Dzidziso uye zvokukura emunhu: zvayakaita, unhu

kukura munhu - Maitikiro acho inotanga pakunambwa uye anoramba kusvikira parufu. With pauduku vakura kukura mumuviri kunoitika. Asi zvishande budiriro haagumiri hwose. Chii chinonyanya dzidziso periodization upenyu kutenderera?

Kukura munhu kubva nemaonero zvipenyu

Various dzidziso uye zvokukura emunhu dzinokudziridzwa maererano nedzimwe nzira, izvo akatorwa kuona nzendo upenyu. In zvipenyu, wokutanga izvi zvinhu ndiyo muchangosangana. Zita nesayenzi okukura kwevanhu - ontogeny. Kwemapazi zai dzisingaoneki apedzisire ontogenesis. Sezvo kwokutanga huchiri kutora nzvimbo hadzi muviri, ontogenesis rakakamurwa pamuviri uye postnatal.

The pamuviri nguva iri rakakamurwa embryo (kubvira pakunambwa kusvika 2 months) uye fetus (kubva 3rd kusvika mwedzi rechi9). Munguva fetus upenyu zvinoitika zvose kuwedzera zvikuru nhamba masero kuti kutora siyana mashandiro anoita muviri mune ramangwana. Mumwedzi zvomukati wechipiri dzinotanga kuumbika. Zvakaumbwa musoro, mutsipa, mutumbi, uye maoko nemakumbo.

Mwana wose anonzi chishamiso. Pasinei nokuti nyika chishamiso kuitika nguva dzose, kunosanganisira chaizvo zvinonakidza. Somuenzaniso, muna wembereko yatangira nhangemutange rinobatanidzwa vanenge mamiriyoni 300 makono dzisingaoneki. Inenge ndiye nhamba yevanhu vanogara muUnited States. Pakazosvika nguva yokuberekwa kwouropi vomwana atopiwa vakapakata masero mamiriyoni gumi tsinga.

Development ane muviri kubva pachizvaro, kuti nokukwegura. kukura akasvetuka

Kubva wechitatu mwedzi fetus kune kuwedzera muviri, izvo mberi pashure kuberekwa kwemwana. Uye kubva pakuberekwa kunotanga muitiro kuchinjira kumamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Mwana anowana unyanzvi hutsva kuti vari layered iri nhaka yake. The nokukurumidza ikure muviri kunoitika munguva maitikiro akawanda: nguva pakati muduku (kubva matatu), kubvira 5 kusvika 7 makore uye pakuyaruka (11 kusvika 16 years). By 20-25 Makore kukura muviri womunhu kwava pedyo kupera. Zvino anouya nekaupenyu kugadzikana nguva muupenyu kutenderera - kukura. Pashure 55-60 Makore, muviri womunhu kutanga kuti vakwegura.

biogenetic mutemo

In zvipenyu, pane mutemo Haeckel-Müller, kana mutemo biogenetic. Rinotaura kuti munhu wose ari kukura kwayo kusvika pamwero inodzokorora matanho vaiva madzitateguru ake. Mune mamwe mazwi, munhu kwayo pamuviri anoenda kuburikidza nzendo Kushanduka zvipenyu, izvo zvairatidza munhoroondo. Kokutanga mutemo uyu akaiswa musayendisiti Ernst Haeckel muna 1866.

Human mupfungwa kukura kubva pauduku kusvika vakura nguva

Danho rwacho sayenzi wokutanga emunhu zvadzidzwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Kana iwe vagovane upenyu kunoita kufungwa zvinhu zvakadai kukura mumuviri, mupfungwa uye mupfungwa kukura. Over iyi, weboka kupinda maitikiro vakashanda akakurumbira masayendisiti Russian: ARMENIA Pirogov, L. S. Vygotsky, K. D. Ushinsky. Setsika, rakachengetedzwa rakakamurwa akawanda muzvikamu: utero, pauduku, kuyaruka uye vechidiki.

Natal budiriro, akavapindurawo, yakakamurwa muzvikamu akawanda. Wokutanga vavo - predzarodyshevaya. nguva yaro - 2 weeks kubva pamuviri. Rinotevera Danho inonzi germinal uye runogara mwedzi miviri. Uchiteverwa fetus pachikuva, huchavapo kusvikira mwana aberekwa.

Maererano nzira dzekuziva masayendisiti, pauduku iri rakakamurwa muzvikamu zvinokosha zvakawanda. paucheche ichi (0 makore), mangwanani zera (makore 1-3), kuenda kukireshi zera (makore 3-7) uye chikuru zera chikoro (kubvira 6-7 kusvika 10-11 years). Idzi nguva vanoonekwa uye siyana nzendo kukura kuzvida pamunhu. An rinokosha iri reDare kutungamirira basa, hunhu rimwe zera. Somuenzaniso, muduku dzinoratidzwa vanonzi chinhu-kukudzora basa. Mwana anodzidza kushandisa zvinhu kuti inoikomba. Uye vadzidzi vaduku Somuenzaniso, basa kwakadaro kurovedza. Vana vanotanga kuva yokungotaura zveko. Vanodzidza sei kudzidza uye kushandisa yokungotaura ruzivo.

Chii chinoitika pauduku?

Nzendo vokutanga emunhu - imwe nguva apo pane ayo socialization, uye inova zvizere kwaye. Childhood ichaongororwa zera akaumba mupfungwa pakunamata wacho. Zvinofadza kuti ya uduku munguva yedu haina kuenzana panguva yakapiwa Danho iyi upenyu usati. Panguva dzakasiyana muuduku yakatora nguva yakasiyana uye saka zera periodization ndichingoti inogadzirwa imwe tsika uye budiriro. Somuenzaniso, mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi20. kuyaruka nguva yakaguma nokukurumidza - kare makore 13-14, vana vakawanda vakatanga kushanda sezvo vakura. Stage okukura nzanga yevanhu havatsananguri miganhu zera nguva, zvakafanana munguva yake.

Adolescence uye vechidiki

Inotevera Nguva Kuvaka kuyaruka. Izvi zvinosanganisira nguva yokuyaruka, kana kuyaruka (nayo kunotora paavhareji yemakore 15) uye vechidiki (inogara kusvikira makore 22-23). Panguva ino, kuyaruka anotanga kutora chimiro mumwe mufananidzo wenyika, pfungwa panzvimbo yavo munzanga.

Vatsvakurudzi siyana vane tsanangudzo siyana padariro kutanga upenyu hwevanhu, zvakadai kuyaruka uye vechidiki. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti mangwanani youth (15 kusvika 18 years) uye mushakabvu (18 kusvika 23 years). Zvisinei, pakazopera nguva kuyaruka chinoguma paumbwe imwe vasiri munhu. Panguva ino yokupedzisira pezvakaita pfungwa yake, tinozviona nyaya kuzadzika nenyanzvi. Mukutanga nzendo zvido ouduku kuumbwa, zvirongwa ramangwana, kudiwa basa, rinotsigira rusununguko hwevanhu, kusanganisira zvemari.

akura

Inotevera pavaipfuura upenyu kutenderera ndiye mukuru. Uyewo rinomiririra wakarebesa danho. Munyika dzakabudirira, somuenzaniso, kuti tive kumusoro-makota matatu kunopindirana tipone. Panguva iyi, zvinonzi dzinounzwa matatu nguva: mangwanani akura kana youthfulness; avhareji kukura; uye kunonoka akura (zvinosanganisira kuchembera uye kukwegura).

The chikuru chinhu kunoratidzwa nguva nokukwegura, uchenjeri vaunganidza kwoupenyu hwose. Zvino chii chichava murume wouchembere hwako, muzvinhu zvakawanda kunoenderana nzira yaro muupenyu vakura. The chikuru faniro vakwegura haina chete kutarisira vadiwa, asiwo mukana zviitiko.

Life pakuunganidza vakura

Masayendisiti simbisa kuti pakunamata uye kukura havasi noenderana pfungwa. Kusiyana yapfuura zvokukura umo kuine muviri ichiibvira akura zvikuru chokuita zvishande kukura. Panguva iyi, vanhu vanodzidza kuti kutora basa ravo sarudzo. Muvanhu akaumba mamwe hunhu husina. Izvi Somuenzaniso, zvakaoma, kuvimbika, tichikwanisa tsitsi. Scientist E. Erickson anoti panguva ino kukura kwevanhu ndiko paumbwe anozvipira nokuzivikanwa. Vayaruka, anoti muongorori, ndiye zera vakaita mabasa makuru. The chikuru zviri iyi ndiyo kuita, okugadzira zvinhu, uyewo vamwe wokusagadzikana. Man anotsvaka kuita miti dzavo nyanzvi munda, kuva mubereki ane nani, kuti vatsigire mhuri.

Basa uye kutarisira ndizvo zviratidzo mukuru. Kana munhu dzaserera pamusoro chero nzvimbo hwako, kurega kunotanga kunogona kuitika pano uye kunyange kudzikisirana. Izvi kunaka mananara wakaratidzwa Absorção de Água zvinetso zvavo, uye kuzvinzwira tsitsi. Kukunda matambudziko aya achibatsirwa nokuumba mafungiro kukunda matambudziko, pane kuburikidza kugara zvichemo pamusoro utsinye mugumo.

pavaipfuura emunhu maererano Freud

Classical psychoanalysis haana kurasa kushanda kwayo nhasi. Pari, Freud pfungwa imwe inokosha Dzidziso unhu. In maonero ake, emunhu - inofanira kwadzakabva kuti kwokunze ezvinhu enyika. Nyanzvi dzinoti akaturikidzana zvitatu psyche munhu - vanonzi "It" kana "ID"; "Ini" kana "Ini"; uye "superego" - "superego." "Eid" azheuka kana chinyakare chikamu unhu. "Ini" - kuziva izvozvo uye ndaisagona chikamu. "Super-Ini" rudzi akakodzera kune iyo munhu kunobatanidzwa pano sezvo hana yake. Muchikamu ichi nomumwe nedanho pakukura midzi mubereki chirimwa, uyewo patsika dzemunharaunda kugamuchirwa munzanga.

Pari, vazhinji dzidziso uye zvokukura shanduka kwevanhu, kunyanya mu zvepfungwa zvinosanganisira mashoko yaunganidzwa Freud. Aidavira kuti huru nzendo emunhu - chinhu mukanwa (kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika eighteen months), mumagaro (by kusvika 3 years), anoera (3 kusvika 6 years), Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa (kubvira 6-7 kusvika 12 years), uye uye nhengo dzokubereka (makore 12-18). musayendisiti yeAustria anodavira kuti kukura Danho muri rudzi nhanho munhu pamusoro peumwe wavo, iye anogona "kupinda aina" kusvikira pakuguma kweupenyu. Zvino vamwe zvinoumba infantile zvepabonde achava chikamu kunzwisisa neurotic akura.