Nhamba-yevanhu vanoverengera nzira yekutsvakurudza. Chii chinonzi genetics inodzidza muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu?

Muenzaniso wenhaka yezviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana mumuviri womunhu unoongororwa nebazi re biology - human genetics. Iyo yakabatana zvikuru nehutano, hurapa, hupenyu uye yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa zvinetso zvekuona uye kutanga kufungidzirwa kwehutachiona, izvo zvinokonzera izvo zvinokonzera mujeni revanhu - chromosomal, gene uye genomic mutations. Nhamba-yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu-imwe yenzira dzakagamuchirwa zvikuru dzekucherechedza uye kufungidzira kwema syndromes - zvirwere zvevanhu, nhaka iyi ichazvipira kune chidzidzo chacho.

Zviratidzo zvekushandiswa kwemuitiro

Chiremba genetics munzvimbo dzayo dzekushanda kumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutsvakurudza kwezvigadzirwa zvekromosome zvevanhu, kutora pane zvinyorwa zvesayenzi chaiyo, nhamba uye mishonga yekurapa. Haisi pangozi kuti nheyo dzezvidzidzo zvevanhu vemu genetics nemitemo yayo dzakagadzirwa pamwe nekubatsirwa kwemasvomhu kuongorora. Nzira yekuwandisa kwevanhu inoshandiswa kwete kungoona kuti inoratidzirwa nehutachiwana, asiwo kuziva kuti nguva yakawanda yezviitiko zvejeni zvinotakura zvinetso izvi, zvose mu homozygous recessive state uye (zvinowanzowanzo) mune heterozygous phenotype isingaratidzi.

Pfungwa yevanhu

Kugadzirisa mararamiro emasvomhu ekuparidzirwa kwezvimwe zvipo zvakagadzirirwa mujeni, genetics resorts kusvika kune pfungwa yehuwandu hwevanhu. Ndeipi nzira dzinowanikwa mukutsvaga nesayenzi yanhasi kuidzidza? Ngatitumidze zvitatu zvinonyanya kukosha:

1. Nhamba yevanhu.

2. Genealogical.

3. Mapatya.

Genofond inonzwisiswa sejenotypes yevanhu vose vanogara munzvimbo inopiwa. Izvi zvinogona kuva vanhu vemunyika yose, nyika yakasiyana kana yeboka revanhu rinogara vari voga, somuenzaniso, vagari vomusha wakarasika mumakomo eAfghanistan kana dzinza mumasango eAmazonian.

Izwi rejenotypic rehuwandu rinosanganisira huwandu hwemajeni ose nemunhu wekunze wevanhu vayo. Nzira yekuverengera yehuwandu hwekutsvakurudza inoshandiswa kuongorora zvose zvinyorwa zvitsva uye zviya zvinoratidzwa zvakajeka mazita ekuratidza.

Boka rokutanga rinomuka semugumisiro wechiito chechimiro chetatogogic factors. Imwe boka rinosanganisira runyoro rwakakura rwekusimudzirwa kwemaitiro anorongeka zvakanyorwa mune imwe mhuri, nyika, kana nyika nokuda kwenguva yakareba yakakwana. Somuenzaniso, polydactyly, ruvara rwehuputi, hemophilia. Kudzidza nzira yekuparidzirwa kwemafuro ekuchengetedzwa kwepachivi anokonzera zvirwere izvi, nzira yekuwanda yevanhu inoshandiswa.

Zvimwe zvinokanganisa kuonekwa kwezvirwere nehupenyu hwakagadzirirwa

Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasikwa (zvose zvizere uye zvakatipoteredza) zvehutachiona zvakaratidzwa nemishonga, iyo inoratidzwa mumarudzi akawanda evanhu. Genetic kuongorora hypertension, chirwere cheshuga mellitus I, bronchial asthma, schizophrenia nedzimwe zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nekugara nhaka zvinoda kudzidza zvuru zve pedigrees.

Munyaya imwe neimwe yakananga, nhamba yevanhu vanoverengeka yemageneti inokwanisa kuratidzira hutano hwekuita kweboka revanhu kune simba rezvakatipoteredza (radiation, microelement yakagadzirwa mvura yekunwa, mamiriro okunze) nekusimbisa kuti majini akawanda anogadza.

Izvo zvirwere zvevanhu zvinowanikwa nehutano hwehutano hwevanhu here?

Ndeipi migumisiro yekuenzanisa kuenzaniswa kwemadzinza akasiyana-siyana anogara munzvimbo imwechete yekunze? Kusiyana kwakasiyana kwevanhu vakadaro kune zvimwe zvakafanana nezviotic zvinoshumira seuchapupu hwehupenyu hwavo hwehutano.

Chipatori, mazita emadzinza uye nhamba yekuverengeka kwevanhu vanoongorora mazita evanhu akaonesa kuti hutano hwekuratidzwa kwehutano mumhuri hwakaenzana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu. Dzinoshandiswa mukudzidza kwemazwi ezvinyorwa zverheumatism, kurwisana, uyewo mune zvidzidzo zvechipatara zvevanhu vanobatwa nezvirwere zvakawanda: multiple sclerosis, chirwere cheAlzheimer, autism.

Mathematical kururamiswa kwefa renzvimbo

Tisati takurukura zvikamu zveiyo genetics yevanhu, tinodzidza zvidzidzo zvaro, zvakapiwa nenzira yemutemo wemasvomhu. Chinokosha chayo ndechekutevera: maferensi ejenotype chero ipi zvayo ejeni inogona kuverengwa kuburikidza nemakero ekero yemari yenhamba mbiri. Zvisinei, vagari vari mubvunzo vanofanira kunge vakakwana zvakakwana, hazvibviri kukwezva majini uye masimba ezvakasarudzwa, uye mitambo inowanzoitika.

Kushandisa nzira yevanhu-nhamba yekuongorora vanhu genetics nemigumisiro yekucherechedza kwekliniki, zvinokwanisika kufanofungidzira kuwanda kwezvinokanganisa zve phenotypic zvemajeni asina kukwana uye zvinoita kuti mwana ane chirwere.

Nzira yekuverenga sei mikana yekuratidzwa kwehutano

Heano muenzaniso wehaka ye phenylketonuria, chirwere chejeni chinobva pakuvhiringidzwa kwekuchinjana kwemaiko anokosha amino acid phenylalanine. Munharaunda yeEurope, kuwandisa kwezvakaitika zvechirwere chechirwere chemafrimu f is 1: 10 000, varwere vane homozygotes akawandisa ane genotype ff.

Uchishandisa hutano hwehuwandu hwevanhu-nhamba yekuverenga uye mashematical calculation, zvinokwanisika kugadzirisa kuwanda kwemajini asina kufanana. Inokwana 0.01. Zvadaro mikana yechiratidzo, inoratidzwa mu phenotype, ichava 0.99. Nokudaro, vatakuri vemagetsi anokwana aine genotype Ff ava 0.02. Iko ndiko kuti, munharaunda inofungidzirwa, inenge 2% yevanhu vapenyu vane mujenotype yavo inoderedza phenylketonuria gene.

Sezvatinoona, nzira yekuwanda kwevanhu inoshandiswa kuverenga kuwanda kwemajeni evanhu vane panmictic vane hutano hwekuratidzwa kwehutano hwehutano.

Zviratidzo zvevanhu varipo

Kuchinja kwehupenyu hwevanhu, iyo inoumba mutero wezvinyorwa, inogona kufungidzirwa sekusimudzirwa kwevanhu vemunharaunda, nguva yakareba yekugara mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana emamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvaisanganisira mamiriro okunze akafanana nemamiriro ekunze, nzira imwe chete yezvokudya, zvinowanzobatwa nemagadzirirwo.

Zvose izvi zvakakonzera kugadziriswa kwemajeni evanhu vemapoka ezvinyorwa zvemazuva ose ezvinyorwa zvemajini uye mumatangiro ekutanga anthropogenesis akashandiswa senheyo yezviito zvekuzvarwa zvakasiyana siyana nekusarudzwa kwezvisikwa.

Chii chinonzi genetics kudzidza panguva ino yemaitiro-yevanhu vanoverengera nzira? Kutanga pane zvose, izvi zvinoitika pamunhu wegome revanhu rekuzvimanikidza, kushamwaridzana kwakaroorana, kukanganisa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Vakatungamira kutakudza gemu revanhu neropa remaropa uye rakashanda sechikonzero chekuumba ruzhinji rwehutano hwezvechiremba uye hutano hwakagadzirirwa kuratidza kuve nhaka yezvakaberekwa kune kuratidzwa kwezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.