Nenguva dzirikure maitiro: asi kupatsanura pakati zvine maatomu akafanana

Muhafu yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19 pane siyana kuedza kuronga zvinhu nokubatanidza nesimbi iri periodic ino. Rinooneka nzira iyi tsvakurudzo iyi nhoroondo iyoyo, sezvo kuongorora makemikari.

Kubva munhoroondo kuwanikwa periodic ezvinhu zvinhu

Achishandisa matauriro akafanana nzira nokuda Pakusarudza chaiyo namakemikari ehupfumi nguva masayendisiti akaedza chokubatanidza boka okunze, achitungamirirwa dzavo quantitative hunhu, uye mabhomba uremu.

Kushandisa mabhomba uremu

Saka, IV Dubereyner muna 1817 akasarudza kuti maatomu kurema strontium hwakafanana runoenzanirana zviratidzo zviri barium uye calcium yakawanda. iyewo akaona kuti pakati ehupfumi ose barium, strontium, calcium, uye pane chaizvo zvakawanda. Zvichienderana izvi zvakawanika akakurumbira kemisiti Kwairatidza anonzi vanamwari vatatu vatatu zvinhu. Mumapoka akafanana zvave akabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu;

• sarufa, selenium, tellurium;
• chloro, Bromo, iodo;
• lithium, yavaibvisa, potassium.

Kupatsanura mushonga ehupfumi

L. Gmelin muna 1843 akabayira tafura kuti akaisa zvakafanana namakemikari ehupfumi ose okunze vasingaiti kuti. Nitrogen, rehydrogen, okisijeni, zviri vakatenda chikuru zvinhu vanoshingaira kemisiti wakaiswa kunze kwayo tafura.

Pasi okisijeni vakanga vakaisa tetrad (4 digits), uye pentads (5 digits) zvinhu. Nesimbi iri periodic table vakanunurwa ne Berzelius mazwi. Sezvo pamuviri Gmelin, zvinhu zvose zvakaiswa ndakagadza kuderedza electronegativity ehupfumi mukati nerimwe subgroup periodic hurongwa.

Kusanganisa zvinhu vertically

Alexander Emile of Chancourtois muna 1863 akaisa zvose zvinhu zviri kuwedzera mabhomba Zviidzo pamusoro humburumbira, unogovera kuva namavanga akawanda tote. Somugumisiro kupesana chakadaro verticals vari zvinhu kuva mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako zvakafanana.

Murairo octaves

D. Newlands yakawanikwa 1864 zvikuru muenzaniso anonakidza. Kana nzvimbo yacho zvine maatomu akafanana zviri kuwedzera mabhomba Zviidzo dzavo nomumwe worusere nhengo yokutanga zvakafanana iri dzakaonekwa. Izvi chokwadi rinonzi Newlands mutemo octaves (sere manotsi).

Ake nenguva dzirikure maitiro akanga zvikuru zvimiso, saka pfungwa yacho supervisory musayendisiti pakuzivikanwa se "pasi pasi" shanduro, unobatanidza nenziyo. Kuti nzira Newlands aiva pedyo ano nemamiriro SS. Asi ataurwa mutemo octaves, 17 chete zvine maatomu akafanana kuramba kwavo nenguva dzirikure ehupfumi munyika asara zviratidzo mitemo yakadaro haina kuwanikwa.

Odling tafura

W. Odling akapa nzira dzakawanda kuti zvinhu pamatafura. In wokutanga shanduro, akasikwa 1857, zviri aronga kugovera navo mumapoka 9. Muna 1861, kuti kemisiti akaita zvimwe zvinhu kuti epakutanga shanduro tafura, vakabatana neboka zviratidzo kwemakemikari ehupfumi zvakafanana.

Option Odling matafura, wakatangwa muna 1868, pfungwa nzvimbo zvinhu 45 kuwedzera mabhomba masimbi. Sezvineiwo, tafura iyi akazova kumumvuri periodic ezvinhu D. I. Mendeleeva.

Weboka Valencia

L. Meyer muna 1864 akabayira tafura yaisanganisira 44 Kufananidzira. Ivo vakaiswa 6-posita, maererano Valence rehydrogen. The tafura yakanga migove miviri chete. Summary inobatanidza mapoka matanhatu zvaisanganisira zviratidzo 28 achikwira mabhomba masimbi. In kwayo Chimiro pentad uye ukatarira tetrads zvakafanana namakemikari ehupfumi vatambi. The dzasara zvinhu Meyer raizoiswa tafura wechipiri.

Mupiro D. I. Mendeleeva kuti pakusikwa table

The ano Periodic table D. I. Mendeleeva akazviratidza yakavakirwa Mayer pamatafura rakanyorwa 1869. In yechipiri shanduro Mayer akaisa nezviratidzo mapoka 16, isa zvinhu pentads uye notibhuku, vakapiwa anozivikanwa namakemikari ehupfumi. Panzvimbo vaishandisa nyore Valence manhamba mapoka. Pakanga varimo Boron, thorium, rehydrogen, niobium, uranium exchange.

Nemamiriro periodic wemuTesitamende muchimiro uko kunomiririrwa mu magetsi Shanduro akazviratidza pakarepo. matanho makuru matatu zvinogona kupatsanurwa, umo periodic hurongwa akasikwa:

1. The shanduro tafura chokutanga wataurwa STRUCTURAL dzakabatana. Kurondwa nenguva dzirikure hunhu kubatana pakati ehupfumi ose okunze uye tsika dzavo mabhomba zviyereso. Ipfungwa ichi chinoratidza kupatsanura Mendeleev yataurwa 1868-1869 gg.
2. Scientist anosiya yepakutanga hurongwa, nokuti hazviratidzi nzira apo zvinhu raizokundwa neimwe mbiru. Iye anoda kuisa nezviratidzo zvakafanana. makemikari zvivako (February 1869)
3. Muna 1870, Dmitri Mendeleev chaipiwa kuna nyika nesayenzi mazuva ano periodic table.

Version Russian kemisiti vakatsunga uye nzvimbo nesimbi iri periodic table, uye kunyanya vasiri simbi ehupfumi. Mumakore apfuura kubvira rokutanga reShanduro tsanzira michina periodic table asingadi ndavhiyiwa chero kuchinja zvikuru. Uye munzvimbo idzodzo asiyiwa varara munguva Dmitry Ivanovich, zvitsva zvine maatomu akafanana zvakawanikwa pashure porufu rwake.

Features periodic table

Sei zvichinzi vaidavira kuti anotsanangurwa ezvinhu - nguva nenguva? Izvi zvinotsanangurwa maererano peculiarities yechivako chacho petafura.

In zvachose mune 8 mapoka, uye mumwe nomumwe ane subgroups zviviri: chikuru (huru) uye sideline. Zvakaratidza kuti subgroups vose 16. Ivo dziri vertically, ndiko kuti, kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi.

Mukuwedzera, muna tafura, pane chinjikira pemitsara inonzi nguva. Vanewo zvimwe dzavo nokupesana mukati zviduku. Zvinoitwa periodic hurongwa kunosanganisira nokuchengeta chaikosha nzvimbo, subgroup nguva yake boka uye.

How kuchinja ehupfumi munyika makuru subgroups

All huru subgroups periodic table kutanga rechipiri kumwedzi. At zviratidzo zvake chete chikuru boka, nhamba dzokunze maerekitironi zvakafanana, asi daro pakati maerekitironi uye ichangobva zvakanaka tsanga kuchinja.

Uyezve, pamusoro pavo uye pane kuwedzera mabhomba uremu (hama mabhomba uremu) ari chinhu. Kuti mufananidzo uyu kutituma panoongororwa mifananidzo Kuchinja ehupfumi huru subgroups.

Sezvo nharaunda (chinhambwe pakati zvakanaka chinoumba uye kunaka maerekitironi kwokunze) kune huru Sub-boka kunowedzera, nonmetallic ehupfumi (kugona panguva kwemakemikari transformations kutora maerekitironi) kunoderedza. Achitaura kuchinja esimbi ehupfumi (maatomu mamwe hazviiti maerekitironi), izvozvo kuchawedzera.

Kushandisa periodic hurongwa angaenzaniswa mumwe ehupfumi akasiyana vamiririri chete chikuru boka. Panguva apo Mendeleev nguva nenguva hurongwa akasikwa, pakanga pasina ruzivo nemamiriro yacho. Zvinoshamisa ndezvokuti kamwe yakatanga dzidziso mabhomba mamiriro, akadzidza muzvikoro uye dzidzo Profile kwemakemikari Africa uye ikozvino, iye akasimbisa pfungwa pamusoro Mendeleev uye haana kuramba kubvuma ake pamusoro urongwa kwemaatomu mukati patafura.

Electronegativity zvinoderedza kurutivi pasi ari makuru subgroups, i.e. rezasi chinhu iri mune boka, saka kugona wayo batanidza maatomu zvichava zvishoma.

Change zvivako zviri maatomu parutivi subgroups

Sezvo Mendeleyev nguva nenguva ino, kuchinja mune ehupfumi kuti subgroups kwakadaro kunoitika nekwekupedzesera. The subgroups zvinosanganisira zvinhu kubva munguva 4 (d uye add vamiririri vemhuri). By pasi subgroups aya akaderedza esimbi ehupfumi, asi uwandu rokunze maerekitironi zvakafanana kuti nhengo dzose zvakafanana subgroup.

Avilable nguva mu PS

Mumwe kumwedzi itsva, kunze okutanga, Table Russian kemisiti kunotanga kushingaira alkali simbi. Uyezve akanunura amphoteric nesimbi, vachiratidza kuva hunyambiri ehupfumi kwemakemikari transformations. Kunewo wandei non-esimbi zvinhu ehupfumi. Period rinoguma ane inert gasi (non-simbi, rinoshanda, kwete vachiratidza reactivity).

Kwakapiwa kuti periodic hurongwa, mune nguva pane kuchinja basa. Kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi kuchaita kuchiderera kuderedza basa (esimbi ehupfumi) yakawedzera oxidation basa (non-esimbi ehupfumi). Saka, chakajeka simbi munguva kuruboshwe uye kodzero vasiri simbi.

In yakareba, rine mitsara miviri (4-7), uyewo zvinoita sokuti nguva nenguva hunhu, asi nekuda kuvapo vamiririri D kana add wemhuri, kuti esimbi masangano dzinoti zvakawanda.

Mazita huru subgroups

Chikamu boka zvinhu zvinowanikwa periodic table aiva mazita avo. Vamiririri wokutanga boka A subgroup inonzi alkali simbi. Similar mazita nesimbi chikwereti basa ravo kuti mvura, zvichiguma nokuumbwa caustic alkali.

A subgroup rechipiri boka anonzi pasi alkaline simbi. Kana kuwadzana mvura, nesimbi izvi zvinoumba oxides, kamwe kunzi nyika. Hazvina kubva nguva, uye akapiwa basa nhengo subgroup iyi zita zvakafanana.

Non-nesimbi okisijeni subgroup inonzi chalcogens, uye vamiririri 7 Boka akadana halogens. 8 A subgroup akakudzwa magasi nokuda kwayo zvishoma namakemikari basa.

PS paboka yechikoro

Nokuti vadzidzi vaiwanzotiudza musiyano wezvinyorwa periodic table, sezvamakaropafadzwa kunze mapoka, subgroups nguva Akaratidzawo payakavakirwa uye yakakwirira kugadzikana yeimwe uye yakakwirira oxides. A yakafanana Wandinyengedzerei anobvumira paumbwe zvidobi zvevadzidzi pakugadzirira dzakakwirira oxides. Enough mu chive chinhu chinotsiva chiratidzo mumiririri subgroup kuti agadzirire chemhando oxide.

Kana kunyatsotarisa panguva mukuru chimiro akadaro rehydrogen yeimwe, zviri pachena kuti havana zvakananga vasiri simbi. Mumapoka 1-3 vari dashes, sezvo mifananidzo vamiririri mapoka aya simbi.

Uyezve, mune dzimwe mabhuku wekemisitiri rimwe chiratidzo Erekitironi nokuparadzirwa dhayagiramu anoratidza simba mumatunhu. ruzivo urwu hakuwaniki munguva Mendeleev, kufanana nesayenzi zvinhu vakaona zvikuru gare gare.

Mumwe anogona kuona uye nzira zvokunze yemagetsi pamwero panguva iri nyore zvokufungidzira kuti chii mhuri zvinosanganisira basa maatomu akafanana. Mazano aya havabvumirwi mune bvunzo Purogiramu, saka kudzidza 9 uye 11 makirasi, akasarudza kuratidza kwavo zivo namakemikari kuna OGE, kana bvunzo, vape zimbabwe matema uye chena shanduro periodic table, umo kusina mamwe mashoko nemamiriro atomu, ivo zvokuimba kuvakuru oxides, rinoumbwa akadaro rehydrogen yeimwe .

Chisarudzo akadaro musoro zvikuru uye unonzwisisika, nokuti avo vadzidzi kuti vakasarudza kutevera mumakwara Mendeleyev uye Lomonosov hakuzovi zvakaoma kushandisa chaiwo shanduro hurongwa vanongotevera havadi mazano.

Kuti ndiwo murairo periodic gadziriro D. I. Mendeleeva airidza inokosha basa pakuzadzisa maatomu-samolecular dzidziso. Mushure iwe kusika hurongwa, masayendisiti akatanga kunyatsoteerera adzidze Kuronga maatomu akafanana. Table zvakabatsira kujekesa mamwe mashoko pamusoro nyore zvinhu, uyewo hunhu uye zvivako zviri zvinhu zvavari aumba.

Mendeleyev pachake akafunga kuti zvinhu zvitsva zvine maatomu achasvinudzwa nokukurumidza, uye akapa chinzvimbo nesimbi iri periodic table. Zviri pashure chitarisiko neyokupedzisira, kwenguva itsva yakatanga muna kemisitiri. Uyezve, zvakakomba kutanga akapiwa aumbe muzvizhinji sciences kufanana, chokuita maumbirwo maatomu uye kutsiva pamusoro zvinhu.