Glucose fermentation reaction. Mitauro, kukosha uye chibereko chekuvirisa

Glucose fermentation ndechimwe chekugadzirisa kukuru kwaunokwanisa kugadzirira mweya. Inogona kuitwa nenzira dzakasiyana, mune imwe neimwe yega michina inogadzirwa. Iyi nzira ine basa rinokosha munharaunda dzakawanda dzehupenyu hwedu, kubva pakubika nokubika vodka kune zvinoitika zvinoitika mumuviri wedu.

Nhoroondo

Nzira yekuviriswa kweglucose nedzimwe shuga yakashandiswa nevanhu vekare. Vakadya zvokudya zvishoma zvakabikwa. Ichi chikafu chakanga chakachengeteka, nokuti chaiva newaini, mune imwe nzvimbo iyo mabhakitiriya mazhinji anokuvadza akaurawa. MuEgypt yekare neBhabhironi, vanhu vakange vatoziva kuti vangasva sei zvizhinji zvezvinotapira zvine mukaka nemukaka. Apo vanhu pamagumo ezana remakore rechi18 vakakwanisa kuti vadzidze kudzidzira uku, maitiro ayo uye mikana yekuvandudza, dzakadaro mashizha akadai kvass, kubereka newaini-vodka yakakura zvikuru.

Mhando dzekuvirisa

Zvinoshamisa kuti izvi zvakasiyana. Uye kusiyanisa pakati pemhando dzekuvirisa glucose mumagetsi ekupedzisira. Nokudaro, pane lactic acid, doro, citric acid, acetone, oleic acid nezvimwewo. Ngatitaurirei zvishoma pamusoro pemhando imwe neimwe zvakasiyana. Lactic acid fermentation ye glucose ndiyo nzira huru mukugadzirira kwezvinhu zvakadai semukaka wakavhenganiswa, sour cream, kefir, cottage cheese. Inoshandiswawo kuchengetedza miriwo uye inoita basa rinokosha mumuviri wedu: mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushayikwa kweokisijeni, glucose inoshanduka kuva chigumisiro chokupedzisira-lactic acid, chinokonzera marwadzo mumisungo panguva yekudzidziswa uye zvishoma pashure payo.

Kunwa doro kunoratidzirwa nokuti ethyl doro rinoumbwa sechigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Izvo zvinoitika nekubatsirwa kwei microorganisms - mbiriso. Uye inoita basa rinokosha mukubika, nokuti kunze kwechigadzirwa chikuru, kushandiswa kwechidyiwa kweglucose kunobvisa carbon dioxide (izvi zvinotsanangura kuchena kwemugunyiro wejisi).

Iro-acid fermentation inowanzoitika, sezvinorema kufungidzira, nekuumbwa kwe citric acid. Iko kunoitika pasi pesimba reimwe rudzi rwefungi uye chikamu cheKrebs cycle, iyo inogonesa kufema kwemasero ese emuviri wedu.

Acetone-butyl fermentation yakafanana zvikuru neye butyric acid. Somugumisiro, inoumba oleic acid, butyl uye ethyl alcohols, acetone uye carbon dioxide. Nemafuta-asidi fermentation, chete asidi uye carbon dioxide inoenderana nezita inoumbwa.

Iye zvino tava kutarisa mhando dzose nenzira yakawanda, uye tanga neinokosha zvikuru - doro rinoshandisa glucose. Zvose zvinogadziriswa uye zvinyorwa zvedzidzo yavo zvichaongororwa zvakadzama.

Kunwa doro

Tichazotaura zvishoma nezveglucose kuvuta, iyo equation yaro: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂ . Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi? Tine zvinhu zviviri: ethyl alcohol uye carbon dioxide. Pamusana pekupedzisira, tinocherechedza kuvhara kwekuedza kwembiriso. Uye nekuda kwekutanga, tine mukana wekutora tambo isingakanganwiki yewaini newaini. Asi chaizvoizvo izvi zvinongova shanduko iri nyore. Kugadzirisa kwakakwana kweglucose kuvuta kunowedzera zvakaoma, saka ngatitorei zvishoma.

Ikoko kune nzira yakadai se glycolysis. Zita racho rinoshandurwa se "kuparadzanisa shuga." Izvo zvinoitika mumuviri, uye zvakagadzirwa ne- pyruvic asidi, uye chikuru ndeye adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP), iyo inoumbwa panguva iyi inopindurwa kubva kune imwe ikamu. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ATP inotakura simba mumuviri, uye chaizvoizvo glycolysis inoshanda kupa muviri wedu nesimba.

Hatina maturo akabata izvi. Zvechokwadi, kuvirisa kwakafanana zvikuru ne glycolysis, sezvo danho rokutanga rakangofanana navo. Inogona kunyangwe ichitaura kuti kushandiswa kwechidhakwa chekuswa kweglucose ndiko kupfuurira kweglycolysis. Iyo pyruvic (i-pyruvic acid ion) yakaumbwa munguva yekupedzisira inoshandurwa kuva acetaldehyde (CH ₃ -C (O) H), nekubudiswa kwekhabhoni dioxyde sechinhu. Mushure meizvi, chibereko chinoguma chinoderedzwa ne coenzyme NADH iri mumabhakitiriya. Kuderedza kunotungamirira pakuumbwa kwe ethyl doro.

Nokudaro, kuita kweglucose kuvimwa kune ethanol kunotevera:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 H ⁺

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = CH ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) CH ₃ -COH + NADH + H ⁺ = C ₂ H ₅ OH + NAD ⁺

NADH inoshumira senzira inogadzirisa, uye iyo NAD ⁺ ion inoita basa rinokosha mukutanga kweglycolysis, uye, pakuumba pakuguma kwewaini inobviswa, inodzokera kune imwe nzira.

Ngatitenderei kuenda kumarudzi akatevera ehutano hwekupindura kunoitwa.

Lactic Acid Glucose Fermentation

Kubva kunwa doro iyi mhuka yakasiyana pakuti inenge isiri pasi pesimba yemagunwe, asi nerubatsiro rweactic acid bacteria. Saka, tine zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana. Lactic acid fermentation inowanikwa mumatumbu edu pamatoro akakwirira uye kushaya oxygen.

Kune mhando mbiri dzekuita izvi. Yokutanga ine homofermentative fermentation. Kana iwe wakambonzwa chirevo chekutanga "homo", saka zvechokwadi unonzwisisa zvazvinoreva. Homofermentative fermentation inzira inosanganisira imwe enzyme. Pakutanga rekutanga, glycolysis inoitika uye pyruvic acid inoumbwa. Zvadaro iyo inokonzerwa nepruvate (mumhinduro, iyi asidi inogona kungovapo seyons i) inoshandisa hydrogenation neNADH ⁺ H uye lactate dehydrogenase. Somugumisiro, chibereko chekuderedzwa kwelactic acid, iyo inenge inenge 90% yezvose zvakagadzirwa zvakagadzirwa munguva yekuita. Izvi, zvisinei, zvinogonawo kuumbwa nenzira yeesomeri mbiri dzakasiyana: D uye L. Izvozvo zvinopesana pakuti ndeyezvioni zvezviratidziro zveumwe neumwe uye naizvozvo, zvakasiyana zvakasiyana nemuviri wedu. Icho chinotyisa chinokonzerwa nehupamhi hukuru hunogadzirisa hurongwa hwe lactate dehydrogenase.

Ngatitenderei kune imwe yechipiri yewactic fermentation - heterofermentative. Muchiitiko ichi, mazana enzymes anobatanidzwa, uye anofamba nenzira yakaoma. Nemhaka yeizvi, zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadzirwa panguva yekuita: kuwedzera kune lactic acid, tinogona kuwana ipapo acetic acid uye ethyl doro.

Saka taitarisa pa lactic acid fermentation. Iyi ndiyo nzira yatinogona kufara nayo inonaka ye cottage cheese, yogurt, yaizhenka uye kefir. Ngatitsanangurire uye tinyora pasi kazhinji maitiro e latictic acid fermentation ye glucose: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O ₃ . Zvechokwadi, iyi inorongwa hurongwa hwekugadzirisa kwema homofermentative, sezvo kunyange urongwa hwehutano hwe heteroenzymatic huchaoma zvikuru. Makemisiti anoramba achidzidza mukaka wekugadzira glucose uye owana nzira dzawo dzakakwana, saka tichiri kuine zvizhinji zvokuedza.

Iro-fermented fermentation

Kugadzirisa kworudzi urwu rwekuvirisa kunoitika, sekunwa doro, pasi pesimba refungidzi rweimwe dambudziko. Nzira yakakwana yezvinoitika izvi haisati yave yakanzwisiswa zvizere, uye isu tinogona kuvimba chete nezvimwe zvishoma. Zvisinei, kune mazano ekuti chikamu chekutanga chechiitiko chacho glycolysis. Ipapo iyo pyruvic acid inotendeuka ichiita kuti ive yakasiyana-siyana acid uye inouya kumononi. Nokuda kwemaitiro akadaro, mamwe acid anounganidza mumutambo wekuita, zvigadzirwa zvekusakwana kweiyoiyo yeglucose.

Izvi zvinoshandiswa pasi pesimba re oksijeni, uye kazhinji rinogona kunyorwa sezvinotevera kuenzanisa: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3 O ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ O ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Kusati rudzi urwu rwekuvirisa ruwanikwa, vanhu vakagamuchira citric acid Kunyatsomesa zvibereko zvemuti wakafanana. Zvisinei, mumon yeiyo asidi haisi inopfuura 15%, saka nzira iyi yakaratidza kuti haina kubatsira, uye mushure mokunge kuwanikwa kwekuita izvi zvose asidi yakatanga kubudiswa nekuvirisa.

Oily fermentation

Pfuurira kune imwe inotevera. Urwu urwu hwekuvirisa hunoitika pasi pechiito chebutyric acid bacteria. Izvo zvakapararira, uye hurongwa hwavanokonzera, hunoita basa rinokosha mumiganhu yezvinhu zvakakosha. Nekubatsira kwebhakitiriya aya, kuparara kwezvisikwa zvakafa kunoitika. Oily acid, yakaumbwa panguva yezvinoitika, inokwezva kunhuhwirira kwemavara.

Izvozvo zvinoshandiswa mumhizha. Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, vanowana oleic acid. Masters ayo anoshandiswa zvikuru muzvinonhuwira uye ane kunhuwira kunofadza, kusiyana neavo. Zvisinei, mafuta ekuvirisa haasi anobatsira nguva dzose. Inogona kukanganisa mishonga, zvigadzirwa zvekakani, mukaka nemimwe michina. Asi izvi zvinogona kuitika, kana chete mabhakitiriya emafuta achipinda muchigadzirwa.

Regai tiongorore maitiro emaglucose mafuta anogadzirwa. Zvarinoita zvinotevera: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH + 2CO ₂ ↑ + 2H ₂ . Somugumisiro, simba rinobudiswa zvakare, izvo zvinoita kuti hupenyu huve hupenyu huri hutachiona hweAic acid.

Acetone-butyl fermentation

Mhando iyi yakafanana chaizvo neye butyric acid. Kwete chete glucose, asiwo glycerin, uye pyruvic acid inogona kufamba nenzira iyi. Izvi zvinogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri: yekutanga (dzimwe nguva inonzi acidic) inongova oleic acid fermentation. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kumafuta, acetic acid inosunungurwa zvakare. Somugumisiro wekuvirisa kweglucose nenzira iyi, tinowana mishonga inoenda kuchikamu chechipiri (acetonobutyl). Sezvo iyo yose yakagadziriswa inoitikawo pasi pekuita kwebhakitiriya, ipapo acidification yepakati (kuwedzera mumusana weacid) inokonzera kusunungurwa kwemakemikari chaiwo nemaabhakitiriya. Vanoita kuti zviitike nokuda kwekutendeuka kweglucose inogadzirwa mishonga n-butanol (butyl alcohol) uye acetone. Mukuwedzera, imwe ethanol inogona kuumbwa.

Mimwe mhando yekuvirisa

Mukuwedzera kune izvi zvishanu mhando dzekuita izvi, pane zvimwe zvakawanda. Somuenzaniso, iyi iAcetic fermentation. Izvo zvinoitika zvakare pasi pekuita kwebhakitiriya yakawanda. Mhando iyi yekuvirisa inogona kushandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvinobatsira pakusarudza. Inodzivirira zvokudya kubva kunezvirwere uye mabhakitiriya ane ngozi. Alkaline kana methane fermentation inoratidzwawo. Kusiyana nemhando dzakapfuura, rudzi urwu rwekuvirisa runogona kuitwa kune akawanda emakemikari e-organic. Somugumisiro wehuwandu hwakawanda hwekugadzikana kwakaoma, zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinopatsanurwa kuva methane, hydrogen uye carbon dioxide.

Biological role

Kupisa muviri ndiyo nzira yekare yekuwana simba kuburikidza nehupenyu hupenyu. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinobudisa zvinhu, izvo zvinowanzogamuchira simba, asi zvimwe zvinoparadza zvinhu izvi, uye zvichiri kugamuchira simba. Upenyu hwedu hwose hwakavakirwa pane izvi. Uye mumwe nomumwe wedu anovirisa mune imwe nzira kana imwe inowanikwa. Sezvatakataurwa pamusoro apa, kuvhenekesa kwemazino kunowanikwa mumasumbu nekudzidziswa kwakasimba.

Chii chimwe chingaverenga?

Kana iwe unofarira kuyanana kwezvinhu zvakakosha, zvinofanirwa kutanga nemabhuku ekuchikoro pamakemikari uye biology. Mune mabhuku akawanda eyunivhesiti zvinhu zvakanyatsorondedzerwa zvinoratidzwa kuti mushure mokuvaverenga iwe unogona kuva nyanzvi mundima iyi.

Mhedziso

Saka takauya kumagumo. Takaongorora maitiro ose ehuga yevirusi uye maitiro makuru ezviitiko izvi, izvo zvinoita basa rinokosha zvikuru mukushanda kwezvisikwa zvipenyu uye mubhizimusi redu. Zvinokwanisika kuti mune ramangwana tichazarura mimwe mhando dzemitambo iyi yekare uye kudzidza kuti tingashandise sei kuti tibatsirwe isu pachedu, sezvakaitwa kune avo vatatoziva kwatiri.