Chemical zvakanyatsoenzana: zvemakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana kuramba uye nzira okuti

Muna 1885, nyanzvi yefizikisi French uye kemisiti Le Chatelier kwakatangwa, uye muna 1887 ari yefizikisi yokuGermany Brown wakarurama nemurairo kwemakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana uye namakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana kugara, uye vakadzidza kuvimba kwavo pamusoro pokudzora siyana zvimwewo zvinoitika.

Musimboti makemikari zvakanyatsoenzana

Zvakanyatsoenzana - munhu simba mamiriro, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvinhu nguva dzose uchifamba. Products anoora pamusoro reagents uye reactants ikashandiswa mune zvinhu. Zvinhu zviri kutamira, asi kuwanda vanoramba kuchinja. The kuita wakanyorwa ane miviri museve panzvimbo kuenzana kusaina kuratidza kuti zviri reversible.

Classic mapatani

Kunyange muzana remakore rapfuura, mishonga vakawana mamwe mitemo anopa mukana kuchinja kutungamirirwa nezvinoita chete chinzvimbo. Zivo nemakemikari tora sei nzvimbo, muri kusimba zvakakosha zvose kutsvakurudza rabhoritari uye mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa. Panguva iyoyowo zvikuru kukwanisa kudzora zvose izvi zvakavapo. Zviri vanhu vachipindira dzinongoitika dzakawanda urongwa, kunyanya panyaya reversible, ipapo kuzvishandisa kuti zvakavanakira. Kubva ruzivo nemakemikari zvichava zvikuru kana murairo chidhiraivho vakakwana.

Murairo vakawanda chiito kemisitiri achishandiswa mishonga kuti zvakarurama ngaaverenge kumhanya nemapinduriro. Rinopa pfungwa zvakajeka kuti chero kwemakemikari muitiro havazobvumirwi ruchapera kana ichaitwa munyika Akanyatsovharwa ino. Molecules vakaumba kuti zvinhu uye vari kugara anongoitika inofamba, uye munguva pfupi vangangova kuitika neizvi maitiro umo mamorekuru akapora kutanga zvinhu.

In indasitiri, kupfuura inowanzoshandiswa rakavhurika rine hurongwa. Midziyo, motokari, uye dzimwe midziyo, uko nemakemikari vari kukiyiwa. Izvi kuitira kuti munguva azvaiitwa anogona kubviswa uye aida chigadzirwa kubvisa mashoko asingabatsiri zvibereko kuita. Somuenzaniso, marasha nokupiswa mu akazaruka yamavira, simende kilns kwakaitwa pachena-mhando kwebhosvo vira wakashanda pamwe kugara mhepo nemushonga, uye amoniya ari synthesized chaiparira nokubviswa amoniya.

Reversible uye kusingarapiki namakemikari kuita,

Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, unogona kupa unoenderana tsanangudzo: vaiona kusingarapiki maitiro vakauya pakuguma pasina kuchinja mirayiridzo yaro uye ruchiyerera pamwe akafanorongerwa nzira pasinei dzvinyiriro kusiyana uye tembiricha nokufamba. Dzavo runoratidza ndechokuti vamwe zvinogona kusiya yezvinoreva kuita. Saka, Somuenzaniso, unogona kugamuchira gasi (CaCO ₃ = Cao + CO _2), precipitate (cu (NO _{3) 2} + H ₂ S = Tikiko + 2HNO _3), kana zvimwe yeimwe. The Zvakaitwa kuchaitawo kunzi kusingarapiki, kana yakawanda kupisa ukasunungurwa panguva muitiro, somuenzaniso: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P ₂ O ₅ + Q.

Inenge zvose zvinoitwa kuti kuitika zvakasikwa zviri reversible. Zvisinei nechitarisiko ezvinhu akadai tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa raishanda pezvakaitwa zvose zvingaitika panguva imwe chete kwakasiyana-siyana. Sezvo murayiro vakawanda chiito kemisitiri, uwandu kupisa kunyura akaenzana nhamba dzinounzwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti kana mumwe maitiro akanga exothermic, wechipiri (harungashandurwi) bude endothermic.

Chemical zvakanyatsoenzana: mushonga zvakanyatsoenzana kugara

Zvaakazoita - a "rechiito" Chemistry - mabasa kuti kuongorora mishonga. Vazhinji siyana kuenda kupera, uye ipapo kumisa, izvo zvinoreva kuti reactants vari kuchinjwa zvachose kupinda zvinhu vasingakwanise kudzokera yaro hwepakutanga. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, maitiro chaizvoizvo kusingarapiki, akadai kupisa kuchinja mumuviri namakemikari zvivako zviri pfuma. Zvisinei, pane mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda umo backlash zvinobvira kwete chete, asiwo kune kuramba uyewo zvigadzirwa wokutanga kuita vari reagents yechipiri.

Dynamic mamiriro umo wevasungwa ari reactants uye zvigadzirwa kuramba kugara, anonzi zvakanyatsoenzana. Zvinokwanisika kufanotaura maitiro nezvinhu vane zvimwe mitemo inoshanda muna sectors, vachitsvaka kuderedza mari inoshandiswa nezvevamwe makemikari. Kuti tinzwisise zvinhu zvinochengetedza kana zvinogona kukanganisa utano vanhu, uyewo kubatsira ndiyo pfungwa kwemakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana. Chemical zvakanyatsoenzana chenguva iri kukosha chinokonzera nemapinduriro, riri novimba Ionic simba uye tembiricha, uye hakubvi pamusoro kuwanda pamusoro reactants uye zvigadzirwa mune mhinduro.

Kukarukureta of zvakanyatsoenzana kuramba

Ichi uwandu ndiye dimensionless, i.e. vasina imwe nhamba vezvikwata. Kunyange zvazvo kukarukureta inowanzopiwa kunyorwa nekuda maviri reactants maviri zvigadzirwa, kunoshanda chero vatori vechikamu vari kuita. Kukarukureta uye kududzirwa zvakanyatsoenzana chenguva inoenderana nokuti makemikari maitiro Rinobatanidzwa ane homogeneous kana heterogeneous zvakanyatsoenzana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvose zvakamisa hurongwa sei kungava mvura yakachena kana magasi. Nokuti kuita kuti tisvike heterogeneous zvakanyatsoenzana, pane kazhinji kupfuura rimwe danho, uye dzinenge mbiri. Somuenzaniso, mvura uye magasi kana zvinhu zvakaoma uye mvura mvura.

The kukosha zvakanyatsoenzana kuramba

Nokuti pamamiriro tembiricha iri zvakanyatsoenzana chenguva, pane chimwe chete ukoshi iro anochinja chete kana tembiricha panguva iyo kuita kunoitika zvichisiyana iri kana divi. Zvinokwanisika kuita zvimwe zvinhu pamusoro makemikari maitiro, yakavakirwa kana zvakanyatsoenzana chenguva yakakura kana diki. Kana mutengo riri guru kwazvo, ari zvakanyatsoenzana anofarira zvichaita kurudyi uye anotendeuka zvakawanda zvinogadzirwa pane wakaramba reagents. Nezvinoita iyi inogona kunzi ine "azere" kana "quantitative".

Kana kukosha zvakanyatsoenzana kugara riri duku, zviri zvakanaka maitiro kuruboshwe, uko kwazvo reagents kwaiva kupfuura zvigadzirwa aumba. Kana ukoshi ichi akaswedera zero, zvinganzi vaifunga kuti kuita hakuitiki. Kana tsika dziri zvakanyatsoenzana constants nokuda mberi uye kuzvishandura akadaro anenge zvakafanana, chitsama reactants uye zvigadzirwa zvichaitwawo anenge zvakafanana. Izvi rworudzi kuita anoonekwa kuti reversible.

Chimbofunga reversible maitiro chaiwo

Tora zviviri zvine maatomu akafanana zvakadai ayodhini uye rehydrogen, iyo kana hwakakanyiwa kupa fuma mutsva - rehydrogen iodide.

H ₂ + ₂ = 2HI

Panguva utore velocity v ₁ of yakananga maitiro, vane v ₂ - neizvi maitiro zvazvingava, k - zvakanyatsoenzana rusingaperi. Achishandisa mutemo vakawanda chiito, zvinotevera okuti:

v ₁ = K ₁ * C (H ₂₎ * C (I _2),

v ₂ = K ₂ * c ² (HI).

Kana vachisanganisa ari samolecular ayodhini (I ₂₎ uye rehydrogen (H ₂₎ kudyidzana kwavo kunotanga. Panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa, kufadza Kuwanda zvinhu izvi, asi kuguma kunonyanyisa mhinduro ndiyo wevasungwa of yeimwe itsva - rehydrogen iodide (HI). Saizvozvowo, pachava zvakasiyana prices. Pakutanga, vachange maximized. Pakupedzisira kunouya nguva apo tsika idzi vakaenzana, uye chirwere inonzi nemakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana.

The okuti makemikari zvakanyatsoenzana constants kazhinji akasarudzwa pamwe mumabhuraketi: [H _2], [ini _2], [HI]. Kubvira vakaenzana, ipapo zvakanyatsoenzana nokukurumidza:

K ₁ [H _2] [I _2] = K ₂ [HI] ^2,

saka tinowana mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kwemakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana constants:

k ₁ / K ₂ = [HI] ² / [H _2] [I _2] = K.

Nheyo Le Chatelier-Brown

Pane zvinotevera mutemo: kana nehurongwa iri zvakanyatsoenzana, kubereka mumwe mugumisiro (chinja kwemakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana mamiriro nokuchinja tembiricha kana kumanikidzwa, somuenzaniso), pachiyero achabviswa kuti ubatanidzwewo kudzivisa sei kuchinja. Kuwedzera kemisitiri, Izvi zvinoshandawo pane inoverengeka yakasiyana siyana muminda pharmacology uye dzezvoupfumi.

Chemical zvakanyatsoenzana kuramba uye nzira okuti

The zvakanyatsoenzana okuti ringaratidzwa tichitarisa wevasungwa mishonga uye reactants. mishonga chete aqueous uye gaseous maitikiro vanobatanidzwa mune yokuita zvakanyatsoenzana, sezvo wevasungwa kuti mvura uye zvinhu zvakaoma haana kuchinja. Zvii zvazvinoita makemikari nechiyero? Kana kunosanganisira yakachena mvura kana rakasimba, riri kuonekwa kuti ane K = 1, uye maererano asisiri kufungwa, kunze zvikuru pfungwa mhinduro. Somuenzaniso, mvura yakachena ane basa 1.

Mumwe muenzaniso uri kabhoni rakasimba, iyo inogona inoumbwa maitiro mamorekuru maviri carbon monoxide kuumbika carbon dioxide inobvisa uye kabhoni. Zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa pakuenzanisa, zvinosanganisira kuwedzera imwe reactant kana chigadzirwa (wevasungwa shanduko kunokanganisa nengaidzo). Achiwedzera reagent kungaita kuti zvakarurama zvakanyatsoenzana kwemakemikari mukana wokuti vanhu vanga apo pane zvakawanda siyana chigadzirwa. The Uyezve chigadzirwa kungaita kuti zvakanyatsoenzana kuruboshwe, sezvo zvakawanda anova siyana reagents.

Zvakanyatsoenzana kunoitika kana kuita zviri kuitika zviviri mirayiridzo nayo, ane kugara nhamba reactants uye zvigadzirwa. Kazhinji, makemikari zvakanyatsoenzana riri kunofambira mberi, sezvo nhamba zvinhu uye reagents vari kugara. Zvisinei, kunyatsoongorora kunoratidza kuti pachiyero iri chokwadi ane simba chaizvo kwacho, sezvo kuita kunoita zvose kumativi ari pamwero chete.

Dynamic zvakanyatsoenzana muenzaniso mashandiro ari rakadzikama wehurumende. Nokuti wemuTesitamende vachiwana ezvinhu aona panguva ino, maitiro mberi mune ramangwana. Naizvozvo, kamwe maitiro kunosvika zvakanyatsoenzana, nhamba reactant uye chigadzirwa kuwanda kuramba chete, kunyange zvazvo kuita kunopfuurira.

Sezvo kungovaudza pamusoro zvakaoma?

Pfungwa dzakadai zvemakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana uye namakemikari zvakanyatsoenzana kugara, zvakaoma chaizvo kunzwisisa. Torai muenzaniso upenyu. UNOMBONZWA wakazviparadzanisa zambuko pakati maguta maviri, uye kuteerera chokwadi kuti sangano iri zvimwe zvakanaka uye akayera, pamunenge muri tariro chavasina motokari? Izvi hazvisi kunaka.

Ko muchina kuyerwa uye akatamira panguva iyoyo nokukurumidza kumativi ose? It akaramba kuti nhamba dzemotokari mumaguta ose zvachose? Apo mukova uye mbudo nokukurumidza mune vose mumaguta ndiro, asi uwandu kumotokari muguta rimwe nerimwe akatsiga pamusoro nguva, izvo zvinoreva kuti yose kwacho kuri simba zvakanyatsoenzana.