Cell: simba uye mamiriro. Kukosha kwesimba masero. Mienzaniso masero simba

Modern experimental ongororo yakasimbiswa kuti sero chinhu chisinganzwisisiki STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chairema zvinenge zvose zvipenyu, kunze nemavhairasi, izvo vasiri cellular upenyu siyana. Cytology zvidzidzo marongerwo uye cellular basa: afemeruke, kudya kunovaka, kubereka, kukura. azvaiitwa ichakurukurwa bepa iri.

sero mamiriro

Nokushandisa chiedza uye Erekitironi maikorosikopu nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu dzakawana kuti chirimwa uye mhuka masero ane pamusoro chikwata (nadmembrannye uye submembrane zvivako), cytoplasm uye organelles. In masero mhuka pamusoro Kamudzira ndiyo glycocalyx ine makemikari uye kupa sero simba kunze cytoplasm. In chirimwa masero, prokaryotes (utachiona uye cyanobacteria) uye hunokuvadza pamusoro Kamudzira aumbwa sero rusvingo, chine cellulose, lignin kana murein.

The tsanga mutemo unoti organelle kuti eukaryotes. Zviri nhaka zvinhu - DNA ane chimiro okutodza. Utachiona uye cyanobacteria zvine nucleoid, sevapristi mutakuri deoxyribonucleic acid. Vose vanoita tisingatauri chaizvo basa, zvichikonzera metabolic cellular kwendangariro.

Ko isu anorevei neshoko rokuti "muchitokisi zvokudya"

Life kuratidzwa masero hapana asi kuchinjwa simba uye rokutendeutsa kubva imwe mhando mumwe (nomurayiro wethermodynamics rokutanga). Energy, riri zvokudya munzvimbo yakavanda, t. E. akasungwa mamiriro achipinda ATP mamorekuru. On mubvunzo chii simba masero ari zvipenyu, pane mhinduro kuti inorangarira zvinotevera postulates:

1. A sero sezvo isina utachiona gadziriro kunoda kuramba tichiwana simba kubva kwezvakatipoteredza.
2. Organic zvinhu kuti zvinodiwa kuti simba, sero rinogona kuwanikwa nenzira mbiri:

a) kubva extracellular svikiro, muchimiro makagadzirira yeimwe;

b) vakazvimiririra synthesizing mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta, kubva carbon dioxide, amoniya, etc.

Saka, zvinenge zvose vanokamurwa vakapinda heterotrophic uye autotrophic muviri iyo inobudisa zvidzidzo nemakemikari omuviri.

Muviri uye Energy

Organic zvinhu kupinda sero kumbotambudzika cleavage, apo simba ukasunungurwa muchimiro ATP kana NADP-H2. Yakatarwa yose zvinoitwa kuitwa uye dissimilation - nayo kuti muviri. Below tikatarisa nzendo simba muviri, kupa kudya heterotrophic masero. Chokutanga, mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, uye lipids dzaputswa kupinda monomers dzavo: amino acids, shuga, glycerol uye mafuta acids. Zvadaro, muna okisijeni isina kugaya, ivo kufanira kuora (anaerobic kugaya).

Nenzira iyi pane ari dzinofambiswa intracellular tupukanana rickettsia, chlamydia, uye pathogenic utachiona akadai Clostridium. Unicellular chakuvhe-mbiriso nokumunamatira shuga kuti panyaya iyi, lactic asidhi utachiona - kune lactic acid. Saka, glycolysis, doro, butyric, lactic iine acid chinovira - ndivo mienzaniso simba masero somugumisiro anaerobic kugaya mu heterotrophs.

Autotrophic uye zvaidiwa metabolic pezvakaitwa

Nokuti zvinhu zvipenyu paNyika, chikuru simba panobva ndiye zuva. Pamusana kwaari, akasangana zvinodiwa Vagari redu. Vamwe vavo vari synthesized zvinovaka muviri nokuda chiedza simba, dzinonzi phototrophic. Vamwe - achibatsirwa nesimba redox siyana, dzinonzi chemotroph. In chete-celled algae sero muviri, mapikicha iyo chinopiwa pazasi, kuva photosynthetically.

Green miti ane chlorophyll, inova chikamu chloroplast. Iye anoshanda sechinhu kanyanga, kubatwa quanta wechiedza. Chiedza nerima maitikiro ose photosynthesis yokuvamba enzymatic maitiro (Calvin kutenderera), mugumisiro unova paumbwe carbon dioxide inobvisa kuti makemikari zvinhu zvinoshandiswa dzichifura. Naizvozvo, rimwe kamuri simba imhaka kushandisa chiedza simba, akataura autotrophic kana phototrophic.

Unicellular zvinenge akadana hemosintetikami, nokuti paumbwe Organic zvinhu kushandisa simba aburitswa nemakemikari, semuenzaniso, yeimwe mabhakitiriya simbi oxidize ferrous simbi kuti ferric, uye akasunungura simba anoenda kwetunhu shuga mamorekuru.

Saka, mufananidzo-chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinenge andobata chiedza simba uye kuichinja simba covalent mono- uye polysaccharides. Zvadaro achitevedza Links nengetani chikafu simba iri hwakatamisirwa masero heterotrophic zvipenyu. Nemamwe mashoko, akavonga photosynthesis, pane zvose STRUCTURAL pezvokuvamba biosphere. Tinogona kutaura kuti masero kuti simba anouya autotrophic nzira, "anodyisa" kwete iye chete asiwo vose vagere Nyika.

Sezvo heterotrophic zvinenge zvokudya

Masero izvo zvokudya kunoenderana chionekeso mairi Organic zvinhu kubva zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, inonzi heterotrophic. Utachiona dzakadai notumwe, mhuka, vanhu, uye parasitic utachiona kuputsa makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni uye mafuta vachibatsirwa zvomudumbu makemikari.

Zvadaro, kwaizoita monomers vari yokuita zvinoitwa muchitokisi uye akahushandisa kuvaka organelles ayo uye upenyu. Ichiputswa zvinovaka muviri kupinda sero kubudikidza pinocytosis, uye chikafu chikukutu nezvimedu - phagocytosis. Heterotrophic zvinenge inogona kukamurwa saprotroph uye tupukanana. Wokutanga (semuenzaniso, ivhu utachiona, notumwe tupukanana vamwe tupukanana) Tidzidze akafa makemikari nyaya, uye yokupedzisira (utachiona, honye, parasitic notumwe) - masero uye nyama zvipenyu.

Mixotrophy, kuparadzirwa kwavo zvakasikwa

zvokudya Mixed zvakasikwa rakanyatsojeka kushoma uye inzira mudziyo (idioadaptatsy) kuti siyana dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Huru mamiriro mixotrophic - iri pamberi mumasero uye organelles ane chlorophyll nokuda photosynthesis uye enzayemu hurongwa kuti kuputsa vakagadzirira zvinovaka muviri vanobva zvakatipoteredza. Somuenzaniso, rimwe-celled mhuka euglena zvakasvibirira ine hyaloplasm chromatophores pamwe chlorophyll.

Kana dura, apo achigara euglena, anotungidza zvakanaka, twuchidya pamusoro chirimwa, kureva. E. Autotrophically kubudikidza photosynthesis. Somugumisiro carbon dioxide synthesized shuga, rinova muchitokisi uye kushandiswa sezvokudya. euglena dzinofambiswa usiku heterotrophically muchinamatira Organic zvinhu nokuda makemikari riri zvomudumbu vacuoles. Saka, simba masero mixotrophic, masayendisiti anodavira uchapupu kubatana matangiro nemhuka.

Sero kukura uye ukama waro trophico

Kuwedzera pakureba, vakawanda, vhoriyamu, sezvinoita muviri wose uye ayo nhengo uye munyama, anonzi kukura. Haagoni kuva pasina kuramba wedzerai muviri kuti masero kuti vanoshumira sezvo Dzinovaka. Kuti tiwane mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti sei kukura masero kuti kunoitika autotrophic zvokudya, zvakakodzera kuti ajekese kana iri yakazvimirira muviri kana chikamu STRUCTURAL Unit zvipuka zvine masero akawanda wacho. Muchiitiko chokutanga, kukura achaita kuitwa panguva interphase muchitokisi kutenderera. It nokukurumidza kurongedza epurasitiki muviri kuitika. Power heterotrophic zvinenge correlatively chokuita nokuvapo zvokudya richibva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Kukura kwakaita zvipuka zvine masero akawanda kunoitika kwakaguma activation pamusoro biosynthetic munyama dzidzo, uyewo kuwanda anabolic urongwa, catabolic siyana pamusoro.

Basa okisijeni iri zvokudya heterotrophic masero

Kurovedza zvinenge: mamwe mabhakitiriya, notumwe tupukanana mhuka uye vanhu vanoshandisa okisijeni kuti zvakakwana kugaya muviri zvakadai shuga kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura (Krebs kutenderera). It rikaitika mitochondrial chizvaro chine enzymatic hurongwa H + -ATP-ase, izvo synthesizes morekuru ATP kubva ADP. In prokaryotic Utachiona, zvakadai Kurovedza utachiona uye cyanobacteria, okisijeni dissimilation nhano ndepana plasma Kamudzira nemasero.

Specificity nerubatsiro gametes

In ezvinhu zvipenyu uye cytology sero simba inogona zvishoma se kwacho anobuda mairi zvinovaka muviri, avo kwetunhu uye cleavage vamwe yakawanda nesimba muchimiro ATP mamorekuru. Trophism gametes: OVA uye dzisingaoneki, rine zvimwe zvinoitwa chokuita yakakwirira specificity mitambo yavo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya munhukadzi nemasero embeu, kumanikidzwa kuunganidza dzakawanda dzakatumirwa zvinovaka muviri, kunyanya muchimiro zai mondo.

Pashure fertilization, zvichava kuzvishandisa kuti kupwanya uye paumbwe embryo. The spermatozoa panguva kuibvisa (spermatogenesis) inotengwa Organic zvinhu kubva Sertoli mumasero, iri seminiferous tubules. Saka, zvose zviri zviviri mhando gametes vane mwero mukuru metabolic, izvo zvinoita nokuda yezviri musero trophic.

Basa chicherwa kudya

metabolic pezvakaitwa havasi zvinogoneka pasina mutsika cations uye anions anoumba chicherwa munyu. Somuenzaniso, zvakafanira kuti photosynthesis magnesium Ion, nokuti enzymatic gadziriro mitochondria - potassium ions uye calcium, kuramba buffering vanokwanisa hyaloplasm - kuvapo yavaibvisa ions uyewo carbonate anions acid. Solutions ose chicherwa munyu kupinda sero nokuda pinocytosis kana diffusion kuburikidza muchitokisi membrane. Mineral zvokudya kuri mumasero zvose autotrophic uye heterotrophic.

Kuti muchidimbu, taona kuti kukosha kwesimba masero zvechokwadi chikuru, sezvo izvi zvinotungamirira paumbwe chivako zvinhu (makabhohaidhiretsi, kwemafuta uye mapuroteni) kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa mune autotrophic zvinenge. masero Heterotrophic Tidzidze Organic zvinhu vakaumba wakakodzera autotrophs basa. The zvichiguma simba vanoshandisa kuti kubereka, kukura, inofamba, uye nemamwe maitiro zvinokosha.