Nhengo yevomeronasal chii?

Nhasi, zvichida, haungasangana nomunhu asingazivi kuti pheromones ndei. Mafuta ne pheromones, "kunhuwirira kwemuedzo" uye kunhuhwira kworudo kunowanzoshandiswa nevatengesi nevashambadziri mazwi. Izvo zvinoshandiswa, izvo zvinokonzera kuonekwa kwechivande chemosignals inobatanidza nepabonde nemadzimai emadzimai, kutonga neuroendocrine uye mhinduro dzezviito, inonzi vomeronasal. Uye iyo dhipatimendi guru rekugamuchira iyo yehurumende iyi inhengo yevomeronasal. Kutarisirwa kwekubatana kwezvisikwa zveimwe mhando, yakange ichangowanikwa muvanhu uye basa rayo rakakosha pakuumbwa kwehutano hwemafungiro yakaratidzwa.

A novel ine pheromones

Izvo zvose zvakatanga muna 1870, apo nyanzvi yezvinyorwa zveFrance Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre (1823-1915) akasiya bhirikiti kwechinguva mu laboratori. Kudzokera kub laboratori, akaona kuti vashoma vemafufurati vainge vaungana pahwindo. Uye pane chero nzvimbo yaaigona kutakura musikana, varume vacho vaizomutevera musingaregi. Nokudaro mu biology yakaonekwa pfungwa ye "inokwezva" - zvinhu izvo mukadzikadzi anoparadzanisa kuti atokwe varume. Chete muna 1959, vakawana ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pezvinhu zvakashata uye basa ravo mukubereka vana, nyanzvi yeSwitzerland Martin Lusher (1917-1979) yakatanga pfungwa ye "pheromone" sezwi rakagadzirwa kubva pakusanganiswa kwezwi rechiGiriki rokuti "kutakura" uye " Stimulate ".

Pheromones yemiti nemhuka

Biology yemazuva ano, neyiyi pfungwa, inoreva boka rezvinokonzera mishonga yemakemikari inoparadzanisa zvirimwa nemhuka kuti ipekurukurirana, kuratidzira, nekuita zvepabonde. Pheromones haisi yekutaura zvepabonde chete, kunyange iri chikamu chechiito chavo chinonyanya kushamisa uye chinonakidza. Nezvavanoreva, vanogona kuva nharaunda (mhuka dzinocherechedza ndima), mazano (nyerere dzinoratidza nzira yevamwe vavo), kudzokorora (mbeu dzinosunungura zviratidzo zvinoshandiswa pakurwisa zvirwere) nezvimwe zvizhinji. Pheromone yekutanga yakachena yakasarudzwa muna 1956 uye yakanga iri kukukwezva kwakasimba kwebhururuki yechikwereti - yakamanikidza varume kuva mapapiro mu "kurira dhanza" mumadhora akaderera zvikuru. Zvinotendwa kuti kana imwe bhokiti yemusikana ichakurumidza kugovera iyo yose ye pheromone, iyo inogona kukwezva varume vane zviuru zvitatu. Kana pane pheromones, panofanira kuva nehurongwa hwekufunga kwavo.

Evolution yeVomeronasal Smell

Kwenguva yekutanga chimiro chevomeronasal chinowanikwa mumamphibians, mhuka dzatova nembeu yakasiyana uye bhuru, martilage, midziyo uye gland mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Mu embryogenesis, ichi chimi chinowanikwa mumapoka ose: kubva kumamphibians kuvanhu. Muvanhu vakakura maitiro ayo akasiyana akasiyana-siyana: kubva pakushanda nesimba (amphibians, nyoka, felines, canine) kusvika pakupera uye kusakwana zvachose (nyangadzi, dolphin, mapurisa).

The Jacobson Organ

Mazana emakore akapfuura Dane Ludwig Jacobson (1783-1843) akatsanangura boka remasero ari mumapfupa ehenya iri pakati pemhuno nemuromo. Izvi zvitsuwa zvezvinogamuchirwa, zvimwe kunze kwezvakanaka uye zvinonaka, zvichazove zvichinzi chironga chevomeronasal. Nhengo yeJacsonson yakatsanangurwa muzvipembenene, nyoka, makiritsi, mhuka dzemhuka. Kunyoresa, dzimwe nguva mazamu anozarura miromo yavo, sekunge kuti grimacing. Zvinotendwa kuti saka kuwedzera kwemhepo kuine vomeronasal muikati kunowedzera. Asi nyoka inowedzera maonero eepheromones nekushandura kwemitauro yerurimi. Nokudaro, apo nyoka inokonzera kufamba kwakadaro - hakuedzi kutyisidzira iwe, inokufuratira.

Mhuka yevanhu inogadziriswa

Kwenguva refu yakave yakatenda kuti mukati mevanhu idzi zviwi zvemasero anotema zviri mumamiriro emumironic, uye zvino zvinopera. Muna 1703, chiremba wezvechiuto Frederick Ruysch (1638-1731) akarondedzera fossa isina kujairika yemusoja ane ronda mumumvuri. Uye muna 1891, chiFrench chiremba Potique (1841-1903) yakawana chiremera chevomeronasal mu 25% yevarwere 200 vakaongororwa. Kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana uye dzidzo dzake dzakaparadzaniswa dzakagoverwa nevana biologist. Uye nhasi munharaunda yezvesayenzi pane kusabvumirana pamusoro pevomeronasal nhengo uye basa rayo muhupenyu hwevanhu: kubva mukuramba zvachose kunyange huripo kune vanhu vakuru kusvika pakukosha kwayo zvakanyanya.

Zvitsuwa zvinoshandiswa naJacsonson

Nhengo yevomeronasal isaga shoma, mashoma mamita mamita akawanda, akabatwa ne epithelium yakaoma. Inowanikwa kumativi ose maviri echiputi chinoputika (pfupa kumativi ose echipisa chinonzi nasal uye denga rinonzi rafa), kure kwazvo kubva kune imwe nzvimbo. Mune vanhu, iyo vomeronasal yekunhuhwirira inomiririrwa nediki (kusvika 1 mm muupamhi) fossa, iyo inoenderera mberi ne tube ye 2 millimita murefu. Ukuru hwechirongwa ichi chakasiyana zvikuru kuvanhu vose uye zvinogona kusiyana muupenyu hwose. Inowanikwa mumarudzi ose uye mune zvepabonde vose. Izvo histology yemuviri wevomeronasal inosanganisira epiterium yemapurisa ane manoronic sensor, iyo axon iyo inopera muamygdala, nzvimbo inokosha yeuropi mu hypothalamus.

Ikunhuhwirira kunokosha

Ndeupi musiyano pakati pevomeronasal yomuviri uye pfungwa yekunhuwa? Pfungwa yezvinonhuwira inowanikwa mu epithelial masero ezvitema zvemhino, apo chemikemikari inoshandurwa ichiita magetsi uye inoparidzirwa kuburikidza nemasero emagunha kusvika ku cortex yemakumbo ehemispheres. Iko kuongororwa kwechiratidzo uye hutsika hwayo, kubvuma nekugadzirwa kwechifananidzo. Kuguma kwevomeronasal neurons iri mu amygdala, nzvimbo iyo inokonzera manzwiro uye manzwiro uye haibatsiri cortex yemakumbo ehemispheres. Ndicho chikonzero izvi zvinokwezva kana pheromones hazvigoni kurondedzerwa uye zvinongoshanda pazinga risingazivi.

Amai-Child System

Basa revomeronasal kunhuhwu muhukama pakati pemamai nemwana wavo rinoratidzwa muzviitiko zvemhuka. Zvinyorwa zvezvipfuwo zvakasarudzwa nemapheromone chaiwo, izvo zvinoita kuti kuratidzirwa kwechimiro chechikadzi kuburikidza nevakadzi. Kubviswa kwechiremera chechiremera muvakadzi kunotungamirira mukudzivirira kwakasimba kwehutano hwemwana. Pano pane pfungwa yokuti zvirwere zvepabonde uye maitiro evanhu vanoita zvepabonde pakati pevanhu vanogona kuita zvirwere zvisina kukodzera muhutachiona hwepabonde panguva yekudzivirira kweamai. Iyi nharaunda yebasa revomeronasal yakagadzirisa hurongwa haisi zvidzidzo zvishoma uye zvakawanikwa zvakawanda zvakavanzwa.

Vomeronasal nhengo uye sarudzo yemukomana

Kufuridzirwa kuburikidza nekusaziva kunotsanangura kusakwanisika kwekutonga godo, kukwezva, kurwadziwa kwekusagutsikana rudo uye chido. Ganda revanhu, kunyanya nasolabial folds uye mashizha e-axillary - ishizha rose repheromones. Zvinenge zvisina kunaka, asi kuburikidza nekuona kwevomeronasal kuti vanoona kusangana kwepabonde kwewavo uye vanofunga kuti ndiani akanaka nesu uye ndiani asiri. Ndiyo pheromone dzepabonde dzinokonzera rudo pakutanga pakuona, kana kuti, kubva kunhuhwira yekutanga. Kuongorora kwemigumisiro yepheromone pavanhu yakatanga muma1991, asi nhasi kune uchapupu chaihwo hwebasa ravo mukugadzirwa kwepabonde. Pheromones inowanikwa iyo inoita zvekuita zvepabonde kuswedera pedyo nehama uye kudzivirira incest. Izvo pheromones inobereka nyuchi yemadzimai inozivikanwa, uye mwana anoziva kunyatsoona kuti mukaka chii uye kuti ndiamai vake. Kune pheromones inonyaradza, kuderedza ropa uye kuderedza mwoyo.

Kubvumirana kwehupenyu

Ive yakarongedzwa zvakajeka kuti kana uchigara munzvimbo imwe chete kana kushanda munzvimbo yakavharwa yevakadzi vazhinji, vanofananidza nguva yekuenda kumwedzi (Prof. Martha McClintock, Yunivhesiti yeChicago, 1970). Kudzora kwehutenderedzwa kunoitwa nekubatsirwa nemahomoni akawanda, anoshumira sechiratidzo chekugadzirwa kwepheromones dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvishoma nezvishoma musiyano musi wekutanga kuenda kumwedzi kune vakadzi wakaderedzwa uye, pakupedzisira, maitiro acho anouya ku synchronism. Mhinduro imwechete inoratidzwawo mukuedzwa kune mhuka.

Nzira yekuita zvepabonde

Chimwe chiedza chaitungamirirwa nevechiScanish masayendisiti akatungamirirwa naJan Galvichek. Kwedzimwe mwedzi, vakadzi vakabvumirwa kushandisa madodhi zvinodhaka, uye pasi pemakumbo aipfeka gaskets. Izvo zvipfeko zvakapiwa kuti zviongorore varume, kusarudza zvakanakisisa kubva kwavari. Nemigumisiro, kunhuwa kwevakadzi vakanga vari padanho rekupinda muchirwere, kureva kuti, vakanga vari mumamiriro ekugadzirira kubata pamuviri, vainyanyozivikanwa. Chii chinoratidzazve huchenjeri hwezvinhu zvakasikwa mukuronga hupenyu pasi pano.

«Roman of passion»

Masayendisiti haasi kurega kutsvaga icho chikamu chakavanzika chichagadzirisa nzira kumoyo wemumwe wako uye ichakwanisa kuchengetedza ukama hwepabonde. Zvishandiso zvepfumi nemapheromones hazvishamisi. Makambani akawanda nemakambani anozivisa michina yavo seine pheromones uye vane zvinhu zvekukwezva vanhu vechirume. Chakavanzika chekugadzirwa uye kuumbwa kwezvinonhuwira zvinochengeterwa zvakanyanya zvakavanzika. Uye iwe haugoni kutenda mukubudirira kwepheromone yekugadzira, asi chokwadi chinotaura pachavo.

Mhinduro yekuda

Chiito chemahomoni ekugadzirwa kwakaratidzwa zvakajeka nekuedza kwepurofesa wepfungwa Norma McCoy wokuSan Francisco University. Kuti uedze nzira dzichaita kuti hupenyu huwedzere kudanana, hwakapa vakadzi makumi matatu nemakumi matatu vehutano hwakanaka pazera remakore makumi maviri nemashanu kusvika kumakumi mashanu. Zuva roga roga, mapepa uye maitiro (placebo) akawedzera donhwe rezvinhu kuzvinonhuwira zvavo. Kutenda kwemwedzi mitatu kwakapfupisa mugumisiro. Muna 74% yevatori vechikamu vakashandisa pheromone dzakagadzirwa, kuita zvepabonde kwakawedzerwa, uye muchikwata chekutungamirira boka iri raiva 24%.

Uye zvakadaro maitiro epheromone ndeye chifukidziro chechinguvana, pasi pacho chinangwa chedu chakavanzwa. Uye kunyange mukuedza nemhuka, kuita zvepabonde kwakasimuka kwete chete pakupararira kwepheromones, asiwo pane kuvapo kwevanhu vakasiyana. Mukuwedzera, "mutanhatu wechitanhatu" nokuti wechitanhatu, kuti tinovimba nokusarudza mumwe wako kwete chete kwaari, asiwo kune mamwe mashanu emanzwi edu. Tsvaga mumwe wako uchishandisa pheromone yekugadzira kana kuvimba neicho chiripo - sarudza iwe.