Chii chinonzi "kutaura zvinoda uchapupu"

Pachivanhu zvinofungirwa kuti havaoni zviri sayenzi geometry ndivo vaGiriki, uyo akakweretwa vaIjipiti kukwanisa kuyera mavhoriyamu yemiviri siyana uye nenyika. VaIjipiti vekare, kuisa mitemo mukuru pamusoro nguva, akaita mabasa ekutanga zvomuenzaniso. Vakaratidza zvose zvokudya akanyatsorongwa nzira kubva vashoma vaitaura nedokazyvaemyh kana axioms. Saka, kana munhu axiom - mashoko hakurevi uchapupu kuti vakadaro "kutaura zvinoda uchapupu"? Usati kunzwisisa izvi, unofanira kunzwisisa chii rokuti "uchapupu".

dudziro pfungwa

Zvinoratidza (kururamiswa) chinomiririra inonzwisisika chokwadi inofanira kutanga yakananga mvumo nevamwe dzinofunga kuti kare nekusimba ambotaurwa. Saka, kana uchida kuratidza kuti pfungwa A anosarudzwa kutonga kwakadaro B, C uye D, iro A anotevera somunhu chezvaizoitika.

Uchapupu izvo zvinoshandiswa zvesayenzi, akaumbwa akasiyana siyana mhedziso chokuita nomumwe nomumwe zvokuti kuferefeta ane chinodiwa kuti chidzoke yomumwe, uye zvichingodaro.

Chinoratidza ari sayenzi

Kukura chero sayenzi pakutsvaga mwero chikumbiro zvirimo uchapupu naro kupembedza chokwadi uye nhema dzimwe chaitika. Kuti uchapupu zvakabatsira kubvisa dzisiri, kuvhura nzvimbo yesayenzi okugadzira zvinhu. A siyana navo kubatana pakati siyana zvinotaurwa vamwe sayenzi runoita kuti kuona kwayo musoro marongerwo.

Munguva dzazvino kunoratidza zvinowanzoshandiswa kufunga uye masvomhu, vari kuongorora nzira apo pane kudiwa kuziva inferences chivako.

masvomhu

Nokuti vazhinji, anonzwisisa sainzi ichi, kufanana masvomhu, mubvunzo unomuka kuti mashoko akadaro, vachirayira uchapupu. Mhinduro ( "vomukombiyuta" anopupurira ichi) - theorem no ichi.

Iri kwemasvomhu mashoko, ane veracity watopiwa yakaiswa uchapupu. Pacharo, pfungwa "theorem no" akaita vakashanduka pamwe pfungwa "kwemasvomhu uchapupu". Kubva nemaonero ari axiomatic nzira, iyo theorem no upi dzidziso iri avo mashoko kungowanikwa musoro nzira kubva vamwe kare wakaiswa mashoko, inonzi axioms. Uye sezvo axiom ichokwadi, chinofanira kuva wechokwadi, uye theorem no.

Next statement kunoda uchapupu (theorem no), iyo inofambirana zvakanyatsobatana pfungwa yokuti munhu "chezvaizoitika". Saka, nokufamba kwenguva, mashoko kufunga muitiro svolsya kumuka Masvomhu kana mitsara kwemasvomhu kuti zviri pana imwe mutauro kusimuka mitemo chokuita kwete zviri pfungwa uye kuti akadini. Saka, muna dzidziso rinoshanda uchapupu kutevedzana kwezviitiko Masvomhu, nerimwe riri axiomatic.

In masvomhu, mumwe theorem no mashoko kana yaida uchapupu rokupedzisira payakavakirwa iri muitiro kuratidza munhu dzidziso. Pfungwa iyi yakaumbwa somugumisiro kushandisa siyana kwemasvomhu nzira. Zvakanga zvakare kuwanikwa kuti axiomatic dzidziso, izvo zviri chikamu matavi siyana wemasvomhu, kukwana. Saka, pane mhosva chachitangira kana falsity izvo hazvibviri kumisa inonzwisisika nzira inobva axioms. Kwakadaro insoluble dzidziso haisi nzira kuti kugadzirisa.

Saka, kutaura zvinoda uchapupu mune masvomhu It inonzi theorem no.

mafungiro

Philosophy ndiye nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza hurongwa zivo pamusoro unhu uye nenheyo chokwadi uye ruzivo. Saka, kubva pfungwa iyi chii kutaura zvinoda uchapupu? Pindura: "Avatar," anodaro chinyorwa ichi.

Iye hazvisi chinhu kwavazivi kana chinzvimbo, mashoko anofanira zvakaratidza. Munguva yekare, izwi akawana inokosha, kubvira ipapo, pfungwa "zvinyorwa zvokupikisa", riri imwe dzisingapindirani mashoko kana inference. Ipapo Kant akataura chokwadi kuti zvinokwanisika kuratidza dzinopikisana mashoko chete plausibility. Somuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika kuti aratidze kuti nyika magumo uye akasimuka netsaona, zviri rinoumbwa indivisible maatomu, mairi ndipo rusununguko. Mashoko akadaro muzivi akacherechedza sezvo kutaridza chinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvokupikisa. Izvi dzinopikisana statement zvinoda uchapupu, uye insoluble kuzvipokanidza, nokuti kuti pfungwa anoenda mhiri zvishande mano omunhu.

In muuzivi chete chinhu repfungwa iri anonzi kuti pfuma, iyo panguva iyoyo akaramba. Saka, zvinoriumba izvi zviripo kubatana, tinofanira kuva nezvinhu zvitatu: mamiriro akaita (uchapupu) uye pfungwa.

Kubva pana zvose izvi Gegel dialectic nzira yakanga hwokurara, yakavakirwa kuchinja kubva chinyorwa nokuda Evidence nokuda kwetunhu. It rava mudziyo nokuda kuvaka metaphysics.

pfungwa

Mune pfungwa okuti kunoda uchapupu, akataurawo sezvo chinyorwa. Muchiitiko chino, izvozvo anoita somunhu mutongo yakarurama kuti yaisunda anokumhan'arira, anofanira acharuramisira mu nedanho uchapupu. The chinyorwa Nde vanzwe renharo.

mitemo

Mumazana nedanho zvikonzero chinyorwa vanofanira kuramba zvakafanana. Kana ichi chiri chibharo, ichi zvinotungamirira kuti mashoko haangavi kuratidza kuti akapikisa. Pano basa rinowanzoitwa, "Ndianiko zvakawanda uchapupu kuti hakuratidzi chinhu!"

Cherechedza zvimwe kufunga mubvunzo uyu, kutaura zvinoda uchapupu hakufaniri multi-kukosheswa. Utongi Kanoita ane vachinyara nzvimbo kana kuratidza. Somuenzaniso, kazhinji munhu anoti zvikuru, sezvo kana uchapupu, asi kuti ichingori kujeka, sezvo ayo nharo nokusingaperi. The unoreva zvakawanda pamusoro mashoko kunotungamirira pakuita nharo, kubva neimwe mapato vane maonero akasiyana-siyana ezvinhu akaratidza.

Mashoko hakurevi umboo

More Aristotle, kukurukura mubvunzo ane arguable vanoti, akaisa mberi dzidziso syllogisms. Syllogisms ine mashoko akadaro, ane shoko "zvingaitwa" kana "anofanira 'pane" ndiyo ". Kwakadaro mashoko zviri zvine musoro kwete wakarurama, nekuti mamiriro avo asina kuwanirwa. Izvi zvinomutsa mubvunzo pokutangira kukura nesayenzi. Maererano Aristotle, ose sainzi anofanira kutanga mashoko vasingadi uchapupu. Akavadana axioms.

axiom

Mashoko hakurevi uchapupu - icho axiom. Hazvina zvakafanira kuratidza mu tsika, zvakakodzera chete kutsanangura kuti zvaiva pachena. Achitaura axioms, Aristotle vaiona geometry zvinotora muchimiro systematization. Masvomhu ndiye sayenzi wokutanga, izvo akashandisa mashoko vanoda hapana kururamiswa. Kwaivawo nezvenyeredzi sezvo kupembedza rakaramba riri mapuraneti zvinokosha kushandisa masvomhu. Sezvaunogona kuona, sainzi akanga yabuda sezvinoita akanyatsorongwa.

Types of Sciences naAristotle

Aristotle pamusoro main zvinangwa kuisa mberi mhando nhatu Sciences. Yokungotaura nesayenzi zvinopa zivo ari maonero yavanofanira vanopikiswa pfungwa. Math pano ndiye muenzaniso mukuru. Naivowo inosanganisira wefizikisi uye metaphysics.

Practical Sciences inoitirwa kuti udzidze kudzora maitiro evanhu munzanga. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira Somuenzaniso, tsika.

sayenzi Technical chinangwa pakusikwa kusikwa management zvinhu nokuda kwokushandisa kwavo muupenyu kana kuti vanakidzwe kunyorwa runako rwavo.

Aristotelian pfungwa haisi imwe boka sayenzi. It anoita somunhu mukuru nzira kuti ishande zvinhu, zviri madikanwa nokuda nechimwe sayenzi. The Kufunga chinopiwa sechinhu, iyo ndichavaka kwesainzi, nokuti anopa nzira dzekuziva kuti chinosiyanisa uye uchapupu.

analytics

Nyanzvi inodzidza siyana uchapupu. It uchiora musoro kufunga kupinda nyore zvinoriumba, uye kwavari kutorarama kutamira kune kunzwisisa siyana mafungiro. Saka, uchapupu mamiriro hakurevi nezvawo.

Nokudaro, pfungwa uye analytics kuongorora kana akadaro kutaura, izvo haatarisiri uchapupu. Ndiko, kuti maindasitiri aya kunoratidzwa kusanganisirawo axioms. Uyewo, avanotarisira kutsanangura chokwadi kuti mashoko akadaro, vachirayira uchapupu. Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi vari ose pabazi sayenzi, sezvo pasina kuongorora kwesayenzi haisi pasina kufunga uye ungwaru.

Ukama chaichoicho

Zvatakurukura mubvunzo chii mashoko akadaro, izvo zvinoda uchapupu, zvakava pachena: hunhu uchapupu ndechokuti mashoko, riri kukakavara chokuita chaiko mamiriro ezvinhu, kana vamwe chokwadi, nderechokwadi iro rave zvakaratidza ambotaurwa. Somuenzaniso, mune dzimwe nguva, chokwadi mhosva inogona isimbiswe pachishandiswa kuedza (mumuviri, utachiona, makemikari), migumisiro chiri chinooneka uye kuti vanosangana akataura kutonga kana kwete. Nemamwe mashoko, kutsvakurudza zvabuda achava uchapupu chokwadi mashoko, kana ayo kuramba.

Uye dzimwe nguva, kana hazvibviri kuitisa kuedza, vanhu kushandisa dzimwe dzinoshanda Zvinotaurwa unounza chokwadi mashoko ake. Kwakadaro uchapupu wanhasi zvesayenzi, apo zvinhu zviri kunze miganhu mukana dzevanhu kuvarinda. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya masvomhu, apo kutonga hazvigoni experimentally kuedzwe. Saka, kutaura zvinoda zvinoratidza "Avatar" rinoreva theorem no, nzira bedzi kumisa chokwadi chiri uchapupu mari inobva kare nekusimba mashoko echokwadi.

zvabuda

A mutsara kunoda uchapupu kunofanira rinotsigirwa nenharo. Sezvo vaite kutonga kuti vave kare nekusimba Somuenzaniso, axioms, mitemo, tsanangudzo, ine mashoko echokwadi. Mibvunzo inoshandiswa kuidzwa vari interconnected pedyo ukama uye vanomirira rudzi uchapupu. Vanoumba-siyana inference, izvo kunofambidzana mu dzakatevedzana.

On muenzaniso, funga mashoko zvinoda uchapupu "simbi yakawanikwa panguva kuedza -. Kwete yavaibvisa" Kuti aratidze mashoko aya, zvinotevera nharo:

1. All alkali nesimbi pa nzvimbo tembiricha mvura yakanga yaora.

2. Sodium ndiyo imwe alkali simbi. Somugumisiro, izvozvo uchiora mvura.

3. akaumba simbi munguva kuedza mvura haina yaora. Naizvozvo, Pamusana simbi - hapana yavaibvisa.

Sezvaunogona kuona, vose vaishandisa nharo ndezvechokwadi, uchapupu kuti zvinoitika somugumisiro zvichiongororwa, nokupfupikisa takambosangana, syllogistic pfungwa. Process umboo pano inobva maviri pfungwa, mumwe mugumisiro uri chinodiwa pane iyi vamwe.