Nguva yeiyo geological. Neogene period. Triassic period. Nguva yeJurassic

Maererano nemazuva ano masayendisiti, nhoroondo yemagariro yepasi redu ndeyemakore mabhiriyoni mashanu kusvika kune mashanu. Mukugadzirwa kwekutsvaga kwayo ndeye tsika yekupa nguva yeGeological times of the Earth.

General information

Mazuva ekugadzirwa kwenyika yePasi (tafura inoratidzwa pasi apa) inomiririra kuenzanisa kwezviitiko zvakaitika panguva yekuvandudza kwenyika kubvira panguva yekuumbwa kweChipfuva chepasi pairi. Nekufamba kwenguva, zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanikwa pamusoro pepamusoro, zvakadai sekubudirira uye kuparadzwa kwemafomu ekuyamura, kuputirwa kwenzvimbo dzenyika pasi pemvura nekusimudza kwavo, kurongedza, uye kuonekwa uye kuparara kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemiti nemhuka, nezvimwewo. Nyika yedu inoratidza zvakajeka Dzidzo yavo. Masayendisiti anotaura kuti anokwanisa kugadzirisa nemathematical zvakakwana mumatombo akasiyana-siyana.

Mazana mapoka ezvinyorwa

Nyanzvi dzeGeologist, vachiedza kudzorera nhoroondo yenyika, dzidzai dombo. Inogamuchirwa kuparadzanisa zvipembenene izvi mumapoka mashanu makuru, kusiyanisa mazamu anotevera eGeorgia: kare (Archean), kutanga (proterozoic), yekare (Paleozoic), pakati (Mesozoic) uye itsva (Cenozoic). Zvinotendwa kuti muganhu uri pakati pavo unopfuura kuburikidza nekushanduka kukuru kwezvinhu zvakaitika panyika yedu. Maawa matatu okupedzisira, uyewo, akaparadzaniswa kuva nguva, kubva mune idzi dzinogara masara nemhuka zvakanyatsochengetedzwa zvakajeka. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzwa nezviitiko izvo zvakagadziriswa pamusana pekusunungurwa kwezuva reNyika.

Nzvimbo yekare yakare

Nguva yeArcheki yePasi yakange yakasiyana nematambudziko ekuputika kwemhepo, semagumisiro ayo magmatic granite anotinhira-hwaro hwekuumbwa kwepandeti dzemuAfrica - rakaonekwa pamusoro penyika. Panguva iyoyo paiva nemakoromine chete aigona kuita pasina oxygen. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti dhaka dzemazuva eArchaean dzakavhara nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekune dzimwe nyika nenhare inenge isingachinji, iyo ine yakawanda yesimbi, sirivha, platinum, ndarama nezvimwe zvese.

Pakutanga

Nguva yeProterozo inoratidzwawo nepamusoro-soro rekuita. Munguva iyi, makomo massifs ezvinonzi Baikal folding akaumbwa. Kusvikira ikozvino, hazvina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka, nhasi dzinomiririra humwe humwe husinganyanyi kukosha mumapani. Munguva ino, Pasi inogarwa nemaitiro mashoma uye e-blue-green algae, yekutanga ma multiticellular yakaonekwa. Izvo proterozoic yakakosha yematombo yakafuma mumaminerari: mica, kwete-ferrous metal ores uye iron ores.

Nzvimbo Yekare

Nguva yekutanga yePaleozoic yakaratidzwa nekuumbwa kwezvikomo zvepaKaledonian kupeta. Izvi zvakakonzera kuderedzwa kukuru mumabhazi emvura, uyewo kubuda kwenyika huru. Kusvikira ikozvino, pane zvimwe zvikamu zvenguva: muUrials, muArabia, South-East China neCentral Europe. Zvose izvi makomo "zvakasakara" uye pasi. Chikamu chechipiri chePaleozoic chinoratidzwawo nemakomo-kuumba maitiro. Pano maguta eHercynian kutakura akaumbwa. Iyi nguva yaiva nesimba zvikuru, pakanga pane makomo akawanda mumakomo eUals uye Western Siberia, Manchuria neMongolia, Central Europe, pamwe neAustralia neNorth America. Nhasi ivo vanomiririrwa ne-low low block massifs. Mhuka dzePaleozoic dzinopisa uye dzine mitsemve, mazamu nemakungwa zvinogarwa nehove. Pakati pezvirimwa, nyika yakawanda yakawanda. Nguva yePaleozoic (iyo Carboniferous nguva) inoratidzwa nehomwe huru yemarasha nemafuta, izvo zvakasimuka chaizvo munguva ino.

Middle stage

Kutanga kweMesozoic nguva inoratidzwa nenguva yehukama hwakanaka uye kuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvikomo zvakagadzirwa kare, kuberekwa kwemapani munzvimbo (chikamu cheWestern Siberia). Chikamu chechipiri chemukati uyu chakave nekuzivikanwa nekugadzirwa kwemakumbo eMesozoic kupunganya. Kwakanga kune nyika dzakakura chaizvo dzine makomo, iyo nhasi ine chiso chakafanana. Somuenzaniso, makomo eEastern Siberia, Cordillera, dzimwe nzvimbo dzeIndochina neTibet. Nyika yakanga yakafukidzwa kwazvo nemiti yakasvibirira, iyo yakabva yafa uye yakaora. Kutenda kumamiriro okunze anopisa uye anonyorova, kushandiswa kwekugadzira mapegi nemapanga zvakatora. Iyi ndiyo nguva ye giant dinosaurs - dinosaurs. Vagari veMesozoic era (herbivorous uye mhuka dzakadya) vakapararira pasi rose. Panguva imwecheteyo, mhuka dzokutanga dzichiri kuonekwa zvakare.

Nzvimbo itsva

Cenozoic era, iyo yakatsiva nzvimbo yepakati, inoenderera kusvikira nhasi. Kutanga kwenguva ino kunoratidzwa nekuwedzera kwebasa remukati masimba epasi, izvo zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwemazana emiganhu yenyika. Iyi nguva inozivikanwa nekubuda kwezvikomo zvakasiyana-siyana zveAlpine mukati mebhanhire reAlpine-Himalayan. Munguva iyi, nyika yeEurasian yakawana magwaro ezuva ranhasi. Mukuwedzera, pakanga pane kugadziriswa kwakakosha kwe massifs ekare eUrals, Tien Shan, Appalachians uye Altai. Yakanyatsochinja mamiriro ekunze paNyika, nguva yekuvhara kwechando yakasimba yakatanga. Kufambisa kwemazana emagetsi kwakashandura kununurwa kwemakondinendi eNorth Hemisphere. Somugumisiro, makomo akazara ane mazita akawanda emakungwa akaumbwa. Mhuka dzeCenozoic era dzinokamwisa, zvinokambaira uye mhuka dzomukamhizha, vamiririri vazhinji vekutanga nguva vasvika kusvika nhasi, vamwe vakafa kunze (mammoths, mvere dzemakumbo, mavanga anokonzerwa nemasabata, mapanga emabhesi nevamwe) pane chimwe chikonzero kana chimwe.

Chii chinonzi geological nguva?

Nzvimbo yemagariro sechikamu che geochronological scale yenyika yedu inowanzogoverwa kuva nguva. Ngationei kuti izwi iri rinotii mune encyclopedia. Nguva iyo (geological) inguva yakakura ye geological nguva, panguva iyo mabwe akaumbwa. Uyewo, yakaparadzana muzvikamu zviduku, izvo zvinowanzozonzi epochs.

Matanho okutanga (Archean uye Proterozoic) maererano nehuwandu husipo kana huwandu hushoma hwemhuka nemiriwo inowanikwa mavari haisi kuoneka mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Nguva yePaleozoic inosanganisira Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carbonian uye Permian nguva. Iyi nhanho inoratidzwa nenhamba huru yezvikamu zvishoma, zvese zvinongogumira kune zvitatu chete. Nguva yeMesozoic inosanganisira Triassic, Jurassic uye Cretaceous matanho. Iyo Cenozoic era, nguva dzave dzakaverengwa zvikuru, inomiririrwa nePaleogene, neNeogene uye Quaternary pfupi. Ngationgororei zvimwe zvezvo zvakadzama.

Trias

Nguva yeTurassic ndiyo yekutanga muganhu weMesozoic era. Nguva yaro yaiva mamiriyoni makumi mashanu emakore (kutanga - 251-199 mamiriyoni emakore apfuura). Iyo inoratidzirwa nekuvandudzwa kwemhuka dzomumvura uye yepasi. Panguva imwecheteyo, vashoma vamiririri vePaleozoic vanoramba varipo, zvakadai sa spiriferidae, tabuli, mamwe lamellarbranch, nezvimwewo. Pakati pevasina maturo, ammonites akawanda kwazvo, achipa mhando dzakawanda dzakakosha pakudimbura. Pakati pemakorari, maitiro matanhatu akashongedzwa, e-brachiopods - terrebratulids uye rhinoneone, muboka re echinoderms - gungwa urchins. Mhuka dzakasvibirira dzinonyanya kuratidzwa nemhuka dzinokambaira - guru lizhorotazovymi dinosaurs. Tecodons dzinoparadzirwa zvakapararira - kudengenyeka kwenyika kunokurumidza kufamba. Mukuwedzera, munguva yeTexassic, vagari vekutanga vakuru vemhepo yakadzika vanoonekwa - ichthyosaurs uye plesiosaurs, asi vanosvika panguva yavo chete munguva yeJurassic. Uyewo panguva ino, zvipfuwo zvekutanga zvakabuda, izvo zvaimiririrwa nemiduku.

Fora mu Triassic period (geological) inorasikirwa nezvinhu zvePaleozoic uye inowana chete Mesozoic yakagadzirwa. Pano fern dombo rinotakura, saggy, coniferous uye ginkgo. Mamiriro ekumamiriro okunze anozivikanwa nekudziya kunoshamisa. Izvi zvinokonzera kuomeswa kubva mumakungwa akawanda emukati, uye kune vakasara urusi hwehutano hunowedzera. Uyezve, nzvimbo dzemuviri dzemuviri dzakapedzisira dzichiderera, zvichiguma nekugadzirwa kwemarenje. Somuenzaniso, mutauro weTaurian weCrimean Peninsula unotaurirwa panguva ino.

Yura

Nguva yeJurassic yakatumidzwa zita rayo nemhaka yezvikomo zveJurassic muWestern Europe. Iyo inoumba chikamu chepakati cheMesozoic uye inonyanya kuratidza zvinhu zvikuru zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa munguva ino. Uyewo, inowanzo kugovana muzvikamu zvitatu: pasi, pakati uye kumusoro.

Mhuka dzenyika ino dzinomiririrwa nekupararira kwakanyanya kupararira-cephalopods (ammonites inomiririrwa nemarudzi akawanda uye genera). Izvo zvakasiyana kwazvo nevamiriri veTrassic maererano nemifananidzo uye chimiro chemakanda. Mukuwedzera, munguva yeJurassic, rimwe boka rezvikwata, zvinorema, riri kubudirira. Panguva ino, kubudirira kunowanikwa kuburikidza nematanhatu matanhatu emadziro emakorari, maruva emvura, maruva emaruva uye hedgehogs, uyewo akawanda lamellarbranch. Asi mhando dzePaleozoic brachiopod dzinopera zvachose. Mhuka dzegungwa dzemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana zvikuru kubva kuTrassic, dzinosvika zvakasiyana-siyana. Mune nguva yeJurassic, hove dzakawanda dzakagadzirwa, pamwe chete nemhuka dzinokambaira mumvura - ichthyosaurs uye plesiosaurs. Panguva ino, kune shanduko kubva kune imwe nyika uye inofananidzwa kune nzvimbo dzegungwa dzemakona uye turtles. Mhando yakasiyana-siyana inogadziriswa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvisikwa zvepasi-zvinokambaira. Pakati pavo, dinosaurs anouya kumaruva avo, ayo anomiririrwa neavivorous, vanodya uye mamwe maitiro. Vakawanda vavo vanosvika mamita makumi maviri nemarefu pakureba, somuenzaniso, diplodok. Mune zvishoma zvei nguva iyi, mhando itsva yemhuka dzinoputika-dzinobhururuka dzinobhururuka, dzinonzi "pterodactyls". Panguva imwecheteyo, shiri dzekutanga dzinoonekwa. Miti yeJurassic iri kubudirira: gymnosperms, ginkgoers, cicadas, conifers (araucaria), bennettites, cadavers uye, zvechokwadi, ferns, horsetails uye mapeti.

Neogene

Nguva yeNeogene ndiyo nguva yechipiri yeCenozoic era. Yakatanga mamiriyoni makumi maviri emakore akapfuura uye yakapera mamiriyoni 1.8 emakore apfuura. Panguva ino, pakanga paine kuchinja kukuru muhupenyu hwemhuka. Ikoko kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvegastropods uye bivalves, corals, foraminifera uye coccolithophorids. MaAmphibians, marita marwizi uye bony hove dzakanyanyisa. Mune nguva yeNeogene yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, nyika yepamusoro-soro inowanikwawo. Semuenzaniso, paive nekukurumidza kufambira mberi gipparionovye marudzi: gippariony, mabhiza, rhinoceroses, antelopes, makamera, proboscis, mbaya, mazamu, girafes, makonzo, makungu, sabhesi, mahesera ane simba uye mamwe.

Pasi pesimba rezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana panguva ino, nyika yehupenyu irikurumidza kuchinja: masango-steppe, taiga, gomo uye mapoka anokwira achibuda. Munharaunda dzinotonhora - savannas uye masango akaoma. Mamiriro ezvinhu emamiriro okunze ari pedyo nemazuva ano.

Geology semasayenzi

Nguva dzeGeological yePasi dzinodzidzwa nesayenzi - geology. Yakaratidzwa zvishoma munguva pfupi - pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Zvisinei, pasinei nehuduku hwake, akakwanisa kujekesa mibvunzo yakawanda ine kukakavara pamusoro pekuumbwa kwepasi redu, pamwe nekubva kwezvisikwa zvirimo. MuchiSayenzi pane maonero mashomanana, kunyanya chete migumisiro yekucherechedza uye chokwadi zvinoshandiswa. Izvo hazvina mubvunzo kuti nzira dzekukura kwepasi pano muzvigaro zvePasi pane chero zvipi zvingazopa mifananidzo yakajeka yekare kupfuura chero yakanyorwa mubhuku. Zvisinei, kuti ave nekukwanisa kuverenga chokwadi ichi uye kwete kunyatsonzwisisa, saka kunyange mune iyi chaiyo sayenzi, nguva nenguva pane kunganganisa kusina kuitika kwezvimwe zviitiko. Pano pane maitiro emoto, zvinogona kuvimbiswa zvakasimba kuti moto waiva; Uye uko kune matanho emvura, nehutano hwakafanana hunogona kupikiswa kuti mvura yakanga iri uye nezvimwe zvakadaro. Uye zvakadaro zvikanganiso zvinoitikawo. Kuti tisasvike, ngatikurukurei mumwe muenzaniso wakadaro.

"Zvishongo zvakatsvaira pamagirazi"

Muna 1973, magazini "Knowledge is Power" yakabudisa nyaya yakataurwa nemudzidzisi wezvinyorwa ainzi AA Lyubimtsev "Frosty patterns pamakirasi." Mariri munyori anoita kuti vateereri vafunge nezvekufananidza kwakafanana kwechando maitiro nemaitiro emiti. Sekuedza, akafananidza mufananidzo girazi ndokuratidza mufananidzo kune botanist anozivikanwa. Uye pasina kunonoka pasi, akacherechedza nzira yefossilized yenyanga iri mumufananidzo. Kubva pane maonero emakemikari, aya maitiro anomuka kubva kune gesi chikamu che crystallization yemvura inopisa. Zvisinei, chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitika mukugadzirira kwe pyrolytic graphite ne pyrolysis ye methane yakanatswa nehydrogen. Nokudaro, zvakawanikwa kuti, kunze kwerukova urwu, mafomu eDendritic anoumbwa, ayo akafanana zvikuru nemiti yakasara. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti pane mitemo yakawanda iyo inotungamirira kuumbwa kwemafomu muzvinhu zvisingaiti uye mararamiro ehupenyu.

Kwemazuva akawanda ma geologist akatarisa nguva yega yega geological, achivimba nemitsva yemiti yemichero nemhuka inowanikwa mumashavha emalahle. Uye makore mashomanana akapfuura pane zvinyorwa zvevamwe masayendisiti kuti nzira yakadaro haina kururama uye kuti zvese zvakasara zvakawanikwa hazvisi chinhu kunze kwezvakaitwa-kugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwePasi. Pasina mubvunzo, iwe haugone kuenzanisa zvakafanana, asi iwe unoda kunyatsotarisana nehurukuro nyaya.

Kwakanga kune wepasi rose glaciation here?

Ngationgororei imwezve chirevo chechirevo chemasayendisiti, uye kwete geologists chete. Isu tose, kutanga nechikoro, takafuridzirwa nehuwandu hwepasi rose hwakafukidza pasi redu, semugumisiro wekuti mhando dzakawanda dzezvipenyu dzakafa kunze: mammoths, mvere dzemakumbo uye mamwe akawanda. Uye chizvarwa chemazuva ano chinokwidziridzwa chinokwidzwa pa quadrology "Ice Age". Masayendisiti anobvumirana achitaura kuti geology ndiyo inyanzvi chaiyo iyo isingabvumi zvinyorwa, asi inoshandisa chokwadi chaicho. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisi kure. Pano, sezvinowanikwa mune dzakawanda masayenzi (nhoroondo, archaeology, nevamwe), munhu anogona kuona kuoma kwemashoko uye simba risingachinji. Somuenzaniso, kubvira pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, pamagumisiro esayenzi, nharo dzakapesana dzakagadziriswa pamusoro pekunge kune glaciation kana kwete. Pakati pezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, musayendisiti akakurumbira-geologist IG Pidoplichko akabudisa basa reine mabhuku mana "Pamusoro peGlacial Period". Mune basa iri nyanzvi dzevanyori nezvikamu zve insolvency yehuwandu hweve global glaciation. Haatenderi pamabasa emamwe masayendisiti, asi paakazviita pacheche zvinyorwa zvegungwa (zvimwe zvaakaita seRove Army fighter, achiita hondo mukurwisana nevaGermany vanoparadza) muSoviet Union neWestern Europe. Anotaura kuti ganda racho haringagoni kuvhara kondinendi yose, asi rakangova nemunhu wepanyika, uye kuti harina kukonzera kupera kwemarudzi mazhinji emhuka, uye zvimwe zvimwe zviitiko zviitiko zvinokonzera zvakatungamirira kumapuranga emapuranga (The Sensational History of the Earth, A Sklyarov); Uye basa rezvemupfumi wemunhu iye pachake.

Mysticism, kana Sei masayendisiti asingaoni zviri pachena

Pasinei nouchapupu husingarevi hupi hwakapiwa naPidoplichko, masayendisiti anonoka kusiya nzira yakagamuchirwa ye glaciation. Uye zvino zvakanyanya kufadza. Mabasa emunyori akadhindwa kumavambo 1950, asi nekufa kwaStalin mabhuku ose ebhuku mana-volume akabviswa mumakamuri nemayunivhesiti enyika, akachengetwa chete mumakamuri ekuchengetera mabhuku, uye hazvisi nyore kuvawana kubva ipapo. Munguva dzeSoviet, munhu wose aida kutora bhuku iri muraibhurari yakanyoreswa nemasangano akavanzika. Uye kunyange nhasi, pane zvimwe zvinetso mukuwana iyi shanduro edition. Zvisinei, nokuda kweInternet, munhu wese anogona kuziva zvakaitwa nemunyori, uyo anoongorora zvakadzama nguva dzenhoroondo ye geological yenyika, anotsanangura mavambo emamwe kana mamwe maitiro.

Geology ndeyechokwadi sayenzi?

Zvinotendwa kuti geology inyanzvi inyanzvi inyanzvi inobvisa zvigumo kubva pane zvainoona. Kana nyaya yacho isinganzwisisiki, haibvumiri chinhu chipi zvacho, inoratidza pfungwa inobvumira kukurukurirana, uye inopedzisa chisarudzo chokupedzisira kusvikira zvinyorwa zvisingaoneki zvakagamuchirwa. Zvisinei, sezvakaratidzwa zvinoratidzira, nyanzvi dzesayenzi dzakakanganisawo (somuenzaniso, physics kana mathematics). Uye zvisinei zvikanganiso hazvisi njodzi kana dzichigamuchirwa uye dzichigadziriswa munguva. Kazhinji havasi pasi rose mune zvisikwa, asi vane chinangwa cheko, iwe unongoda kuva nechivimbo chekutora pachena, kuronga mhedziso yakarurama nekuenderera mberi kuti uwane zvitsva. Masayendisiti emazuva ano anoratidza unhu hunopesana nehupfungwa, nokuti vazhinji vezvidzidzo zvesainzi vakagamuchira mazita, zvikomborero uye kugamuchirwa kwebasa ravo, uye nhasi havadi kugovana navo. Uye izvi zvinoratidzika hazvioneki mu geology chete, asiwo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzebasa. Vanhu vakasimba chete havatyi kubvuma zvikanganiso zvavo, vanofara kukwanisa kuwedzera zvakare, nokuti kuwanikwa kwekanganiso hakusi njodzi, asi, asi, pane mukana mutsva.