi suffixes siyana, prefixes uye magumo chete mukwanisi mudzi zvinorehwa. morphemes All vari akakamurwa avo kuti vanoumba shoko (preformative), uye avo kuti pave siyana shoko (anonzi girama). mutauro Russian akapfuma zvakagadzirwa zvakadai. Saka, shoko rokuti "zvitsvuku" rinoumbwa nemashoko morphemes matatu. Chokutanga mudzi "krasn-", iro inorondedzera chinhu chipepa. The suffix "-ovat-" rinoratidza kuti chinhu anoratidzwa duku dhigirii. Uye, pakupedzisira, kuguma "fung" anosarudza kuti munhui, nhamba uye nyaya abvumirana chipauro pazita. With kukura nhoroondo uye mutauro, vamwe morpheme ari zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja. Mashoko akadai sokuti "paberere", "munwe" uye "guta" iri kwokutanga muzvikamu mamwe mativi. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, mashoko aya akabatanidzwa kuva chete mudzi. Uyezve, vamwe morpheme rinoshandiswa kuva ukoshi kunze ano mumwe.

izwi

Izvi rakazvimirira chairema mutauro ichaongororwa rimwe rinonyatsooneka. Rinopa pfungwa rokuti, pasi, chiito uye zvivako, chikamu pfungwa. Yokupedzisira anogona kuva neshoko rimwe chete. Mubvumo goko akaumba shoko, kuti ndicho phonetic chiratidzo, morphemes (morphological chikabviswa) uye tsika dzavo (kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro chinhu). Mumitauro zvose takasangana zvikuru zvakawanda mazwi kuti vakawanda zvazvinoreva. Kunyanya nyaya dzakadaro rakazara mutauro wokuRussia. Saka, rinozivikanwa shoko "tafura" rinoreva kwete chete chimedu fenicha kuva midziyo, asiwo Muterere yemazuva akawanda, uyewo chezvinonhuwira vanachiremba hofisi kwezvakatipoteredza.

Mashoko ose vanokamurwa muzvikwata akawanda maererano siyana zvinodiwa. Distribution pamusoro zvivakamutauro maitiro boka rinoumbwa mukukurukurirana. Derivational zvisungo pave Mapato mashoko. Mukati zvinoreva zvinhu izvi zviri rakakamurwa anoreva zvakafanana, antonyms uye Category mapoka. History anovapavhurira kuna archaisms, neologisms uye historicism. Pakuurayiwa zvezvinotaurwa kushandiswa kweshoko vari muzvikamu professionalism, akariposhera, mutauro mashoko uye mazwi. Akapiwa mashandiro mitauro zvinhu marongerwo vari voga idioms uye remubatanidzwa mashoko uye mazita. Aimbova Somuenzaniso, kusanganisira mashoko akadai se "Kubika pfungwa" uye "kupinza mamiriro". Muenzaniso remubatanidzwa mazita "Sea White" uye "Ivan".

Mitsara uye mitsetse

Mitauro Unit, iro rinoumbwa nemashoko anonzi mutsara. zvakagadzirwa ichi, rine zvinhu zviviri chokuita nomumwe anotevera nzira: kunangiswa, kuzvidzora kana adjacently. Uyezve, mashoko uye zvirevo inoumbwa navo vari zvinoumba ari vaitaura. Asi mutsara idanho kuvatumwa romugove. Panguva syntactic pamwero mutauro manera akasikwa tichibatanidza yenhengo zvose. An maitiro anokosha zvinowanika - intonation. Zvinoratidza kukwana kana incompleteness yechivako chacho. Rinopa izvozvo mubvunzo kana kuti mutsa, uye anowedzera mupfungwa coloring vachishandisa unodanidzira.

"Emic" uye "yetsika" mutauro zviumbu

Material chairema mutauro angawanika muchimiro anoverengeka kusarudza muchimiro husingaoneki kana akasiyana-siyana zvaungasarudza, rinonzi invariant. Chokutanga akasarudzwa okuti yetsika dzakadai allophones, allomorphs siyana uye morphs. Kurondedzera chechipiri avapo phonemes uye morphemes. kutaura chikwata anoumbwa mutauro inoramba. Izvi zvinogona kunzi mashoko uye mitongo, mukomboni mashoko, morphemes uye phonemes. mazwi aya vakasuma Pike - American nyanzvi.

Zvinoitwa mitauro zvinhu

Kune kuitika zhinji zvesayenzi, chimwe nechimwe kunoratidzwa siyana nepfungwa tsanangudzo mutauro dzakabatana. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvechisarudzo kugadzirisa, unogona nguva dzose kutaura vanhuwo zvinhu uye peculiarities mutauro dzakabatana. Somuenzaniso, phoneme anoonekwa boka mazwi yakafanana pachishandiswa phonetics. Zvisinei, mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti huru chinoratidza zvinhu izvi ndechokuti pasina pavo hazvibviri kuziva mashoko uye avo nezvimiro. Morpheme vane mitauro dzakabatana, izvo regai zvakasiyana syntactic kuzvionera. Words, nekusiyana, muri yakazvimirira. Ndivo zvakare mashoko vaitaura. maitiro zvose izvi dzinowanzotaurwa kwete chete nokuda akasiyana pfungwa maonero. Ivo zvachose akakodzera mumitauro yose.

The ukama pakati mamiriro

Pakati vamapoka kutaura uye mutauro , pane mhando dzakawanda ukama. Chokutanga mhando anonzi paradigmatic. Izvi mhando anomiririra kushorwa pakati zviumbu riri nenguva chechetere. The ukama syntagmatical tudonhwe chete chinzvimbo ikashandiswa pamwe chete munguva kutaura kwacho, kana kuti aumbe yakakwirira-pamwero zvinhu. Hierarchical Ukama takatsunga ne mwero kunzwisisa kwakaita zviumbu apo rezasi nhanho riri kumusoro.