Mazita hama tsvene, iye akasika necheSalvic arufabheti. Nhoroondo necheSalvic arufabheti

Munhoroondo nyika yedu vazhinji mbiri musi. Vakawanda vavo vari kugara zvakaitika kare. Mumwe zviitiko zvakadaro risingakanganwiki, izvo vakakakatira kwemakore akawanda, yave kubuda pamusoro necheSalvic Literature. Unoziva mazita hama tsvene, iye akasika necheSalvic arufabheti? Kana kwete, ipapo nyaya ino yakanyorerwa iwe!

Ndiani?

Kana uri kanenge vaguely vanzwa mudzidzisi zvidzidzo kare, isu zvirokwazvo kukwanisa kuchiyeuka pachako. Hongu, mazita hama tsvene, iye akasika necheSalvic arufabheti - Kirill I Mefody. Izvi vaparidzi necheSalvic, ane basa munhau nyika ndechokuti vave somusande, kwete chete Orthodox, asi kunyange Catholic Church. Uyezve, kududzwa upenyu hwavo uye basa zvinowanikwa murugwaro kurovedzera Muslim.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Cyril (Makore oupenyu - vanenge 827-969) akawana zita rayo muna Orthodox Rome mumazuva chete 50 asati afa. Muupenyu hwake aizivikanwa vaairarama sezvo Constantine muzivi. Methodius (Makore 820-885 upenyu) uye akabhabhatidzwa aine zita idzva pamugumo upenyu. Sezvo zita rake raiva chokwadi, vanyori venhau dzakaitika uye vafundisi handizivi, asi anoratidza kuti muparidzi yepakutanga anonzi Michael.

Kirill I Mefody (mapikicha kwavari recreate mufananidzo uri munyaya) vaiva hama. Mukuwedzera kwavari mhuri yakanga vakomana vasere. zvimwe dambudziko ravo harina kuzivikanwa. Chiedza vakaonekwa vari Thessaloniki (Salonika). Apo guta rakanga chikamu Macedonia.

Uduku

Methodius, kunyange zvazvo ari kashoma rinotaurwa munhoroondo zvinyorwa, akanga ari muchiuto. Uyezve, mumakore 10 akanga maneja imwe nzvimbo (zvichida necheSalvic), uye akabva panhengo varwi vakaenda wemamongi Olympus, uyo akanga ari Asia Minor. Around 860, akasiya ndiro rine chokwadi, akava abbot pakati wemamongi Polychrono, riri pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Marmara.

Kusiyana Methodius, Cyril kumbova pamuviri utano, asi ane muduku zvikuru akaratidza zviratidzo zvinoshamisa unopinza pfungwa. Michael-Methodius kazhinji vaifanira kudzivirira uye kutarisira nemunun'una wake waaida, vasingagoni zvakanaka Musimuke pachavo. Hama tichagara pamwe zvose hwavo.

makore 14 chete muduku Cyril kare ari ikapedza zvizaruro Grigoriya Bogoslova. Mukomana kuvhomora pfungwa Emperor Michael III, pashure raakakwidzwa kudare sezvo kudzidza shamwari yake inomubatsira mwanakomana wake. Achitungamirirwa Photius, yakakurumbira Patriarch akazotevera, uyewo mamwe zvevapi vamazano zvikuru ruzivo, vakomana vakadzidza zvakavanzika girama uye zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, dialectic, zvenyeredzi sayenzi nezvimwewo.

"Upenyu" Cyril anopupura kuti yezvechitendero aiziva vanenge gumi nevaviri pfungwa yakajairika mitauro iyoyo. Akapa munhu akakurumbira nzvimbo panguva paakaenda mudare, haana kubvuma kuti zvinobetsera muchato, vachisarudza havo kuva raibhurari iri Hagia Sophia. Papera chinguva, iye muchivande anoenda wemamongi, uye pashure vadzoka kubva rinodzidzisa sophistry mu Africa. Ndipo akawana zita remadunhurirwa rokuti Muzivi, izvo achagara naye pamazuva ake.

Chii chinozivikanwa siyana avo?

Faith Constantine (Cyril) chaizvo zvokuti nharo zvesayenzi, agara rakakunda Vatsauki iconoclasts. Zvisinei, kazhinji Mambo Constantine akatuma akangwara uye ruzivo muzivi kusvikira Saracens (vaMuslim), apo iye akaratidzawo pachake somunhu unyanzvi conversationalist, uyo youMwari nharo anogona kukunda nyore muvengi wake chombo pachake.

Tinovimba kuti iwe kuyeuka mazita hama tsvene, iye akasika necheSalvic arufabheti.

Tanga kushanda arufabheti

Around 858, hama inotumirwa Khazars. The Korsun mumishinari mamongi dzakamira kuti tidzamise kudzidza chiHebheru. Ikoko vakawana zvisaririra tsvene Pope Clement. Dzimwe hama idzi vakauya navo kuti ndipfuurire norwendo. Haiwa, asi kuzadzisa kubudirira chinokosha pakati Khazars, vaizviti chiJudha pasina chaakasiya, mamishinari havana kubudirira. Zvisinei, vachiri vanenge 200 Khazars vakabhabhatidzwa, uye akanunura pakutapwa, vaGiriki vakawanda. Methodius akaenda Polychronios, achiva abbot kumonasitiri, Cyril akadzokera kuConstantinople.

Zviri kunyarara mamwe masero uye zvikabva rakabatana necheSalvic mutauro akanyorwa wokutanga akasikwa: Cyril akatora wayo hwaro hwekare Greek arufabheti, vashoma kurerutsa uye kuwedzera nayo. Nenzira dzichitaura, arufabheti wechiGiriki yakatorwa kubva vokuFenikiya, uyo kuikurukura kare muzana remakore rechinomwe BC. Saka, zvisikwa zviri necheSalvic arufabheti rakabatana ne kuchinja mutauro wechiGiriki.

Chii chaifanira Cyril?

Zvingangodaro kuti Cyril wamadzibaba edu kosi zvakanyorwa pachishandiswa "dhiyabhorosi uye maronda." ruzivo yakarurama haina vakachengetedzwa, asi nekuti kare vanofanira kugadzirisa kuti kungotaura chete ari mabasa vomunguva ake, vane zvakawanda zvinogona kupa. Zvisinei, dambudziko iri zvikuru zvakawanda: vachiri pakati philologists uye vanyori venhoroondo dzekare pokuti, sezvo yekare necheSalvic mutauro zvakanyorwa - munhu yakaoma nyaya, umo "mavara chena" iri kakawanda kupfuura zvimwe kana zvishoma zvakavimbika chokwadi.

Ungangove, Kirill - Musiki necheSalvic arufabheti zvayo chipo chimiro.

Cyrillic uye Glagolitic

Kana isu akatanga kukurukura dambudziko iri kwaita necheSalvic Literature muchimiro kuti rakajairika kwatiri nhasi, hazvibviri tisingatauri unopinza uye vaitirane nharo. It kunoitika pakati dzekare, nyanzvi dzemitauro uye vanochera matongo, inogara zvino kuti gumi. Nyaya haisi chete pakusikwa necheSalvic nearufabheti sezvo vakadaro, asi ayo kukurukurwa zvokusarudza vaiva kushandiswa munyika yekare.

The ndechokuti yose Russia yekare panguva imwe nguva aiva makopi maviri chete kunyora hurongwa: yacho yaizivikanwa Cyrillic uye Glagolitic, kuvapo iyo vashoma vanoziva nhasi. Zvakanga panguva iyoyo vamwe, zvekare necheSalvic arufabheti? Anything zvinogoneka ... Dambudziko kuziva izvo kwavari yepakutanga - kwakakwana kusavapo rakavimbika matongo uchapupu.

Vamwe ongororo rwaiitwa nemasayendisiti akawanda Russian (kunyanya remakore rechi19), asi nokuda zvikuru kugadzikana nhoroondo nyika yedu migumisiro vakarasika zvachose. Zvinonzi chete anozivikanwa kuti masayendisiti Tsarist Russia achiri anotenda kuti Developers ari Cyrillic arufabheti vari kunyatsotaura hama Kirill I Mefody. Muchidimbu anotsanangurwa zvichemo achiri kuwanikwa zvakachengetedzwa.

Chii arufabheti akasika Cyril?

Masayendisiti vachiri haasati asvika nokubvumirana pamusoro chii kuti Cyril tega: Glagolitic uye Cyrillic? Cherechedza kuti mune 10-11 emakore dziri Cyrillic tsamba, kwaiva 43 chete: 25 vavo - vari akakweretwa kubva arufabheti yekare Greek. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti asara akabva panzvimbo imwe chete, asi akanga yekudyidzana dzakachinjwa, achibatsirwa wavo zvaibvira wokushandura mitinhimira zvinowanzoitika kuti necheSalvic kutaura. Uye kunoratidzwa pakusikwa necheSalvic arufabheti pasinei hazvizivi kwakabva tsamba zhinji, zvakavakirwa mumutauro yekare, vaiva widest kuparadzirwa munyika yekare.

The tanga akanyorwa zvinyorwa

On matongo wekereke iri Pereslavl Simeon (Bulgaria) pane zviratidzo kuguma remakore rechipfumbamwe. Kubva chete akatevedzana - achinyora kubva Dobrogea, kudanana kubva 943 pagore. The murwi, kudanana kubva muzana remakore rechigumi, jagi "goruhsha" rakanyorwa yakawanikwa. Munewo Novgorod Birch omuti tsamba remakore rechi11. Mumwe anogona chete zvokufungidzira vangani zvitupa yakadaro, zvakanyorwa ambotaurwa, anongoti vakaparadza nguva. Pakupedzisira, kuzivikanwa "Evhangeri Ostrom", rakanyorwa pakati pamakore 1056-1057 (kubva Novgorod).

ari Cyrillic arufabheti akaenda kupi?

Pasinei ongororo dzakawanda, masayendisiti haana kukwanisa kuwana kupi izvi zvakanyorwa imomo zvachose. Vakawanda vavo vanodavira kuti achiri akasika Cyril, sezvo zvakawanda kana zvishoma akasiyana uchapupu yayo yekare mavambo ikoko. Zvisinei, vamwe, tenda kuti Kirill akasikirwa chete Glagolitic uye Cyrillic arufabheti necheSalvic yakatanga kumwe muBulgaria yekare.

Zvapedzisira kubvuma musoro. Chokwadi ndechokuti muna 864-865, pasi vokuBulgaria vakagamuchira chiKristu, uye ipapo pakarepo akatuma Kliment Ohridski, uyo aiva mumwe kupfuura rakakurumbira uye unyanzvi vadzidzi vakadzidziswa Saints Kirill I Mefody. Iyewo akava Slav wokutanga akatora mukuru chinzvimbo bhishopu.

chinhu chacho uye vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanodavira yokuvaka of Cyrillic arufabheti. Asi vakawanda dzekare, vafundisi uye vatungamiriri vechechi vaiona musiki rakanga Constantine muzivi, chinova St. Cyril. pfungwa Izvi kwazvo kwazvo, sezvo vazhinji mashoko, tsamba phonetics mutauro yedu akakweretwa kubva nevaGiriki. Hapana chinoshamisa kuti, kana vakaberekerwa muMakedhoniya uye chaizvoizvo akakwanisa systematize zivo necheSalvic tumitauro, uye ipapo kwakavakirwa ruzivo urwu kuti tiite pakusikwa necheSalvic nearufabheti, waiva chaizvoizvo vadikamwi kwatiri.

Maonero nezvemavambo of Glagolitic

Glagolitic Masayendisiti akawanda anoonekwa somunhu chimiro Latin nearufabheti, sezvazviri chaizvo dzakafanana phonetics ayo uye kukosha tsamba. Musiyano uri zvishoma kupfuura kuoma chimiro chechipiri. Zvichida nzira iyi Kuongororwa wakabva mutauro muSamariya. Muna 10-11 emakore, nokushingaira nayo aishandisa Moravians, kuDharimatiya, uye vari muBulgaria pacharo Glagolitic nokushingaira kushandiswa. Pamusoro pezvatinotaura Croatia, iyo arufabheti ichi kushandiswa kusvikira muzana remakore rechi18! Kana zvinyorwa zvekare zvakanyorwa kuti yakanyorwa, kuti anouya kunotiyeuchidza Zograph vhangeri akasimbisa mukupera rechi10 remakore.

Kana yokufungidzira nezvemavambo enyika Cyrillic arufabheti achiri ikoko, vose dzidziso pamusoro kwakabva Glagolitic arufabheti kunobva kungobva ruzivo uye zvekungofungira, sezvo hapana muvhidhiyo hwokuti aizokwanisa kusimbisa kana kuramba zvinenge imwe dzidziso. Ungangove, nhoroondo necheSalvic arufabheti kare asati rechi10 remakore, asi chero pakati unsubstantiated dzidziso mhando iyi.

Zvikuru yakakura boka remasayendisiti, izvo zvinosanganisira I.Teylor, I. V. Yagich nevamwe, vakarwa kusvikira rufu: arufabheti ichi chaienderana zvose zvakafanana pachishandiswa ari Byzantine Cyril shorthand unyanzvi! Domestic chete vatsvakurudzi pre-echimurenga nguva (A. I. Sobolevsky, I. I. Sreznevsky, E. F. Karsky) akatsigira pfungwa yokuti Glagolitic yakatangwa muna X remakore Moravia, apo iye achishingaira inoparadzirwa vadzidzi pose pose Kirill. boka iri haana kusvika tabvumirana nezveMusiki rayo, asi pamwe kupararira nzvimbo zvechokwadi kunge wafungidzira.

Zvapedzisira mutsara papfungwa yokuti yomunharaunda Church Catholic yakatanga kutambudzwa Glagolitic akanga muMoravia, kupfuura izvo iye akabva ashandisa yakareba. nokutambudzwa chaizvo yakatanga nekuda chokwadi chokuti ABC itsva achinyumwira zvairatidzika Byzantine, iyo Unobudisa mubvunzo pamusoro "mavambo yekare" weChechi yeRoma. Sezvaunogona kuona, nhoroondo necheSalvic arufabheti riri kwakatooma zvikuru uye dzinovhiringidza.

Mamwe masayendisiti uye zvose akataura vachida ndechokuti Glagolitic arufabheti - kwete kuti mumwe, sekanguva "cryptographic" chimiro Cyrillic arufabheti. Munguva Soviet nguva yakanga kwakapararira shanduro (kunyanya nezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika) kuti Glagolitic arufabheti - yekare necheSalvic mutauro wakanyorwa, pahwaro iyo (ane kubatwa chiGiriki) uye Cyrillic arufabheti akasikwa. Saka, masayendisiti Soviet vakafunga kuti Kirill I Mefody (mapikicha zvifananidzo zvavo vane nyaya yedu) chete akanga wakashandurwa shanduro kunyora. tsvakurudzo Modern kunoratidza kuti izvi zviri pachena kuti handizvo zvazviri.

Pamunhu yaizoshanda panguva kushandiswa bumbiro

Up kutozosvikira muzana remakore rechi12, vaviri kunyora hurongwa kushandiswa munyika. Asi nokuti chokuti Cyrillic arufabheti yaiva nyore kutara, iye nokukurumidza kwakatsiva "aikwikwidza". Chero zvakanga, asi nhasi mumitauro inopfuura 70 pasi pose yakavakirwa pahwaro Cyril kuti kuvamba. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe vavo (kusanganisira Russian) vanongogona kuonekwa kungoda Glagolitic.

Masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti ekupedzisira akafa akabuda artificially. Vanoti nemaune akarambidza creators of necheSalvic nearufabheti, Nokuparadza mabhuku akanyorwa pariri. Ungangove, hazvisi. Imboona magwaro ekare akanyorwa Cyrillic uye Glagolitic. Muchiitiko chokutanga, chero nhengo necheSalvic avanhu vachakwanisa kunzwisisa nyore kupfuura mamwe mashoko, kunyange kana Church kwechiSlavonic arufabheti (munzira dzakawanda rinomiririra chete rave richishandiswa paainyora mashoko mutauro wechiGiriki).

Kana munhu Glagolitic zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura kuti vose nyaya vanokundikana kubvuma tsamba chete: wokugadzira uye chiratidzo kwechibayiro zvakaoma kuti zvisingaiti kunzwisisa. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zvirokwazvo yakakundwa chete nokuda kunzwisisa chiratidzo. Pfungwa, zvimwe chetezvo, uye rinoti mukuru shanduro.

Zvichida Methodius - Musiki necheSalvic arufabheti muenzaniso uyu? Ungangove, hazvisi. Netsamba vakararama vanoti kuti pave manyorero idzva (kunyange kana inobva rechiGiriki) aigona chete Kirill. Methodius aiva murongi mukuru, asi pasina munin'ina wake aizova kashoma kuti kukwanisa kuita chinhu chakadaro.

mabhuku api akashandurwa kuva manyorero itsva?

Ani naani akasika Cyrillic uye Glagolitic, chinangwa chacho chikuru kunge dzidzo uye kurapwa mune vakirisito kutenda kuroorwa necheSalvic marudzi ose. Zvisinei, Saints Kirill I Mefody rakashandurwa kutanga-Aprakos Gospel, Apostora-Aprakos, Psalter. Ungangove, vari zvakare hwakatamisirwa Cyrillic arufabheti uye Paremiynik.

Sezvinoratidzwa "The Life", Kirill akatanga shanduro Matsvene sezvo Old Bulgarian. Kazhinji, zvose zviri nyore: chero chinoziva mupristi "pasi" vakatsvaka zvikurukuru kushandura kupinda pachena uye nyore kunyora, pakutanga kwezvose, mabhuku matsvene, kuti kutenda nyore. Sezvineiwo, Church kwechiSlavonic arufabheti yambotaurwa haana ukama kuhama, sezvazvakanyorwa zvakajeka yakagadzwa necheSalvic mumachechi.

Kushandurwa Cyrillic kunyora uye kutaura

Vamwe vanhu "chipo" Kazhinji kutaura kuti mutauro wokuRussia dzinoramba kuchinja kwemazana emakore, uye zvino ari artificially akavhiringika uye vakapamba. Chokwadi, unopinza kuwedzera uwandu mashoko Chirungu zviri zvikuru vakasiyana zvakafanana mumutauro wedu, hakusi kutanga zvakanaka.

Asi pano mutsara pamusoro rechi10 remakore (mu transcription ano, Chokwadi): "The Russian Zelma kare kuti shelomyanem Thou." Unonzwisisa? Ko kuti mubatanidzwa "nyika Russian". Zvichakadaro, mundima ino inoti zvinotevera: "Nyika Russian akanyangarika pamusoro pechikomo", "nyika Russian akanga anyangarika, sokunge akafukidza nengowani." Kutaura zvazviri, madzitateguru edu haana kudaro kare, asati Peter I, akataura mumwe mutauro kuti tinzwisise nhasi chete yakaoma. Wedzera ichi chokuti tsamba ekare vazhinji necheSalvic arufabheti haana transcription mumutauro wemazuva ano!

Uye izvi zvose imhaka yokuti mutauro wokuRussia zvakakwana dzakachinjwa, ari kukurumidza kuchinja pasi pokudzora zvakapoteredza zvinhu, asi unhu uye nzira dzakajeka vanotukwa uye zvakanyorwa kutaurirana. Zvisinei, pamusoro chete zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro upi kutumidza, iyo zvino anokurukura vanhu dzinenge nhatu mamiriyoni mana pasi pose.

zvakawanikwa

Yeuka kuti nekusagona mutauro uye mabhuku nehwakanaka. uye nezvairehwa mashoko matsva uye pfungwa rinopupurira kuti rufu rwake. Latin nhasi rinoti anopfuura miriyoni imwe vanachiremba, zvipenyu uye magweta, asi iye akafa. Haachinji, hariwaniki mitemo mitsva.

Ani naani ari creators of necheSalvic nearufabheti, avo chikwereti - Pazvinhu kunyora hurongwa, tsamba imwe neimwe pakutanga vakatakura vakawanda pfungwa, kuva nyore uye zvakajeka pepa rehurukuro. Uyezve, zviri runyoro urwu hadzichinji emakore, zvino kushingaira kuchinja uye kuramba uve kukurukurirana mudziyo mamiriyoni evanhu pasi pose.

Achiratidza, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Kirill I Mefody - kwete chete mazita hama tsvene, iye akasika necheSalvic arufabheti, asi mazita akakurumbira nevafungi tava kunyatsokwanisa wokubatanidza necheSalvic avanhu, achivapa nevakawanda kunyora hurongwa.