James Joule: biography, zvesayenzi zvakawanikwa

Pamwe, hapana munhu asingazivi zita rokuti James Joule. Zvakawanikwa zveyi physicist zvinoshandiswa pasi rese. Ndeipi yaiva nzira yemasayendisiti? Ndezvipi zvaakawana zvaakawana?

Upenyu hwomufizikiki akakurumbira

Musi waDecember 24, 1818, James Joule akaberekwa. Nhoroondo yehupenyu hwemangwana inotanga muChirungu yeSalford, mumhuri yemupfuri wechipfuva. Kudzidziswa kwomukomana kwakaitika pamba, kwenguva yakati akadzidziswa physics uye chemistry naJohn Dalton. Achitenda kwaari, imwe nyanzvi yekuFrance yakada sayenzi.

Joule akanga asina utano hwakanaka, akapedza nguva yakawanda pamba, achiita zvidzidzo zvenyama uye kuedza. Akatova nemakore gumi nemashanu, nekuda kwekurwara kwababa vake, aifanira kutarisira chiroro chacho nemukoma wake. Kushanda pafekitari yababa vake hakuna kumupa mukana wekupinda yunivhesiti, saka James Joule akazvipira zvachose kuimba laboratory.

Kubva muna 1838 kusvika muna 1847, nyanzvi ye physics aishingaira kudzidza magetsi uye kuita svondo yake yekutanga kubudirira. Mune pepanhau Annals of Electricity iye anonyora nyaya pamusoro pemagetsi, uye muna 1841 anotanga mutemo mutsva wepanyama, uyo zvino une zita rake.

Muna 1847, Joeri anopedzisa wekutanga uye wega bedzi naM Amelia Grimes. Pasina nguva vanoberekwa Alice Amelia naBenjamin Arthur. Muna 1854, mudzimai nemwanakomana vakaurawa. Joule pachake anofa muna 1889 muEngland, muguta re Sale.

Muhupenyu hwake, akabudisa mapepa anenge 97 pamusoro pefizikiki, mamwe acho akanyorwa pamwechete nevamwe vasayendisiti: Shumba, Thomson, nezvimwe. Nokuda kwemitemo yakasayenzi yakawanda uye mitemo yakasununguka yefizikiki, akapiwa mamiriyoni akawanda uye akapiwa mari yehupenyu kubva kuUnited States muhuwandu hwe Anenge mazana mapaundi.

Ikutanga mabasa uye miedzo

Achitarisa injini dzemhepo yakashambadzirwa nababa vake, James Joule akasarudza kuisa panzvimbo yavo nemagetsi ekushanda. Muna 1838, akabudisa mune imwe nyanzvi yezvidzidzo nyaya iyo yaitsanangura chigadzirwa chemagetsi ekugadzira magetsi aakagadzira. Muna 1840 matsva emotokari matsva akaonekwa pawaini, uye physicist akaramba achidzidza magetsi uye kusunungurwa kwehuni. Gare gare zvakazoitika kuti injini dzewaini dzaive dzakanyanyisa.

Munguva yekuedzwa, Joule inoumba thermometer iyo inokwanisa kuyera kutonhora nekururamisa kwe1/200 degrees. Izvi zvinomubvumira kuti apinde zvakadzama mukudzidza kwehutano hwehutano hwezvino. Muna 1840, nekuda kwekucherechedza zvakare, nyanzvi yefizikiri inowana simba remaginetti ekuzadza. Mugore rimwe chete anotumira kuRoyal Scientific Society basa "Pakuumbwa kwehuni nemagetsi emagetsi." Nyaya yacho yakanga isina kudiwa. Nhoroondo yeManchester chete uye yefilosofi ndiyo yakabvumirana kuti ibudise.

Mutemo weJoule-Lenz

Asingazivikanwe neLondon Scientific Society, iyo nyaya yakazotevera ikava imwe yezvinobudirira zvikuru zvesainzi. Muchikamu chacho, James Joule akataura nezvehukama pakati pesimba rezvino uye chiyero chekupisa kwakabudiswa. Akataura kuti huwandu hwehuni hunosunungurwa mumutevedzeri hwakananga zvakananga nekupikisa kwemuitungamiri, nzvimbo yakawanda ye simba uye nguva yekufamba kwezvino.

Panguva ino, imwe pfungwa yakagadzirwa naEmilie Lenz. Ichokwadi chokuti kutungamira kwesimbi inogadziriswa kunofanirwa nekushisa, muRussian physicist akawana kare muna 1832. Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kutonhora mumutungamiri, musayendisiti akagadzira mudziyo chaiwo umo doro rakadururwa. Tsanzura iyo iyo yakagadzirwa ikozvino yakaderedzwa mumudziyo. Zvadaro yakaongororwa kuti doro raizotonhora zvakadini. Joel James Prescott akashandisa nzira yakadaro, chete inoshandiswa mvura semvura.

Migumisiro yemakore ekutsvakurudza kweLenz yakabudiswa muna 1843 chete, asi mubhuku rake pane zvinyorwa zvakajeka zvesayenzi kupfuura Joule, uyo basa rake pakutanga rakanga risati rada kutodhinda. Zvichipa kukosha kwaJoule uye zvakaenzana kuverenga kwaEmilie Lenz, zvakasarudzwa kutumidza mutemo mukuremekedza zvose. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutemo weJoule-Lentz wakaratidza kutanga kwe thermodynamics.

Magnetostriction

Mukufananidzwa nemagetsi emagetsi, James Joule anoongorora magnetic phenomena. Muna 1842 anotaura kuti iron inowirirana muhukuru pasi pesimba remasvikiro. Kana tsvimbo dzesimbi dzichiiswa mune magnetic field, urefu hwayo huchava hukuru.

Sangano rezvesayenzi rakavhiringidza kuvapo kwekuwanikwa kupi zvako. Kuchinja kwehukuru hwetambo kwakanga kusina basa zvokuti ziso revanhu harina kuzvibata. Asi nyanzvi yefizikiya yakagadzira nzira inokosha, nerubatsiro rwaakawana uchapupu hwakajeka.

Gare gare yakawanikwa kuti dzimwe simbi inobata izvi, uye chiitiko chacho pachavo chainzi magnetostriction. Iye zvino nokuda kwekuwanikwa kwaJoule akawana nzira dzakawanda dzokushandisa. Semuenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zvemaketetermetti zvinoshandiswa sezvinyorwa zvegwenga rekuyerera kwekuyera mvura yepamvura muzvitubu. Ichi chinoshamisa chinoshandiswawo pakugadzira matanho mukurwisana nembavha.

Ongororo nemhepo

Mumakore ekuma1940, James Joule aishingaira kudzidza nzvimbo yegesi, kureva, iyo inowanzobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kwayo uye kupesana. Akaedza nekuwedzera kwegesi yakabudiswa, zvichiratidza kuti simba rake remukati haritenderwi nehuwandu. Kunze kwekushisa kwegesi kunokosha.

Muna 1848, kwekutanga kokutanga munhoroondo yefizikiki , Joule akayera velocity yegesi molecules. Ichi chiitiko chakava basa rekutanga pamusoro penyaya yekinetic yemagasi, zvichipa kukurudzira kuenderera mberi nekutsvakurudza mundima iyi. Basa raJoule rakazoendeswa mberi neScotsman James Maxwell.

Nekukosha kwechipo chesayenzi pakukudza mutauro wechiFrench, chiyero chekuyera kwebasa, huwandu hwekupisa nesimba - Joule akatumidzwa.

Joule naThmson

Kufuridzira kukuru pamabasa aJoule uye kubvumwa kwake munyika yesayenzi kwakaitwa naWilliam Thomson. Masayendisiti akasangana muna 1847, apo Joule akaendesa kuBritish Association of Scientists mushumo pamusoro pezviyero zvei mechanical yakaenzana nekupisa.

Kusvikira Thomson Joule asina kutorwa zvakanyanya munzanga yezvesayenzi. Ndiani anoziva, zvichida tingadai tisina kudzidza mitemo yefizikiki yakawanikwa naye, kana William Thomas asina kutsanangura kukosha kwavo kune "snobs" yeBritish community.

Pamwe chete, nyanzvi dzesayenzi dzakaongorora dzimba dzegasi, dzichiona kuti neadiabatic inokonzera gasi yakazara. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kutonhora kwegesi (kana mvura) kunoderera paunenge uchifamba nehuro (throve). Chiitiko chacho chainzi yeJoule-Thomson. Iye zvino chiitiko ichi chinoshandiswa kuwana kutsetseka kwakadzika.

Masayendisiti akabatanawo nehuwandu hwetrmodynamic, yakatumidzwa zita raIshe Kelvin, iro raive raWilliam Thomson.

Kuziva kwaJames Joule

Kubwinya uye kubvumwa zvichiri kutorwa nechechi physicist. Mumakumi mashanu ezana remakore rechina, akazova nhengo yeRoyal Society yeLondon uye akapiwa Royal Medal. Muna 1866, akagamuchira mutezo weCopley, uye zvakare medal Albert.

Kazhinji Joeri akazova mutungamiriri weBritish Scientific Association. Akapiwa chikoro chezvidzidzo zvechiremba wemutemo kuDublin College, Edinburgh uye Oxford universities.

Mukukudzwa kwake kune chifananidzo muMasvingo Building kuManchester uye chiyeuchidzo kuWestminster Abbey. Kune rumwe rutivi rweMwedzi kune chikamu chaJames Joule.

Mhedziso

Musayendisiti akakurumbira, ane zita rinonzi mitemo yefizikiki uye zviyero zvekuyera, hazvigone kuonekwa. Kuvonga kushivirira kwake uye kushanda zvakaoma, haana kumira pamatambudziko mazhinji. Pakupedzisira, akaratidza kodzero yekunzvimbo yake pasi pezuva kana kunyanya pamutambo wegore.