Space ubanguranyika: nzvimbo vatsvakurudzi, masayendisiti, buri

Space ... Mumwe shoko, uye sei zvinonakidza mifananidzo parinobuda pamberi penyu! Zvuru emapoka vakapararira munyika yose, kure uye panguva imwecheteyo zvikuru pedyo uye inodikanwa Gwara Way, mapoka enyeredzi Big uye Little Dipper, iri murunyararo iri huru mujengachenga ... mazita ari kusingaperi. Munyaya ino tikatarisa nhoroondo nzvimbo ubanguranyika, uye zvimwe zvinonakidza zvinhu.

tsvakurudzo Space kare: rekukwazisa akatarira nyeredzi?

Mugore-kure kure kare, vanhu vaigona kurinda mapuraneti uye comets kuburikidza materesikopu "Hubble" mhando. The chete zviridzwa kuyemura runako denga uye kutsvakurudza nzvimbo, vaiva avo hangu. Chokwadi, hapana asi zuva, mwedzi nenyeredzi, munhu "materesikopu" vaisagona kuona (kunze ane kometi muna 1812). Saka, vanhu chete aigona fembera kuti sei kuti chaizvoizvo kutarisa izvi yeyero uye chena Balloons mudenga. Asi kunyange ipapo, vanhu panyika zvakasiyana hanya nokukurumidza zvokuti akaona kuti madenderedzwa maviri kufamba muchadenga, yanyangarika seri mujengachenga, itsva kungovapo. Uye vakaona kuti havana nyeredzi dzose dzine zvakafanana maitiro: vamwe vavo wakasimba uye mumwe achinje maonero wayo kunzwisisa trajectory. Nokudaro vakatanga ubanguranyika guru muchadenga uye zvakavanzwa mariri.

Zvizhinji kubudirira mumunda ichi chinoitwa chekare. Pavanondirwisa pakutanga vakaona kuti pasi redu ndiro idenderedzwa. Kumafungiro avo pamusoro Dzenyika nzvimbo hama kuti zuva vakakamurwa: Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti nyika pasi inotenderera yokudenga muviri, uye vamwe vakatenda kuti zvinopesana (kwaiva vatsigiri geocentric ezvinhu enyika). By nekubvirana vaGiriki vekare havana kuuya. ravo basa uye nzvimbo tsvakurudzo zvose vakabatwa papepa uye yakashongedzwa mune bhuku vanoda "Almagest". munyori wayo uye compiler mukuru nyanzvi yekare Ptolemy.

The Renaissance uye kuparadzwa tsaru pfungwa nzvimbo

Nikolay Kopernik - asina anzwa zita iri? Ndiye muzana remakore rechi15 vakaparadza yakakanganiswa dzidziso iri geocentric ezvinhu enyika uye vakaisa mberi dzavo, heliocentric, vaizviti kuti Pasi inotenderera Sun, uye kwete vakutarisire. Medieval Raibvunzurudza nechechi, zvinosuruvarisa haana dóže. Vakafanana kutaura pakarepo akataura vemanyepo, uye vateveri Copernican dzidziso vachitambudzwa. Mumwe Vatsigiri vake, Giordano Bruno akapisirwa padanda. zita rake akasara kuburikidza emakore, uye zvichiri tinoyeuchidzwa musayendisiti mukuru noruremekedzo uye nokuonga.

The kufarira muchadenga

Zvichitevera zviitiko izvi, pfungwa masayendisiti nezvenyeredzi kwave chete kwakasimbiswa. Space ubanguranyika akazova zvinonakidza zvikuru. Yambotanga remakore rechi17, maiva chikuru akawana itsva Kepler Vanotsvakurudza vakawana kuti muchadenga hwaakange mapuraneti Anoisa zuva, kwete denderedzwa, sepakutanga ndakafunga, uye elliptical. Kuburikidza chiitiko ichi zvesayenzi hwachinja. Zvikurukuru, Isaka Nyuton akaziva hurongwa uye akakwanisa kutsanangura mitemo nawo mitumbi kufamba.

Kuwanikwa nemapuraneti itsva

To musi, tinoziva kuti zvose mapuraneti ari zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri masere. Kusvikira 2006, nhamba yavo yakanga akaenzana mapfumbamwe, asi pashure azvino uye kubva pakupisa uye chiedza nyika - Pluto - risingabatanidzwi nhamba miviri orbiting muviri wedu wokudenga. Izvi zvakaitika nokuda kwayo duku saizi - nzvimbo Russia oga kare kupfuura yose Pluto. Iye akapiwa mamiriro pfupi nyika.

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17, vanhu vaidavira kuti mapuraneti ose nenyika dzinotenderera pariri shanu. Materesikopu haana asi kurarama, saka vari vatongwe chete pane mitumbi iwayo zvomuchadenga kuti aigona kuona nemaziso avo. Beyond Saturn waro zvindori chando, masayendisiti haana kugona kuona. Zvichida, tichiri angadai atadza kana kwaisava Galileo Galiley. Ndiye akazogadzira teresikopu uye akabatsira masayendisiti kuti kudzidza mamwe mapuraneti uye ona mamwe kwemiviri yokudenga ari Solar System. Nemhaka teresikopu vakaziva ariko pamakomo craters pamusoro Moon, nomwedzi waZeusi, Saturn uye Mars. Uyewo chete Galileo mavara pazvakawanikwa. Science haisi chete yakatanga, iye nendege mberi ne kusvetuka uye miganhu. Uye mavambo remakore rechimakumi maviri, masayendisiti aitoziva zvakakwana kuvaka wokutanga spaceship uye uende vakunde nyeredzi huru.

Sei ane sayenzi pezvakasikwa muSoviet yaitonga

Masayendisiti Soviet zvakapedza pakutsvakurudza wandei nzvimbo uye vakabudirira zvikuru pakuongorora nyeredzi uye kukura shipbuilding. Zvisinei, kubva pakutanga remakore rechi20 rave nemakore anopfuura 50 kutangira nzvimbo Satellite kukunda Kuwanda kwakaita zvinhu zvakasikwa. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1957. The mudziyo kwakatangwa muSoviet Union kubva Baikonur Cosmodrome. The satellites okutanga havasi kutevera yakakwirira zvabuda - chinangwa chavo chaiva kusvika kumwedzi. Mudziyo nokuti muchadenga ubanguranyika wokutanga kunyika pamusoro womudenga pamusoro muna 1959. Uye muzana remakore rechi20 rakanga rakazaruka Space Research Institute, raikura zvakakomba basa chesayenzi uye kuti zvakawanikwa.

Nokukurumidza pashure kushanda satellites rava chinowanzoitwa, asi chete basa mumwe nyika kumhara kupera zvinobudirira. Ndiyo "Apollo" chirongwa, panguva iyo kakawanda, maererano pamutemo shanduro, vokuAmerica achiwana pamusoro mwedzi chakaitwa.

International "nzvimbo rudzi"

1961 vakava risingakanganwiki munhoroondo astronautics. Asi kunyange akanga apfuura, muna 1960, muna nzvimbo imbwa mbiri vakashanya, nicknames iyo nyika yose anoziva: Belka uye Strelka. Vakadzoka vachibva nzvimbo sakuvara, inozivikanwa uye vave magamba chaivo.

Uye musi April 12 gore rinouya kuti Surf zvose vakaenda Yuri Gagarin - Munhu wokutanga uyo akamboda kusiya Pasi mune "Vostok-1".

The United States haina kuda kupa nenzira ushasha of USSR iri nzvimbo rudzi, saka isu taida kutumira murume wake muchadenga pamberi Gagarin. The United States rakarasika ari Satellite kanda: Russia kugona kutanga muchina kwemwedzi mina pamberi America. Mune Vacuum nzvimbo vatsvakurudzi ava vaishanyira nzvimbo akadai Valentina Tereshkova uye Alexei Mazura. Last akaita spacewalk yokutanga munyika, uye chinonyanya kukosha budiriro weUnited States kukura zvakasikwa chete dzichibvisa asitironati mu orbital kutiza.

Asi, pasinei zvinokosha nebudiriro USSR mu "nzvimbo rudzi", America akanga asina kurasikirwa. Uye July 16, 1969 chitundumuseremusere chakasvitsa "Apollo-11", iro akanga akatakura vakundi muchadenga zvinosanganisira nyanzvi shanu, kwakatangwa kuti Moon pevhu. Mazuva mashanu gare gare, munhu wokutanga kuisa rutsoka pamusoro pemvura Satellite Wepasi. zita rake rainzi Neil Armstrong.

Victory kana kukundwa?

Ndiani achiri akahwina nhangemutange kumwedzi? mubvunzo uyu haisi mhinduro chaiwo. Zvino Soviet Union, uye United States yakaratidza divi kwazviri; vari modernized uye nani michina nokubudirira dzokunze shipbuilding, vakaita zvinhu zvitsva zvakawanda zvikuru ivhu hwemwedzi vakanga akatumwa Institute of Space Research pemvura. Pamusana kwavari, kwakaonekwa kuti Satellite paNyika rinoumbwa jecha uye ibwe, uyewo kuti uri mwedzi hapana mhepo. Neil Armstrong zvisaririra vakasiya makore anopfuura makumi mana adarika pamusoro womudenga pamusoro, uye iye zvino iri ikoko. Vanongova chinhu kubvisa: shamwari yedu kunyimwa mhepo, hapana mhepo kana mvura. Uye kana ukaenda kumwedzi, uye zvinokwanisika kuti kusiya mucherechedzo wake kare - zvose chaizvoizvo uye zvokufananidzira.

mhedziso

Nhoroondo yevanhu mupfumi uye yakakura, chinosanganisira vazhinji Zvakawanikwa kukuru, hondo, guru kukunda uye nokurasikirwa kunorwadza. Kukura ane extraterrestrial nzvimbo uye ano tsvakurudzo nzvimbo ruoko nokusarurama haisi nzvimbo wokupedzisira mumapeji kare. Asi hapana ichi vaisazova kana kwete izvi vakashinga uye vakazvitsaurira vanhu vakaita Herman Titov, Nikolay Kopernik, Yuri Gagarin, Sergei Korolev, Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno, uye vazhinji, vamwe vakawanda. All izvi zvikuru varume zvakasiyana hunoshamisa nenjere, yakatanga mano kudzidza wefizikisi uye masvomhu, ane simba hunhu uye yesimbi kuda. Tine chinhu kudzidza kubva kwavari, tinogona kudzidza kubva masayendisiti izvi rinokosha ruzivo uye unhu hwakanaka uye maitiro. Kana vanhu achaedza kuva saivo, yakawanda yokuverenga, kudzidzisa, kubudirira kuchikoro uye kuyunivhesiti, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti tine pane zvizhinji kwazvo matongo uye rakadzika nzvimbo achakurumidza kuongororwa achiri. Uye, mumashoko chete rwiyo yakakurumbira pasi huruva nzira nemapuraneti kure kuramba makwara edu.