Chii electrolysis? The anode uye cathode. Physico-mushonga muitiro

Kwenguva refu nguva vanhu havana vanokwanisa kuwana zvizhinji wakachena zvinhu zviri pachena chimiro. Sewevhu somuenzaniso:

• simbi;
• alkalis;
• chloro;
• rehydrogen;
• rehydrogen peroxide;
• Organic kuiisa chlorine uye nevamwe.

Vakagamuchira kana refu kugutsikana nouipi, izvo zvakanga zvisingaiti kubvisa, kana kwete synthesized zvachose. Asi kubatana kunokosha chaizvo zvokushandisa bhizimisi uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Asi pamwe kuwanikwa munhu kwacho akadai electrolysis, mumwe basa rakakura zvikuru yave kugadziriswa. Nhasi rinoshandiswa kwete chete nokuda kwetunhu, asiwo vamwe pezvakaitwa zhinji.

Chii electrolysis? Sezvo zvinoitika, zvimwe zvikamu murwi, chii Nde mukana nzira iyi, edza kunzwisisa kosi yacho.

Chii electrolysis?

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, tinofanira kutanga kutsvaka kunzwisisa mazwi uye vamwe anokosha mumuviri uye nemakemikari pfungwa.

1. DC - a rinotungamirirwa norukova maerekitironi anobva chero kunobva magetsi.
2. Electrolyte - fuma, mhinduro izvo anokwanisa kuitisa magetsi.
3. Electrodes - bwendefa zvimwe zvinhu, interconnected, vanopfuura magetsi kuburikidza pachavo (anode uye cathode).
4. The redox maitiro - mumwe mutoo umo mune shanduko mune mwero oxidation varimo. Kureva, vamwe ions oxidize uye kuwedzera ukoshi ukuru oxidation, apo vamwe vari kuderedzwa, richikwidibira nayo.

Zvaakanga akajekesa zvose mashoko aya, unogona kupindura mubvunzo chii electrolysis. Izvi redox muitiro kuitika kupfuura zvakananga kuitika kuburikidza electrolyte mhinduro uye wakagumiswa nokubudiswa zvigadzirwa siyana panguva electrodes.

Easy yokugadza, rinogona kunzi electrolyzer, kunosanganisira mashomanana zvinoriumba:

• magirazi maviri ane electrolyte;
• munhu ano kunobva;
• electrodes vaviri interconnected.

The indasitiri anoshandisa zvikuru kunzwisisa zvoga design, vachibvumira kuwana nhamba huru zvigadzirwa - electrolysis dzokugezera.

electrolysis kwacho kuri zvakanaka kunzwisisa, riri pasi mitemo yokungotaura anoverengeka uye anopfuuura wenhevedzo uye mitemo. To nemazvo kufanotaura zvaizoitika, zvose mitemo uye zvinoita ndima kudzidzwa zvakanaka.

Nheyo yokungotaura acho

Chinokosha canons kukosha pairi anoisa electrolysis - mitemo Michael Faraday - yakakurumbira yefizikisi, anozivikanwa nokuda basa rake mumunda Magetsi uye zvose padivi kwendangariro.

All zvakadaro mitemo miviri, rimwe nerimwe iyo inorondedzera musimboti kwemasayendisiti iri electrolysis.

mutemo wokutanga

Wokutanga Mutemo Faraday, iyo nzira iyo zvakanyorwa sezvo M = Ki * Δt, riri sezvinotevera.

Misa fuma asunungurwa panguva electrode ndiyo Proportional nemagetsi, iyo wakapfuurira electrolyte zvakananga.

The yemaitiro rinoratidza kuti M - ndiyo mukanyiwa zvinhu, I - ano zvikuru, Δt - nguva apo zvinonzi akapfuura. Also zvaisanganisira Kukosha K, unonzi electrochemical nerokuti mukomboni. ukoshi Izvi zvinoenderana yezvakaita mukomboni pachayo. K ndiyo dziwande kuenzana mukanyiwa venhumbi ukasunungurwa panguva electrode kuburikidza electrolyte apo unopfuura mumwe chairema magetsi vebasa.

Utongi The chechipiri electrolysis

Mutemo wechipiri Faraday, iyo nzira iyo - M = M Ini Δt / N * F, riri sezvinotevera. An electrochemical nerokuti mukomboni (k) ndiko Proportional zvakananga ayo matadza guru, uye inversely Proportional kuti Valence yacho fuma.

The pamusoro payakavakirwa kunokonzerwa ari kushaya kuti United zvose. It rinoburitsa musimboti mutemo electrolysis wechipiri. M - matadza vakawanda yeimwe, I - zvikuru kuitika akapfuura yose muitiro, Δt - zvachose electrolysis nguva, F - Faraday airamba, N - maerekitironi kuti vanobatanidzwa munyaya kwacho. nhamba yavo akaenzana nokubatira Ion, akatora mugove kwacho.

mitemo Faraday kuti kubatsira kunzwisisa zviri electrolysis, uye kuverenga dzingangoitika goho kurema, hunokwanisa mugumisiro uri kufanotaura uye kufurira nzira kwacho. Ivo vanoumba yokungotaura hwaro transformations.

Pfungwa yacho anode yayo mhando

kukosha chaizvo vari electrolysis electrodes. The yose muitiro ndiyo novimba zvinhu zvinogadzirwa kubva iyo, avo chaiyo hunhu uye zvivako. Naizvozvo, isu funga muudzame nomumwe wavo.

Anode - plus kana zvakanaka electrode. Ndiko, mumwe kuti wanamatira kune "+" danda simba kunobva. Saka, kuti kubva kuna electrolyte mhinduro kuchaita kunaka ions kana anions. Vachaita oxidize pano, achiva yepamusoro mwero oxidation.

Naizvozvo, tinogona kuswedera zvishoma dhayagiramu ichabatsira yeuka anodic pezvakaitwa: imwe anode "pamwe" - anions - oxidation. Saka pane mhando mbiri dzinokosha pamusoro electrode, zvichienderana iyo achatsausa chimwe chigadzirwa.

1. The insoluble kana inert anode. Kwakadaro mhando kunosanganisira electrode iyo inoshanda chete kutamira maerekitironi uye oxidation pezvakaitwa Zvisinei haina kuparadzwa uye kwete chikaparara. anodes yakadai kubva graphite, iridium, Platinum, carbon uye zvichingodaro. Kushandisa electrodes izvi, zvacho zvinogona kubudiswa magasi wakachena (okisijeni, sehydrogen, kuiisa chlorine zvichingodaro).
2. The soluble anode. Kana oxidative pezvakaitwa iye ichiputswa uye zvazvinoita Zvaizobuda electrolysis. The inokosha zvinhu okuvaka hworudzi urwu electrode: nickel, mhangura, cadmium, kutungamirira, tini, zingi uye nevamwe. Kushandisa anodes izvi tinoda kuti electrorefining dzinotsanagura nesimbi, electroplating, rokudzivirira unhani pamusoro ngura, uye zvichingodaro.

Musimboti kwemasayendisiti kuitika panguva zvakanaka electrode ipfupi kuti kuti tiite zvikuru electronegative ions zvine musoro zvinogona. Ivot nei anions rehydrogen acids uye hydroxide Ion, uye ipapo mvura, kana ari kugadzirisa. Okisijeni tubhokisi anions muimba aqueous electrolyte mhinduro, kazhinji panguva anode hauna pauri, sezvo mvura inoita mhanyisa, ichibudisa okisijeni.

The cathode yayo unhu

The cathode - iri isakarurama mhosva electrode (nokuda kuunganidza maerekitironi pamusoro payo kana magetsi). Ndokusaka kwaari vachifambira chokwadi mhosva ions - cations kuti uchisangana vapore, kureva kuderedza mwero oxidation.

Panewo richikoshawo kuyeuka zano cathode "kubvisa" - nokuo- nga - kupora. Sezvo mashoko nokuda cathode zvinosanganisira:

• Stainless simbi;
• mhangura;
• kabhoni;
• nendarira;
• simbi;
• aruminiyamu uye nevamwe.

Zviri pamusoro electrode ichi rinouya nesimbi kuzoita yakaisvonaka zvinhu, inova imwe huru nzira hwokubereka pavo industrially. Zvinogonekawo kuchinjwa maerekitironi kubva anode kusvika cathode, uye kana wekutanga - soluble, ions yaro kuderedzwa pamusoro kunaka electrode. Pano pane kudzorerwa cations kuti rehydrogen gasi H _2. Naizvozvo, cathode - ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikamu zviri zvinonyatsorehwa Zano electrolysis ose zvinhu.

electrolysis pamusoro Unonyunguduka

Mukuona kwemakemikari muitiro pasi kukurukurwa ane mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kwayo. With zvibvire kumiririra redunhu rose papepa uye kufembera zvaizoitika. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha unofanira kuteerera - kuvapo kana pasina hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvaimirirwa anode (soluble kana kwete).

Kana zvakakodzera kuwana zvinotevera zvigadzirwa: alkali uye alkaline pasi nesimbi, alkalis, aruminiyamu, beryllium, anions okisijeni tubhokisi magasi haagoni zvino kuva mubvunzo pamusoro electrolysis yacho electrolyte mhinduro. Just zvinonyauka nekuti zvimwe zvaida kwokubatana hazvishandi. Ndokusaka muna indasitiri kazhinji synthesize izvi zvinhu, kuvashandisa yakaoma anhydrous munyu uye hydroxides.

Kazhinji, vazvinyause electrolysis mukana wokuti vanhu vanga iri nyore chaizvo uye chiero. Somuenzaniso, kana tiri kufunga uye kunyora kuti potassium iodide, nemaonero achava zvinotevera:

Ki = K ^{+ +} I ^-

The cathode (K) "-" K ⁺ K + 1 E = ⁰

The anode ^{(A) "+": 2Ndinokumbira - -} 2e = I ₂ ⁰

Process Magumisiro: Madz = K + Ini _2.

Saizvozvowo, electrolysis achaita kunyora chero simbi pasinei ayo electrode nekugona.

Electrolysis of aqueous mhinduro

Kana totaura electrolyte zvinogadzirisa, mugumisiro kwacho kuchange zvakasiyana. Pashure pezvose, mvura iri kuva chinoshingaira mukwikwidzi. Zviri kugonawo dissociating kupinda ions uye vasunungurwa electrodes. Saka, zvakadaro zviitiko zvinokosha electrode zvinogona ions. Pane ayo akaipa mutengo dererei, chikuru mukana wokuti uwane nokukurumidza oxidation kana zvinoderedza.

Electrolysis of aqueous mhinduro iri pasi mitemo yakawanda kuti anofanira nomusoro.

1. Anodic pezvakaitwa: pauri chete anions rehydrogen acids (kunze rehydrogen fluoride). Kana okisijeni Ion kana fluoride Ion, ipapo mvura achaiswa oxidized kusunungura oxygen.
2. The cathodic pezvakaitwa: electrowinning nesimbi iri electrochemical dzaitevedzana (kusvika uye yemubatanidzwa pamusoro aruminiyamu) pamusoro cathode haigoni kudzorerwa nokuda mukuru makemikari basa. Izvi zvinoita mvura kusunungura rehydrogen. Simbi kubva aruminiyamu kuti rehydrogen rakadzorerwa panguva imwe chete nemvura nyore zvinhu. Avo vari pashure rehydrogen ari electrochemical akatevedzana (yakaderera basa), nyore vanosangana rutapudzo kune nyore zvinhu.

Kana ukatevera mitemo iyi, tinogona anoratidza chero electrolysis overenga goho. Kana munhu soluble anode redunhu dzinosiyana uye anova zvikuru kuoma.

electrolysis munyu

azvaiitwa inoshandiswa pakuwana simbi yakachena uye magasi, sezvo yemazuva ano nyore uye zvemari zvinobetsera. Mukuwedzera, zvigadzirwa aripowo anokudzwa yokuchena, izvo zvakakosha.

Somuenzaniso, electrowinning hwemhangura anogona kukurumidza kuwana mune yakaisvonaka chimiro kubva mhinduro kupi munyu. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa mhangura sulfate kana mhangura sulfate (II) - CuSO _4.

Somunhu uchanyangadika kana mhinduro yacho munyu zvinogona zvikaramba simbi yakachena, izvo saka zvakakodzera anenge sectors ose Electrical uye simbi mapurani.

Meaning uye kushandisa urongwa

Electrolysis - rinokosha chaizvo urongwa. At chawo anobva ndivo zvakafanira zvekushandisa kushandiswa, yakadai se:

1. simbi yokucheneswa.
2. Electroextraction.
3. Electroplating.
4. Electrosynthesis.
5. Kushandisa Anti-ngura coatings nevamwe.