Mutemo Hooke raMwari

Vazhinji vedu vakashamisika sei unoshamisa zvinhu kuzvibata kana chavakaona?

Somuenzaniso, nei chinokosha, kana isu ruoko muna zvose mirayiridzo, anogona hakumbofi kwenguva refu, uye pane imwe nguva kamwe kuputsa? Uye nei kuita zvakafanana kuedza rakawanda zvakaoma kutakura kubuda pamwe penzura? Ko nemishonga ane zvinhu zvinoenderana? How kuona kukura iye amenable kuti deformation kana ndichisveerera uko?

mimwe mibvunzo yose iyi uye vazhinji kupfuura makore 300 apfuura ndakazvibvunza British mutsvakurudzi Robert guk. Ndikawana mhinduro, zvino vakabatana pasi vanhuwo zita "Mutemo Hooke kuti".

Maererano nokutsvakurudza ake, mumwe acho ane anonzi chitubu rusingaperi. pfuma iyi, iyo anobvumira mashoko ruchatambanudzirwa kune pamwero. coefficient kuti elasticity - kugara. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mumwe zvinhu anogona chete kuitsigirawo pamwero nemishonga, pashure pacho rinosvika padanho deformation zvachose.

Kazhinji, Mutemo Hooke anogona yakaratidzwa fomura:

F = k / X /,

apo F - ane kwakavharwa nenyama simba, k - zvakatoitika kutaurwa kwakavharwa nenyama modulus, uye / X / - shanduko pakureba acho. Chii chinorehwa nokuchinja chokukomborerwa ichi? Pasi pokudzora ane simba kudzidza nyaya, kana iri tambo, rabha kana mumwe kuchinja, achitambanudza kana todzokera. By kusandura urefu hazvisi musiyano pakati yepakutanga uye chokupedzisira Kureba chinhu kuitwa kudzidza. Ndiko kuti, zvakadini akatambanudza / shrunk chitubu (rabha, tambo, etc.)

Nokudaro, muchiziva pakureba uye chitubu kugara coefficient kuti zvinhu wakapiwa, zvinokwanisika kuwana simba nako acho ruchatambanudzirwa, iyo kwakavharwa nenyama simba kana zvakadai vachiri kazhinji akataura Mutemo Hooke vake.

Panewo anokosha nyaya umo mutemo wayo mwero muchimiro inoshandiswa havagoni kuva. Tiri kutaura kuyera deformation simba iri fura ezvinhu, kureva, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo deformation pave simba kuita pamusoro zvinhu panguva necheparutivi. Mutemo fura Hooke anogona kuitwa sezvinotevera:

τ = Gy,

apo τ - raida simba, G- kugara coefficient, anozivikanwa somunhu fura modulus y - fura yorusvingo ndiyo mari naro pakona yachinja chinhu.

Linear kwakavharwa nenyama simba (Mutemo Hooke kwakaita) rinoshanda chete mune compression diki uye kuwedzera. Kana simba kuramba kuva nezvahunoita pamusoro vadzidza chinhu, saka kunouya pfungwa kana anorasikirwa kwakavharwa nenyama unhu yayo, kuti iri kusvika kwaro panogumira elasticity. Akapa simba akapfuudza simba kurwisa. Zvazviri, izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kwete chete sezvo nokuchinja anooneka parameters kwemashoko, asi sezvo vasanyanye kurwisa kwayo. The simba kunodiwa kusandura zvinhu, zvino ipfupi. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, kuchinja ehupfumi pamusoro chinhu, kureva, muviri hakuchina kudzivisa. tinoona muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, yakabvaruka, akaputsika, anoputsa, etc. Kwete hazvo, Chokwadi, kuvimbika kukanganisa, asi unhu panguva imwe chete yekudyidzana kukanganiswa. Zvino elasticity coefficient kwemashoko kana chete ari mumuviri undistorted chimiro, haizorambi kucherechedza ari kururama chimiro.

Iyi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kutaura kuti Linear hurongwa (zvakananga Proportional ukama mumwe parameter kubva neimwe), rava asiri Linear, kana ukama akarasika anoiswa, uye kuchinja paruchaitika yakasiyana musimboti.

Pahwaro idzi zvakawanika Tomas Yung akasika nzira yemaitiro modulus pakati elasticity, iyo gare gare ainzi vakamutevera uye rava muzinda pakusikwa dzidziso elasticity. modulus kuti elasticity kunotibvumira kufunga deformation apo kwakavharwa nenyama kuchinja dzinokosha. The murayiro sezvinotevera:

E = σ / η,

apo σ - simba kureva muchinjikwa sectional nharaunda muviri pasi kudzidza, η - elongation modulus kana compression muviri, E - kwakavharwa nenyama modulus nokududza mwero kutambanuka kana compression muviri pasi pokudzora zvokuimba mupfungwa.