External uye munyika nemamiriro shiri. Zvomukati shiri

Chii kwokunze uye munyika marongerwo shiri? Sei vakasiyana nevamwe makirasi mhuka? Ndezvipi zviratidzo yaingowanikwa watch? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzinogona kuwanika munyaya ino.

General unhu Shiri

Shiri - boka remhuka, vane muviri wakafukidzwa minhenga. Vane kugara uye yakakwirira muviri tembiricha uye tichishingaira chero nguva yegore. Kugona kubhururuka runozivisa ruzhinji veboka iri. External uye munyika marongerwo akaisa izvi chaiyo shiri.

Shiri anogona suduruka nyore zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Vachikwanisa kubhururuka boka kwakapararira, inowanika zvakasiyana-siyana ezvinhu munyika yose. Kune vanenge 9.000 eshiri.

Shiri akaratidza raidudzwa nehanya kwake vana. Kubereka kunoitika kuburikidza makuru, akafukidza mazai madota deko.

External mamiriro Shiri

muviri reshiri rine musoro, mobile mutsipa, inodonha serin'i muviri uye wamativi. Leather - dzakatetepa uye chakaoma nokuti kushaya ganda mumasero. shiri Most pane simbi, iyo inoshanda kuti girisi munhenga - coccygeal. Kunyanya zvakanaka izvozvo hunovapo kubva waterfowl. Chakavanzika, secreted shwanu, rinoshandiswa kuchengetera minhenga elasticity uye kunotadzisa kubva kuwana kunyorova. Mune dzimwe mhando (mhou, remaparrot, hangaiwa, bustards) lubricating basa rinoitwa chaiyo powdery minhenga, pakumedura wezvamatongerwe upfu.

In shiri dzinogona kupa zvakasiyana siyana growths pamusoro muromo, makumbo, musoro. Mune dzimwe eshiri (zvakadai raptors uye remaparrot), mujinga muromo akadzivira nyoro cere the. On tsoka ndiro rinogona, fimbria, membrane.

External uye munyika nemamiriro shiri kunoenderana mararamiro. muviri chimiro, musoro, makumbo uye muswe, mapapiro zvinogona siyana chaizvo. Zvose zvinoenderana zvakatipoteredza uye nzira yokuwana zvokudya.

External maumbirwo shiri. Feathering

Kirasi bird yokusafa minhenga chete, saka vari vaakadanawo shiri. The plumage chanyatsosunga kuti muviri uye rinopa streamlined chimiro. Cover ndiye chiedza uye anoramba kupisa zvakanaka, iyo inobatsira mazai hatching. Vamwe minhenga, nokuda nechivako yavo, kubvumira ndege (ndege minhenga uye minhenga).

Sami minhenga nomukaka ganda, akafanana chikero nezvinokambaira. The nemamiriro chinyoreso ndiko: nehunde yawo rine gobvu shamhu kupedza quill (mhango magumo). Matandira vari dzakabatana netsvimbo. Zvinosanganisira horny mahwendefa - neminzwa. Kubva tsvimbo hake neminzwa matavi, akadana barbules. Vamwe vavo yakazara nezvikokovonho, zvavakanga kwakabatana dzakapoteredza barbules pasina zvokukochekera. chinyoreso Large anogona kuva miriyoni barbules.

mamiriro ichi anotipa arambe achirema Matandira. Munguva kutiza kubudikidza chinyoreso anogona kutora vakasvimha mhepo. Kana barbules disunite, muromo shiri zvichange avaruramise kana kuchenesa minhenga.

Sezvo functionality pakati minhenga inogona mapoka mapoka maviri: Downy, uye gandiwa. We Downy minhenga feni Loose. Uyewo, pane chete Zvinhu Zvisina Basa - minhenga, iine chaizvoizvo munhu barbules, pamwe undeveloped neshamhu. Kune kusimuka minhenga, izvo, nekusiyana, chinosanganisira netsvimbo, pamwe anenge asina barbules. Kune bvudzi-kufanana minhenga, riri basa mashandiro nokubata. Gandiwa minhenga inogona rakakamurwa dzeparamende, gozvo, opaque uye kufukidza. Mumwe mufananidzo chinyoreso anoita ayo ushande. Yakasiyana-siyana ruvara minhenga kunokonzerwa pamberi pigments.

Musculo-skeletal hurongwa

Zvakakurukurwa dzomunyika nemamiriro shiri chokuita unhu yokusafa chete watch - kukwanisa kubhururuka. The marangwanda kweshiri riri nyore, asi ane simba kwazvo, ine nhete mapfupa negomba. Chinosanganisira dehenya, musana, maoko nemakumbo uye muzvidimbu mapfupa bhandi. The marangwanda inodzivirira zvomukati.

The womukati maumbirwo shiri unosanganisira guru Vhoriyamu dehenya. Hollow rakawedzerwa shaya dzichiumbwa muromo mazino zvisipo. The nomuzongoza rakakamurwa kuva 5 zvikamu: remuromo, thoracal, lumbar, sacral, caudal. The vertebrae of remuromo nomuzongoza vane chaiyo yakarongeka, kuburikidza izvo shiri ungatsauka wayo musoro 180 inegumi.

Thoracal vertebrae zvikure pamwe chete kuumba chete pfupa, izvo vasiyana mbabvu. At zvinobhururuka shiri pamusoro sternum ane keel. Ichi chinhu chikuru outgrowth pamusoro izvo hwavapo simba bapiro netsandanyama. The vertebrae pamusoro lumbar uye sacral musana uye fused kutsigira zvakanaka nokuda chiuno uye muswe fused kuva chete coccygeal pfupa kuva rutsigiro minhenga.

Fudzi bhanhire rine mbiri matatu mapfupa: ari clavicle, scapula uye mapfupa rarira vake. Bapiro kuchibva humerus, honokono uye ruoko mapfupa. mapfupa Pelvic fused pamwe vertebrae uye kushumira mutsigiri rezasi maoko nemakumbo. Gumbo une pachiuno, drumstick, weTaso (vanoverengeka fused mapfupa rutsoka) uye minwe.

Tsandanyama shiri, riri pamusoro keel pamapfudzi, nechokwadi mashandiro wamapapiro. At zvinobhururuka tsandanyama shiri muchikamu ichi kunokudziridzwa zvikurukuru zvakanaka. Mutsipa Tsandanyama zvinopa kwebasa musoro. Sezvineiwo dzomunyika maumbirwo shiri iri maumbirwo tsandanyama nemarunda ezasi maoko nemakumbo. Kuburikidza pezvisungo zvenguvo makumbo dzigadzire mudzira, izvo vanodimbura mu minwe. Kana shiri akagara pamuti uye anokotama makumbo, ivo nemarunda yareba uye minwe yakapombera bazi. Nemhaka iyi inoti, shiri dzinogona kurara pamusoro pamatavi, minwe yavo unclenched.

alimentary maitiro

Tichidzidza dzomunyika urongwa shiri. General Unhu rinotanga chikamu chekutanga zvomudumbu ino - kune muromo. Iri shaya pfupa, akafukidza runyanga cover. Maumbirwe muromo kunoenderana nzira yokuwana zvokudya. Meno ari shiri ikoko. Food vakamedzwa rose nokuda hombe chimedu tichibatsirwa muromo reshiri anogona munovhiya zvidimbu akakodzera.

Yegurokuro watch kukwanisa yekudyidzana ruoko. Dzimwe shiri anogona kuzadza nezvokudya uye kunzwa kwaanoita. Panoperera yegurokuro angava goiter - mumwe chiwedzerwa chinokosha chakatorwa kuti zvokudya.

Dumbu shiri ine glandular uye tsandanyama dhipatimendi. Wokutanga kunoitika secretion pamusoro gastric muto, izvo dzinopomhodza zvokudya, uye wechipiri kwayo nokugeda. Izvi zvinobatsira hurungudo izvo ingest shiri. Zvinokonzera dumbu vanofanira ura, tichipedzisira cesspool. The cloaca kuri akazaruka ureters uye goho nzira nhengo dzokubereka nadzo.

kufema maitiro

Tikaramba kuongorora zvomukati shiri. The womukati maumbirwo shiri iri pasi kudiwa nechokwadi nendege. Panyaya iyi, uye ari kufema gadziriro, uko kunomiririrwa chiedza kwete chete, asiwo mhepo mumasaga iri vakasununguka nzvimbo pakati zvomukati. zvikwama aya chokuita muchiedza, uye ivo vakapiwa rinokosha kushanda kupa kufema panguva kutiza. Panguva yokuzorora shiri anofema chiedza, kushanda chipfuva.

Anotiza, anoonga basa wamapapiro, mhepo SACS rokuwedzera uye chibvumirano, kupomba mhepo mumapapu. The nokukurumidza Shiri ichibhabhamisa mapapiro ayo, zvikuru pane rutapudzo mhepo mumasaga. Somuenzaniso, njiva oga anoita 26 kundosvikira apo muchitiza - kusvika 400. Nokuda vanoshingaira mhepo riparadzirwe, yehuku muviri haachandidi. mhepo kubva kufema mumasaga vafumiswa pamwe okisijeni kuti mapapu, iyo kunotadzisa shiri bitirirwa.

The kweropa maitiro shiri

Zvakakurukurwa dzomunyika urongwa shiri dzinogona kuwanikwa nokudzidza kweropa gadziriro, uko kunomiririrwa madenderedzwa maviri kufamba kweropa uye mana-chambered mwoyo. Large uye duku yeChina wokufambisa vakaparadzana zvachose, kureva arterial uye venous ropa hazvipindiri. Mwoyo ine mbiri atria maviri ventricles.

The pomwoyo anokwanisa mhanyisa basa kwayo kakawanda Somuenzaniso ndakazorora mwoyo njiva ipfupi 165 nguva paminiti, uye panguva kutiza - 550 nguva. Zvakakurukurwa sechivako kweropa ezvinhu shiri kwakakonzerwa refu azvipire muviri. Mwoyo ine vhoriyamu guru, kukurumidza kupomba, ropa yakazara okisijeni uye shuga - izvi zvose rinopa zvose zvikuru nerubatsiro nhengo dzose anodiwa zvinhu, uye kukurumidza kubvisa metabolic zvigadzirwa.

pfungwa

olfactory nhengo shiri dziri havaratidzi yakatanga. shiri Most kunyimwa mukana kusiyanisa kunhuwirira. The womukati maumbirwo shiri, kunyanya kunzwa, zvikuru dzakabudirira kudarika nezvinokambaira. Masangano achinzwa vakapa yomukati, pakati dzokunze nzeve. Yokupedzisira ine mashoko kwokunze auditory meatus udzamu, azviveza ganda matanga uye anokosha matanga.

Shiri dziri zvakanaka dzakabudirira nhengo wezvakaonekwa. Maziso makuru uye kunzwisisa mamiriro, zvakanaka nehanya. Color Chiono dzakabudirira nani kupfuura dzimwe mhuka dzakawanda. Yehuku kusiyanisa vakawanda kwerima guru. With mukuru nokukurumidza yacho mu-ndege chiono unokubvumira kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu kure, asi zvinhu kuti uri masendimita mashomanana, shiri anoona zvakajeka.

tsinga

Anotiza, shiri vanoita kunzwisisa kufamba, saka cerebellum ndiye anokonzera ekufambisa, riri guru. The olfactory Mabumba vari yakatangawo zvakanaka. hunoita nhengo nhatu hemisphere vakawedzera. The womukati maumbirwo shiri, uropi dzavo uye tsinga Rinobatanidzwa kunzwisisa maitiro shiri.

Zviito Most anongozvarwa - kuvakwa dendere, vaviri, kufudza mwana. Asi zera, shiri vanokwanisa kudzidza. Kana kako vasina kutya munhu, zvimwe vakuru vanotya vanhu. Vanogona kuva anosiyaniswa kubva unarmed muvhimi, uye rarira vanogona kunzwisisa kuti zviri muruoko munhu - rutanda kana pfuti.

Vamwe shiri vanoziva vanhu vari kazhinji zvokudya, trainable uye vachikwanisa kutevedzera mitinhimira siyana, kusanganisira munhu kutaura.

Excretory uye dzokubereka nadzo

Funga excretory uye dzokubereka nadzo, avo womukati marongerwo uye maberekero shiri. Sezvo muviri wacho nokukurumidza mune shiri, guru atwo. aiwanzopiwa wokushanda metanephric miviri izvi rakakamurwa mashizha matatu uye vari pasi dorsal pelvic masvingo. Wakabva kwavari ureters kuzarura kupinda cloaca. Dundira mune shiri ikoko. tsvina, iine zvikurukuru uric acid, vari kukurumidza zvabviswa muviri.

Copulatory nhengo mu shiri dzakawanda vasingadaro. Testes, kuwedzera kukura panguva okubereka nguva, goho zviri kuburikidza mugero iri seminal vesicle iri muna cesspool.

The womukati maumbirwo shiri, kuti chaihwo, nokomukadzi nhengo dzokubereka nadzo, ane zvinonakidza zvinhu. Ivo vakava chete kuruboshwe ovary uye oviduct, kodzero kazhinji wokugaya. Ungangove izvi nokuda kwokushayiwa nzvimbo nokuda mawa inotungamirwa mazai makuru. It ngaubve ovary oviduct, riri muzvikamu akawanda: refu fallopian chubhu, dzakaonda-akavakirirwa uye yakafara uye yakamanikana nyinyo dumbu anovhura kupinda cloaca. Kuti aite insemination, mukono runonditsikirira cloaca wake munhukadzi cloaca.

Kubereka uye kuchengeta vana

Takurukura dzomunyika urongwa shiri. Biology kwete chete kudzidza anatomi, asiwo inoongorora unhu mhuka. Ngatimbotaura yakadaro muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa sezvo kubereka uye kutarisira vana mune shiri.

ari rutoto mwaka iri kuuya, apo pane zvokudya zvakakwana. shiri dzedu - uye chirimo. Asi kubereka mune shiri akaramba muutapwa, akadai decoration, anotokonya chero nguva yegore, kuwedzera uwandu uye muviri ukoshi zvokudya.

Most diki uye svikiro kadikidiki dzinobvumirwa aiwanzopiwa wokushanda nokuda mwaka, huru nguva nenguva vanovatsigira isingaperi. Zvingaite makwai ayo vakaumba peya imwe nguva. Partner kusarudzwa hakusi chero. Tokuyut vechirume kuti atambudzwe vakadzi: pakuparadzira minhenga, mutemo anokosha ruzha apinda pfupi.

mhando Most mazai ari mudendere, izvo zvinogona kuiswa pasi, mumiti, pamakwenzi pamihoronga, Burrows. Egg goko inodzivirira simba, kazhinji vane masking ruvara.

In precocial mhando (yehuku, duck, shiri, Grouse, swans) kako kubuda zai ne yakazaruka uye yakafukidzwa fuzz nameso ako. nokukurumidza, vanotanga kudya voga uye kusiya dendere. In nesting shiri (njiva, rarira, chickadees, shiri, rooks, remaparrot, shiri dzinodya nyama) Young kuoneka mapofu uye vasina kupfeka, zvachose kuzvibatsira.

Shiri chinoratidza hanya kwenguva yakareba vana. Shiri kudziyisa uye kufudza vaduku vavo, kuvadzivirira.