Electrolytes: mienzaniso. Kuumbwa uye zvinhu zve electrolytes. Simba uye simba risina simba

Electrolytes semakemikari ave achizivikanwa kubvira kare. Zvisinei, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekushanda kwavo dzave dzawana zvishoma munguva ichangopfuura. Tichakurukura nezvemabhizimisi ezvinyanya kukoshesa kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi uye kunzwisisa izvo zvinotevera zvinomirira uye kuti zvakasiyana sei kune mumwe. Asi ngatitange nerwendo rwezvakaitika.

Nhoroondo

Ikarese inonzi electrolytes inozivikanwa inyu uye acid, yakawanikwa muNyika Yekare. Zvisinei, pfungwa pamusoro pekugadzirisa uye zvinhu zve electrolytes zvakagadzirwa nenguva. Dzidziso dzezviitiko izvi zvakashanduka, kutanga muma1880, apo yakawanda yekuwana yakawanikwa, yakabatana nemanzwiro e electrolyte. Miti yakasiyana-siyana yakagadziriswa yakaonekwa mune zvinyorwa zvinotsanangura nzira dzekubatana kwe electrolytes nemvura (chaizvoizvo, chete mukugadzirisa inowanikwa iyo iyo michina inoita kuti ishandiswe mumashandi).

Iye zvino tava kuzokurukura zvakadzama zvinyorwa zvakawanda izvo zvakakonzera zvakanyanya pakuvandudzika kwemaonero pamusoro pe electrolytes nemamiriro avo. Uye tanga nehana yakajeka uye yakajeka iyo mumwe nomumwe wedu akapfuura kuchikoro.

Dzidziso ye electrolytic dissociation Arrhenius

Muna 1887 mutezi wemakemikari weSweden Svante Arrhenius uye munyori wemakemikari weRussia-German Wilhelm Ostwald vakasika dzidziso ye electrolytic dissociation. Zvisinei, pano, zvakare, hazvisi nyore. Arrhenius pachake akanga ari mutsigiri wezvainzi inonzi chimiro chemuviri wezvigadziriswa, izvo zvisingatauri kuwirirana kwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa nemvura ndokutaura kuti mune mhinduro pane mahwendefa asingabhadharwi (ions). Nenzira, inobva munzvimbo dzakadaro kuti kushandiswa kwe electrolytic kuchikoro kuri kuonekwa nhasi.

Ngatitaurire zvakafanana pamusoro pokuti chinangwa ichi chinopa uye sei chinotsanangura nzira yekubatana kwezvinhu nemvura. Kungofanana nedzimwewo zvayo, ane maitiro akawanda akashandisa:

1. Pakukurukurirana nemvura, iyo inoputika kuva ions (positive-cation uye isina - anion). Izvi zvikamu zvinokonzera hydration: dzinokwevera mvura mamolekemu, iyo, zvichiitika, inokonzerwa zvakanaka kune rumwe rutivi, uye kune imwe - zvisina kunaka (shandisa dipole), semugumisiro inoumbwa kuva mumagetsi (solvates).

2. Kuparadzana kunoshandiswa zvakare - kureva kuti, kana chinhu ichocho chakatyoka kusvika muzvioni, zvino pasi pesimba rezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona zvakare kuva chekutanga.

3. Kana iwe ukasangana magetsi kumusarudzo uye uchitanga ikozvino, mitsara inotanga kuenderera kumagetsi asina kunaka - the cathode, uye anions kune zvakakonzerwa kutengesa - anode. Ndicho chikonzero zvinhu zvakasvibiswa mumvura zvichiita kuti magetsi ave nani kupfuura mvura pachayo. Nokuda kwechikonzero chakafanana ivo vaidanwa kuti electrolytes.

4. Chiyero chekuparadzanisa kwe electrolyte chinoratidza huwandu hwezvinhu izvo zvakagadziriswa. Ichi chiratidzo chinoenderana nemamiriro e-solvent uye zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa pane zvose, pamusana pekupedzisira kwekupedzisira uye pane kunze kwekushisa.

Pano, chaizvoizvo, uye zvose zvinyorwa zvinotevera zveyi tsanangudzo iri nyore. Tichavashandisa munyaya ino kutsanangura zvinowanikwa mumhinduro ye electrolyte. Mienzaniso yemishonga iyi ichakurukurwa gare gare, asi ikozvino tichakurukura imwe dzidziso.

Dzidziso yeAicids uye zvigaro zveLee Lewis

Maererano nedzidziso ye electrolytic dissociation, asidi chinhu chinogadziriswa mune hydrogen cation, uye nheyo iyi inomera inoparadzaniswa mu anion hydroxide muchinetso. Pane imwe dzidziso, yakatumidzwa mushure mekuzivikanwa kwemakemikari anozivikanwa Gilbert Lewis. Inotibvumira kuti tiwedzere pfungwa ye acid uye tive nekugadzirisa zvishoma. Maererano neRecher theory, acids ions kana kuti mamemukorari emhando iyo ine mahwendekiti emasikironi ehurumende uye inokwanisa kutora electron kubva kune imwe molecule. Zviri nyore kufungidzira kuti zvigaro zvichava izvo zvikamu zvinokwanisa kupa imwe kana akawanda ema electrons avo "kushandisa" asidi. Zvinonakidza apa kuti asidi kana nheyo inogona kunge isiri ye electrolyte chete, asi chero ipi zvayo, kunyange yakasvibiswa mumvura.

Izwi rekufananidzira reBrandsted-Lowry

Muna 1923, zvisingabatanidzi, mumwe masayendisiti - J. Bronsted naT. Lowry - vakarondedzera dzidziso, iyo iko zvino inoshandiswa neasayenzi kutsanangura maitiro emakemikari. Chinokosha cheyiyi pfungwa ndeyokuti zvinoreva kuparadzaniswa zvakaderedzwa kusvika kuendeswa kweproton kubva kuAidhi kusvika kune imwe nheyo. Nokudaro, iyo yekupedzisira inonzwisiswa pano sechigamuchirwe cheproton. Zvadaro asidi ndiye mupi wavo. Iyi nyanzvi inotsanangurawo zvakare kuve kwezvinhu zvinoratidzira zvinhu uye acid uye zvigaro. Mishonga yakadaro inonzi amphoteric. Muchirevo cheBronsted-Lowry, izwi rokuti ampholytes rinoshandiswawo kwavari, asi asidi kana zvigadziro zvinowanzonzi protoliths.

Tauya kune chikamu chinotevera chechinyorwa. Pano tinorondedzera kuti ma electrolyte akasiyana zvakadini uye asina simba akasiyana kubva kune mumwe uye anokurukura simba rekunze kwezvinhu. Uye ipapo tichazotanga kurondedzera kushandiswa kwavo.

Simba uye simba risina simba

Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinosangana nemvura mumwe nomumwe. Zvimwe zvinoputira mukati mazvo zvakanaka (somuenzaniso, tafura yemunyu), uye zvimwe hazviperi zvachose (somuenzaniso, choko). Nokudaro, zvinhu zvose zvakakamurwa kuva simba rakasimba uye risina simba electrolytes. Izvozvo ndezvezvinhu zvinopindirana zvisina kunaka nemvura uye zvinogadzika pasi pechigadzirisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vane dhigirii yakaderera zvikuru yekuparadzanisa uye yakasimba simba rinosunga, izvo zvisingabvumi kuti mamolekemu iparadze muzvikamu zvayo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Kuparadzaniswa kwevasina simba electrolyte kunowanzoitika zvishoma nezvishoma, kana nekuwedzera kwekushisa nekugadziriswa kwechinhu ichi mune mhinduro.

Ngatitaurire pamusoro pemasimba e-electrolytes. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvose zvakasvibiswa salir, uyewo zvakasimba acid uye alkalis. Zvinonyanya kuora mu ions uye zvakaoma zvikuru kuaunganidza mumvura. Nenzira, ikozvino mu electrolyte inogadziriswa zvakajeka ne ions iri mune mhinduro. Nokudaro, yakanakisisa electrolyte inoita ikozvino. Mienzaniso yeiyo yekupedzisira: yakasimba acid, alkalis, soluble salts.

Zviitiko zvinokanganisa maitiro e electrolytes

Zvino ngationei kuti kuchinja kwekunze kwenzvimbo kunobata sei zvinhu zvezvinhu. Kunyanya kunokanganisa zvakananga kuwedzerwa kwekuparadzanisa kwe electrolyte. Uyezve, hukama uhwu hunogona kuratidzirwa masvomhu. Mutemo unotsanangura kuwirirana uku unonzi mutemo weOstwald wokudzikinura uye wakanyorwa se: a = (K / c) ^1/2 . Pano, pane chiyero chekuparadzanisa (kutorwa muzvikamu), K ndiyo nguva inoparadzaniswa, yakasiyana pane imwe yega, uye c inogadziriswa ye electrolyte mumhinduro. Nechirevo ichi, munhu anogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peshoko uye maitiro aro mukugadzirisa.

Asi isu takatsauka kubva munyaya. Mukuwedzera kumanikidziro, chiyero chokuparadzanisa chinokanganisawo nekupisa kwe electrolyte. Pamusoro pezvinhu zvakawanda, kuwedzera kwayo kunosimudza kushandiswa kwekemikari uye chemikemikari. Izvozvi zvinogona kutsanangura nzira yehumwe hunoitika pahutano hwepamusoro. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai, vanoenda zvishoma nezvishoma kana mumativi ose maviri (iyi inonzi inoshandurwa zvakare).

Takaongorora zvikonzero zvinogadzirisa maitiro ehurongwa hwakadaro senzira ye electrolyte. Iye zvino ngatishandirei kushandiswa kwechokwadi kweizvi, pasina mubvunzo, zvakakosha zvikuru makemikari.

Kushandiswa kwekushandisa

Zvechokwadi, munhu wose akanzwa shoko rokuti "electrolyte" rinoshandiswa kumabhatiri. Mumotokari inotungamira-asidi mabhatiri, basa re electrolyte iro rinoita 40 muzana sulfuric acid. Kuti unzwisise kuti nei kune chidikanwi chezvinhu izvi, zvakakosha kunzwisisa zvinhu zvebheteri.

Saka chii chinonzi chero bhatiri? Mavari, kugadziriswa kushanduka kwekushandurwa kwechimwe chinhu mune imwe kunoitika, semugumisiro wekuti magetsi anosunungurwa. Apo bheti iri kukwidzwa, pane kuwirirana kwezvinhu, izvo zvisingawaniki pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai. Izvi zvinogona kufungidzirwa sekuti kuunganidza magetsi mune chimwe chinhu semugumisi wemakemikari anoita. Apo kubuda kwekutanga kunotanga, kushanduka kushanduka kunotanga, kutungamirira sarudzo kusvika pakutanga kwayo. Aya maitiro maviri pamwe chete anoita chimwe chekudzivirira-kubuda kwemhepo.

Funga nezvekuita kwepamusoro pane imwe muenzaniso - bateri-lead acid. Hazvisi zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti ino yemazuva ano inosanganisira chimwe chinhu chine lead (pamwe nekutungamirira dioxide PbO ₂ ) uye asidi. Cherobheri chero ipi inosanganisira magetsi uye nzvimbo pakati pavo, yakazadzwa chete ne electrolyte. Sekupedzisira, sezvatakatsanangura kare, mumuenzaniso wedu sulfuric acid inoshandiswa nehuwandu hwe40 muzana. Iyo cathode yebhateri yakadaro inogadzirwa kubva mutungamiri dioxide, uye anode inosanganisira mutungamiri wakachena. Zvose izvi nokuti pane aya maviri emagetsi anoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa zvinosanganisira ions, iyo iyo asidi inoparadzaniswa:

1. PbO ₂ + SO ₄ ^2- + 4H ⁺ + 2e ^- = PbSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O (kuitika kunoitika pamusana wema electrode - cathode).
2. Pb + SO ₄ ^2- - 2e ^- = PbSO ₄ (Kuchinja kunoyerera pamusorosoro wema-anode).

Kana tikaverenga zvinopindurwa kubva kuruboshwe zvichienda kurudyi, tinowana matanho anoitika apo bhatiri rabudiswa, uye kana kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe - panguva yekuripa. Muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chemakemikari yezvino, maitiro aya akasiyana, asi nzira yekuyerera kwavo inowanzotsanangurwa nenzira imwe chete: maitiro maviri anoitika, mune imwe iyo iyo electrons "inoputirwa", uye mune imwe, "buda". Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti nhamba yemasikironi inobata yakaenzana nenhamba ye electrons yakasunungurwa.

Chaizvoizvo, kuwedzera kune mabhatiri, pane zvakawanda zvekushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi. Pakati pese, electrolytes, mienzaniso yatakapa, inongova zviyo zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pasi peshoko iri. Dzinotikomberedza kwose kwose, kwose kwose. Pano, somuenzaniso, muviri wemunhu. Unofunga kuti zvinhu izvi hazvipo here? Zvakakanganisika zvikuru. Ivo vari kwose kwose matiri, uye nhamba yakakura inoumbwa ne electrolytes yeropa. Izvi zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, iron ions inhengo ye hemoglobin uye inobatsira kutakura okisijeni kumatumbu emuviri wedu. Electrolytes yeropa inotorawo basa rinokosha pakurongedza mararamiro emunyu nemvura uye basa remwoyo. Izvo basa rinoitwa ne potassium uye ion ion (pane kunyange nzira inoitika mumasero, anonzi potassium-sodium pump).

Chero zvimwe zvinhu zvaunogona kuparadza zvishoma-electrolytes. Uye hakuna rimwe rebazi rakadaro rekushanda uye hupenyu hwedu pamwe newe, pose pavanoshandiswa. Haisi mabheti chete mumotokari uye mabhatiri. Izvi ndezvimwe makemikari uye kugadzirwa kwezvokudya, mafekitari ehondo, mafekitari emupfeko nezvakadaro.

Kuumbwa kwe electrolyte, nenzira, yakasiyana. Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kuparadzanisa electrilyte acidic uye alkaline. Izvo zvakasiyana zvachose mumamiriro avo: sezvatakatotaura kare, acids ndivo vanopa ma proton, uye alkalies - vagashiri. Asi nekufamba kwenguva kuumbwa kwe electrolyte kunokonzerwa nokurasikirwa kwechimwe chezvinhu, kukosha kunoderedza kana kuwedzerwa (zvose zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa, mvura kana electrolyte).

Tinosangana navo zuva rega rega, asi vashoma chaizvo vanhu vanoziva chaizvo tsanangudzo yezwi rakadaro se electrolytes. Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvakananga, isu takagumburwa, saka regai tiende kune dzimwe pfungwa dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Zvigadzirwa zve electrolytes

Zvino pamusoro pefizikiki. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kuti unzwisise paunenge uchidzidza nyaya iyi ndechekuti ikozvino inoshandiswa sei mu electrolytes. Basa rinokosha mune izvi rinotambidzwa ions. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvikamu zvinogona kutakura mutero kubva kune imwe chikamu chechigadziro kune mumwe. Nokudaro, zvipfeko zvinogara zvichisvika kune electrode yakanaka, uye cations kune electrode isina kunaka. Nokudaro, kuita zvinoenderana nechigadzirisheni nemagetsi emagetsi, tinoparadzanisa zvikwereti pamativi akasiyana ehurongwa.

Inonakidza zvikuru chimiro chemuviri, chakadai sehuwandu. Zvizhinji zvemakemikari arikukurukurwa zvinoenderana nazvo. Uye mubvunzo unowanzotaurira: "Ungamutsa sei kuwanda kwe electrolyte?" Muzvokwadi, mhinduro yacho iri nyore: unoda kuderedza mvura yehupenyu. Sezvo kuwanda kwe electrolyte kunonyanya kugadziriswa nehuwandu hwe sulfuric acid, inonyanya kutarisana nehuwandu hwekupedzisira. Kune nzira mbiri dzekuita izvi. Yokutanga iri nyore zvakakwana: kubika electrolyte iri mubhatiri. Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kuribhadhara kuitira kuti kutonhora mukati kunokwidza zvishoma pane zana kubva kune digiri Celsius. Kana nzira iyi isingabatsiri, usanetseka, pane imwezve: ingochinja nzvimbo yekare ye electrolyte neyo itsva. Kuti uite izvi, dhonza mhinduro yekare, tsvina mukati memasara e sulfuric acid nemvura yakasvibiswa, uye odira mumutsva mutsva. Sezvo mutemo, zvigadziriswe zvehutano zve electrolyte dzinosvika pakukosha kwekukosha kwekutungidzirwa. Mushure mekugadziriswa, iwe unogona kukanganwa nezvekusimudzira huwandu hwe electrolyte kwenguva yakareba.

Kuumbwa kwe electrolyte kunonyanya kugadzirisa zvayo. Zviratidzo zvakadai semagetsi ekufambisa uye masimba, semuenzaniso, zvakanyanya kuvimba nehupenyu hwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa uye maitiro ayo. Pane mubvunzo wakasiyana pamusoro pekuti yakawanda sei electrolyte mubhatiri. Chaizvoizvo, ivhu rayo rinowirirana zvakananga nehupamhi hunozivikanwa hwechigadzirwa. Izvo zvakanyanya sulfuric acid mukati mebheteri, iyo inowedzera simba, kureva, iyo huru iyo inokwanisa kukwanisa.

Ndeipi iri inobatsira?

Kana iwe uri munhu anofarira motokari kana kungofarira motokari, iwe unonzwisisa zvose iwe pachako. Zvechokwadi iwe unotoziva kuti ungaziva sei kuti yakawanda sei electrolyte mubhateri ikozvino. Uye kana uri kure nemotokari, ipapo ruzivo rwezvinhu zvezvinhu izvi, maitiro avo uye kuti vanobatana sei pachavo hazvizove zvakashata. Kuziva izvi, hauzovi kurasikirwa kana iwe ukakumbirwa kuti utaure kuti electrolyte iri mubhateri. Kunyangwe kunyange kana iwe usingati uri motokari anofarira, asi iwe une motokari, ruzivo rwebhetri harusi haruzove rakakosha uye richakubatsira pakugadzirisa. Zvichava zviri nyore uye zvisingabatsiri kuita zvose iwe pachako, pane kuenda kumotokari.

Uye kuti zviri nani kudzidza chidzidzo ichi, tinokurudzira kuverenga bhuku remakemikari yezvikoro nemayunivhesiti. Kana iwe uchiziva izvi nesayenzi zvakanaka uye wakaverenga mabhuku ezvakakwana, sarudzo yakanakisisa ichava "Makemikari inowanikwa yezvino" Varypaev. Iko, iyo yose nheyo yekushanda kwekuunganidza, mabheteri akasiyana-siyana uye hydrogen zvinhu zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama.

Mhedziso

Tasvika pakuguma. Ngatitaurirei. Pamusoro pezvatave taongorora zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita nemafungiro akadaro se electrolytes: mienzaniso, nheyo yemagadzirirwo nemadziro, mabasa uye maitiro. Zvakare zvakare zvakakodzera kutaura kuti izvozvi zvinoumba chikamu chehupenyu hwedu, kunze kwekuti miviri yedu nemhando dzose dzebhizimisi hazvigoni kuvapo. Iwe unorangarira nezve electrolyte yeropa here? Tinovonga ivo vatinorarama. Zvakadini nemichina yedu? Nokubatsirwa neruzivo urwu, tinogona kugadzirisa dambudziko ripi neripi rakabatana nebhateri, kubva zvino tinonzwisisa kuti tingasimudza sei masimba e electrolyte mairi.

Zvose hazvigoni kuudzwa, uye hatina kuisa chinangwa chakadaro. Mushure mezvose, izvi hazvisi zvose zvinogona kutaurwa nezvezvinhu izvi zvinoshamisa.