Boxer Kupandukira: tsananguro, nhoroondo, zvinangwa, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro

In November 1899 China Boxer Kupandukira yakagundika. Ichi pevairwara unongotaura yakanga kunangana vatorwa nemafashamo hweKudenga. Kupondwa mamishinari European vakauya kuna masimba dzokuMadokero vakazivisa hondo pamusoro China.

Zvikonzero nezvinangwa

Pakupera ari XIX remakore mu China kuwana makore Qing Empire. Pasinei catchy rokuremekedza, mamiriro ichi vaisagona kuramba kutungamirirwa masimba Western. Chokutanga Beijing vaiva British. Vakagara kwete guru asiwo sokuronga zvinokosha zvengarava. VokuEurope vakanga vakawanda vaifarira yavo zvokutengeserana pesvedzero kuEast Asia, izvo akavimbisa purofiti yakakura.

matambudziko akafanana Japan akasangana. In yechipiri yezana XIX remakore munyika iyi vakatanga kuchinja kuti kugadzirisa zviri munzanga uye upfumi munyika dzokuMadokero nenzira. In China, kutendeuka zvakafanana akakundikana. isolationist mitemo vokuEurope vakauya hapana kwakaguma.

murimi mudiki kusagutsikana

Chokutanga, masimba Western vakanga zvakawanda wokutengesera neropafadzo. Asi imwe yechipiri yezana XIX remakore vakatanga kubvuta Chinese zvengarava. Kuburikidza navo, nyika nemafashamo pamwe vatorwa mamishinari akadzidzisa kusanganisira chiKristu.

Handina kufanana nyore kuchinja kwevanhu. Mukuwedzera, pamavambo 1890. Varimi kutsikwa kwemvura akawanda uye dzimwe dzinongoitika dzoga, pakupedzisira kunyimwa kwavo mapurazi kare diki. The Kusagutsikana varombo zvakakonzera chokwadi chokuti Boxer Kupandukira kwakatanga muna China. In historiography izvozvo inonziwo iri Boxer.

vaingoerekana chimurenga

The zita "Boxer" akanzi nhengo vakaumba mapoka zvinobatanidzwa pakurwisana vatorwa. Pakutanga, idzodzo izvi vakapararira uye kwaitika, asi nokufamba kwenguva, vakanga vakabatana zvakafanana kwourudzi nyika kufamba. Boxer Kupandukira rainyanya kunangana mamishinari okune dzimwe nyika uye Chinese vaKristu. Nhengo Team vaiita neminamato yechitendero tsika, yaainge zvetsika Chinese ezvitendero. Chimwe chizenga zvinokosha vapanduki vakanga dzose makirasi fistfights. Imhaka yokuti izvi vakadaidzwa wo "boxers".

The Boxer wevashumiri ari varombo nyanzvi dzokugadzira, varombo vanhuwo zvavo, varwi muchiuto kubva kuhondo, uye kunyange kuyaruka nevakadzi. Ekupedzisira ari kunyanya zvakashamisa vokuEurope havasi zvakajairwa kuona chinhu seizvi kumba. Boxer Kupandukira (kunyanya panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa) waiva mhiri munhu kudzorwa. Munguva okuparadza mhirizhonga mauto kazhinji akarwisa kwete chete kuvatorwa asiwo nyore murimi mudiki musha. vachirwisa kwakadaro yakaguma zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. Izvi pamwe nei vanhu vakawanda China havatsigiri Boxer.

Charter motokari

At Boxer aiva pachavo yakatarwa ayo 10 mitemo kuti kuurayiwa kwaiva zvairayirwa. bumbiro iri rakanga zvakafanana norwonzi pamwe zvitendwa, inova maitiro chepfungwa yose kufamba. Somuenzaniso, "Boxers" aidavira kuti vane chinomuwana pachinhu projectiles uye nemabara. Pfungwa iyi rakabatanidzwa enshrined muna Charter.

Panguva iyoyo ihetuanej akatsanangura rufu vavo kubva bara maronda rufu anogona chete kuva rimwe vapanduki vakanga varasikirwa kutenda kwavo muna vanamwari wechokwadi. kumutengesa ichi airangwa kuitira kuti midzimu kutsauka musoja. Kufunga uku kunoita kuti kuchengeta zvakazara mashura vanhu mapoka kumusoro chirango. Nokufamba kwenguva, pakati "boxers" vakanga nemhosva zvaibiwa kwakaenderera, riri apara kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo. chakapambwa Chero (kusanganisira vokune dzimwe nyika) Varwi vakatozoita zviremera zvemo. For Chinese VaKristu mafungiro akanga inokosha. Mupanduki aifanira kurega kutenda kwavo kutsva, zvikasadaro akanga akamirira rufu.

Nenzvimbo hurumende uye vapanduki

Mabasa vemo rokutanga ihetuanej kwakaitika muna 1897. Asi vaida vaviri makore kuitira kuti sangano rashanduka zvechokwadi zvinokosha pezvose. Muna November 1899, ari Chinese hurumende akaedza kudzikamisa nyika isati asi vakatadza. The initiator uye inspirer idzva weboka Emperor Guangxu akanga vakazodzingwa. Edit aiva tete vake Cixi. Chakasimudzira akatsigira vapanduki pachena.

Vasati ichi, dambiro romukondombera mabasa kuchamhembe China wakatuma hondo wavarindi. Akatambura vakakurirwa akawanda. In ezvinhu aya, nechepakati hurumende uye radicals chibvumirano uye akatanga kuitisa kwemajoini hondo vatorwa. Boxer Kupandukira kusati chinangwa ichi riri pakuputsa nehurumende, razova gwara aifarira-Western kuchinja achiri. Zvino, masirogani izvi vabviswa. Pakazosvika 1899 nhamba vapanduki zvasvika vanhu 100 zviuru.

moto kwakatanga

vatorwa Most vaiva Beijing, apo, kupfuura zvose, uyewo iri nedzenyu kota. Zvisinei, yakawanda European Diaspora vaiva mamwe maguta .. Liaoyang, Jilin, Yingkou, Mukden, etc. Vaiva chikuru nzvimbo makakatanwa. Vasingagutsikani Chinese pogroms uye kuurayiwa mamishinari. Boxer (Boxer) kumukira vakasundira nyika dzokuMadokero kutumira vavabatsire kuti China. Zvikurukuru kushingaira mupfungwa iyi yaiva Russia, pamwe China waiva wakakura zvakadini pamuganhu.

Vavabatsire akatanga kusvika muna Qing umambo kubva Vladivostok uye Port Arthur. In padariro rokutanga yemuna nemauto Russian munzvimbo akarayira Evgeny Alekseev. Gare gare, akanga yakatsiviwa Nikolai Linevich. Zvichakadaro, mhirizhonga iri China kuri zvikuru. Mhomho moto mumachechi European, kusanganisira machechi Orthodox, uye zvikoro. Mukupera May, imwe hondo "boxers" huru vakatamira Beijing. June 11 ndiyo mauto vakapinda guru uye pfuti, vakaita anotyisa ropa, ane vawirwa yaisanganisira vatorwa vazhinji. Boxer boka akakwanisa kubata vokuAmerica uye British, akanga asvika muna Tianjin akaenda kununura vomunyika muna Beijing. Zvishoma nezvishoma kunetsana vakakweverwa zvose masimba vakatsiva China pachake zvoupenyu simba. Raiva United States, Germany, Japan, Austria-Hungary, Russia, UK, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands uye Belgium.

Kuteurwa kweropa Beijing

Kwekanguva, Chinese hurumende, tichiziva kuti vava kuda munhu hondo huru, akaedza kutaurirana vokuEurope. Qing hurumende anofambisa pakati masimba vavatorwa nevapanduki kugona kuva ziendanakuenda. Empress Cixi aifanira kusarudza divi zvichakufambira zvakajeka. June 21, 1900 zvakanzi yaratidza pachena hondo pamusoro vokuEurope uye Japan. The inokosha chinhu nezvaaizosarudza kuva pogrom hunoitwa Boxer mu rekupinda muruwa Beijing nezuro. Nokufamba pamushandirapamwe uyu kutyisidzira vakauraya mumiririri German mu China.

The Empress akaenda kubatana nevapanduki pakutanga nokuti akanga achitya nevari vanhuwo zvavo kupfuura vatorwa. Kutya uku akaruramiswa. Zvinokonzera kuti Boxer yemuna vaifanira kuvenga vaKristu. Pausiku June 24, 1900, izvi zvakaguma nehasha Chinese zvose muna Beijing vakaurayiwa, vanozviti yokumadokero chitendero. chiitiko zvinotyisa pakuzivikanwa mu Europe idzva St. Bartholomew. Gare gare, vakaurayiwa wazvakaitika vakanga somusande neChechi yeOrthodox.

The kukundwa vapanduki

Mauto August 2 omubatanidzwa yakatanga kudenhwa Beijing. 13 Kuwanda mauto eRussia kwakaonekwa kweguta. Empress pakarepo vakasiya guta guru uye takatamira Xi'an. Boxer Kupandukira (Boxer Kupandukira) muna China asvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo. Rokukunda kusagutsikana muna Beijing Zvaizoreva kuti yose pamushandirapamwe chichatadza pamusoro vatorwa.

Storming guru rakatanga musi August wa15. Zuva rinotevera racho, Beijing aiva mumaoko sungano masimba. Zvino, chinhu chikuru muupenyu kudeurwa kweropa yakava muManchuria. Muna October, kuchamhembe nharaunda kwave inogarwa mauto Russian zvachose. oparesheni iyi akakurira Boxer Kupandukira zvachose. Migumisiro wokumwe kupindira haana kujeka kana kuti Chinese hurumende kana sungano munyika. Kunyange asati vapanduki vakanga pakupedzisira vakundwa, masimba European akatanga backstage chikamu Qing pie.

zvabuda

September 7, 1901 vakakunda China akagumisa masimba Western, vanonzi "Mushumo wokupedzisira". The chibvumirano zvinosanganisira zvokudya kuti vari kunyanya zvinowedzerwa mamiriro ezvinhu Qing Empire. The Chinese hurumende umbofanobata kurwadzisa mupanduki vatungamiriri vose, kuti vaparadze vamwe nhare dzavo, kuti aratidze kuvatorwa maguta 12 rambidza masangano ose vane mabasa tinotungamirirwa pamusoro vokuEurope.

Conditions vakanga varanda, asi Chinese zviremera vakanga vasina simba rokukunda zvirevo izvi. Boxer Kupandukira, muna pfupi, akaita kupokanidzana munharaunda kunyange kuoma. Pakupedzisira, pashure pemakore 11, vakatungamirira kuti kuwa youmambo nesimba China.