Chii makemikari muitiro? Chemical muitiro: musimboti uye basa hunhu

Mutual kutendeutsa yeimwe akacherechedza zvakasikwa, uye kuitika somugumisiro webasa anogona kuonekwa sezvo namakemikari kwendangariro. The reactants inogona mavari sezvo maviri kana kupfuura zvinhu mune rimwe kana dzakasiyana States of aggregation. Zvichienderana mutsauko ichi chakaitwa pakati homogeneous kana heterogeneous gadziriro. mamiriro ezvinhu uye chinokosha zviri basa kwemakemikari pezvakaitwa zvakasikwa ichakurukurwa munyaya bepa iri.

Chii chinorehwa nemakemikari maitiro

Kana mugumisiro kubata vari kutanga zvinhu zviri pasi kushandura zvikamu mamorekuru uye mabhomba mhosva nuclei ndiwo chete, uti pamusoro nemakemikari kana pezvakaitwa. Products akaumba somugumisiro kwavo Chokwadi, munhu anoshandiswa maindasitiri, zvokurima, uye nemhuri. A kuwanda aiita pakati zvinhu ichaitika, sezvo tichirarama uye nonliving zvakasikwa. Chemical pezvakaitwa muri musiyano zvinokosha kubva mumuviri mananara uye zvivako zviri radioactivity. In izvi zvitsva zvinhu kuumbwa Morekuru, asi panyama pezvakaitwa hazvitsauki murwiyo pamusoro yeimwe, uye zvenyukireya kuitike maatomu zvitsva zvine maatomu akafanana.

Conditions acho kemisitiri

Vangave akasiyana uye kuvimba achinyanya yezvakaita reagents anodiwa simba mazano kubva kunze, uyewo mamiriro aggregation (nezvishoma, zvinogadzirisa, magasi) umo muitiro kunoitika. The kwemakemikari mashandiro ari kudyidzana pakati maviri kana kupfuura yeimwe anogona kuitwa pasi zvinoitwa catalysts (semuenzaniso, nitric acid), tembiricha (kugadzirwa amoniya), chiedza simba (photosynthesis). Kubatsira makemikari ari mupenyu mamiriro kwemakemikari kuita kurongedza chinovira kwakapararira (doro, lactic acid, butyric acid) rakashandiswa zvokudya uye microbiological maindasitiri. Nokuti zvinhu zviri makemikari kwetunhu indasitiri, mumwe chikuru ezvinhu kuvapo yakasununguka-yakakura mashandiro ari makemikari kwacho. Muenzaniso aizova kugadzirira chlorinated methane (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride anobudiswa mugumisiro cheni siyana.

homogeneous catalysis

Ndivo mhando chaizvo kuonana pakati maviri kana kupfuura zvinhu. Musimboti makemikari pezvakaitwa zvichiitika homogeneous chokutambudzika (semuenzaniso, gasi - gasi) chokuita zvakaitwa accelerators, muri kuita zvinoitwa munyika yose vhoriyamu wemisanganiswa. Kana tiwedzere riri chete uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro, uye kuti reactants, anoumba zvivako pamwe chinjwa zvenguva pokutangira yeimwe.

Homogeneous catalysis - kumboenda namakemikari kwacho kuri kuitwa, somuenzaniso, peturu achinatsa, kugadzirwa peturu, naphtha, mafuta gasi, uye dzimwe rinochiwedzera. Rinoshandiswa michina yakadai zvokuvandudza, isomerization, CATALYTIC Cracking.

heterogeneous catalysis

Kana heterogeneous catalysis, nokudyidzana zviri reactants rinowanika kakawanda pamusoro hwakasimba pechiso tiwedzere. It akaumba vanonzi zvinoshingaira nzvimbo. It kumatunhu umo kukurukurirana pamusoro reactants riri nokukurumidza chaizvo, i.e. maitiro mwero iri kumusoro. Ndivo mhando-zvakananga, uye basa rinokosha mune chiitiko kuti makemikari pezvakaitwa kuitika masero mapenyu. Zvadaro nezvazvo muviri - metabolic siyana. Mienzaniso heterogeneous catalysis ndiyo yekubasa gadziriro yacho iine acid sulfate. The contactor gaseous vasanganise sarufa yakasviba uye okisijeni nenharo uye vakapfuura latticed echiShinto akazara particulate guruva rinopfumburwa vanadium oxide, vanadyl sulfate kana VOSO _4. The zvichiguma chigadzirwa - sarufa trioxide ari ipapo yokuita zvinoitwa kuramba sulfuric acid. Kuvakwa mvura, inonzi oleum. Inogona rakasanganiswa nemvura kuwana zvinodiwa wevasungwa pamusoro asidhi sulphate.

Features thermochemical siyana

Voga kana Absorção de Água simba muchimiro kupisa ndiyo hunobatsira kukosha. Zvakakwana kuyeuka mafuta combustion maitiro: negasi, marasha, peat. Dzinomirira mumuviri uye namakemikari urongwa, rinokosha unhu ndiko kupisa combustion. Thermal siyana zvakapararira munyika makemikari nyika, uye zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Somuenzaniso, panguva kugaya cleavage kwemapurotini, lipids uye makabhohaidhiretsi pasi pokudzora pakugadzira vanoshingaira zvinhu - makemikari.

The akasunungura simba anochengeterwa muchimiro simba-vapfumi zvisungo ATP mamorekuru. dissimilation Maitiro aine kusunungurwa simba, chikamu iyo akaparadza sezvo kupisa. Somugumisiro kugaya, mumwe giremu mapuroteni rinopa 17 KJ 2 starch - 17, 2 KJ mafuta - 38,9 KJ. pezvakaitwa Chemical kuti nokuitika nokubudiswa simba dzinonzi exothermic, uye nezvarinovimbisa Absorção de Água - endotherms. In indasitiri, makemikari kwetunhu nezvimwe ruzivo akaverenga chafariz migumisiro thermochemical siyana. Izvi zvinokosha, somuenzaniso, zvakarurama kuverenga huwandu simba inoshandiswa muchidziisa kwetunhu reactors neshongwe, umo siyana zvinoitika pamwe ne Absorção de Água nokupisa.

Kinetics aro muchinangwa dzidziso kwemakemikari pezvakaitwa

The kukarukureta kumhanya ari kuita zvacho (mamorekuru, ions) - guru dambudziko rakatarisana indasitiri. Her mhinduro inopa zvikomborero kwoupfumi uye profitability pamusoro kwesayenzi zvinogara zviri makemikari indasitiri. Kuwedzera nokukurumidza zvakadaro maitiro akadai amoniya usage yairwirwa zvikonzero ndivo kumanikidzwa kusiyana gasi vasanganise senitrogen uye rehydrogen 30 MPa, uye kudzivisa rakapinza kuwedzera tembiricha (tembiricha optimum ndiko 450- 550 ° C).

pezvakaitwa Chemical rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi sulphated acids, zvinoti pyrite unopfuta, oxidation rwesarufa dioxide, sarufa trioxide, oleum Absorção de Água rinoitwa pasi ezvinhu akasiyana. Kuti aite izvi, kushandisa choto pyrite uye contactors. Ivo kufunga kuwanda reactants, tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa. Zvose izvi zviri correlated kuti sei nepfungwa nokukurumidza, iyo inowedzera iine acid sulphate kuchinja 96-98%.

Riparadzirwe zvinhu zvose zvatinoona uye makemikari pezvakaitwa zvakasikwa

Anozivikanwa zvavanoisa "Movement - ndihwo upenyu" rinogona kushandisirwa zvine maatomu akafanana vachipinda-siyana nekuita (maitiro remubatanidzwa kuzvitsinhanisa, manyowa, chinjanai). Molecules uye maatomu kwemakemikari zvinhu Pavakasvika chinoramba zvitange. Sezvo masayendisiti, zvose pamusoro mhando nemakemikari zvinogona pamwe panyama mananara: Kupisa kusunungurwa kana Absorção de Água kuti photons chiedza mwaranzi, kuchinja mamiriro aggregation. azvaiitwa kuitika mune imwe neimwe goko Nyika: lithosphere, hydrosphere, uye mhepo, asi biosphere. Kukosha ndivo Zvinonzi zvinhu zvakadai yakachena, carbon dioxide uye senitrogen. In zvinotevera tichikurukura musoro senitrogen akaparadzirwa rinowanikwa mumhepo, ivhu, uye zvipenyu.

Interconversion Nitrogen aro yeimwe

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti senitrogen chinhu chakakosha puroteni, uye nokudaro paChikoro paumbwe chipi uye marudzi ose upenyu panyika. Nitrogen wefodya miti nemhuka muchimiro ions: Ammonium, nitrate uye nitrite Ion. Plants zvinobva photosynthesis chimiro kwete chete shuga asiwo amino acids, glycerol, mafuta acids. Zvose pamusoro makemikari ndiwo zvibereko wanda kuitika Calvin kutenderera. The hunoshamisa Russian musayendisiti K. Timiryazev, akataura yepasi pose basa zvinomera, achifunga, zvikurukuru, uye avo kukwanisa synthesize mapurotini.

Herbivores muri peptides kubva chirimwa zvokudya, uye carnivores - nyama yevanhu vakaurayiwa. Panguva pasi pokudzora ivhu utachiona saprotrophic kuorera mazviri zvasara nemhuka pane zvakaoma zvoutachiona uye nemakemikari kwendangariro. Somugumisiro senitrogen yavo Organic yeimwe mberi inorganic chimiro (amoniya kuumbwa, free senitrogen, nitrates uye nitrites). Tichidzokera muchadenga uye ivhu, zvose izvi zvinhu zvakawanda miti zvakare. Nitrogen anopinda ganda kubudikidza stomata mashizha, uye negadziriso pakati nitric asidhi uye nitrous asidhi uye munyu aro yokuita zvinoitwa mudzi bvudzi muti midzi. senitrogen kutendeuka kutenderera ari kuvharwa kudzokorora zvakare. Musimboti makemikari pezvakaitwa kuitika pamwe senitrogen yeimwe zvakasikwa kwave akadzidza zvakadzama pakutanga remakore rechi20 nokuda musayendisiti wokuRussia DN Pryanishnikov.

upfu simbi

Modern zvemakemikari pezvakaitwa uye ruzivo vari rakakura pakusikwa zvinhu pamwe nemamwe mumuviri uye nemakemikari zvivako. Izvi zvinokosha kunyanya, kunyanya nokuti mano uye zvokushandisa painocheneserwa mafuta, mabhizimisi kubudisa inorganic acids, madhayi, pendi, mapurasitiki. In gadzira kwavo kupisa exchangers anoshandiswa, kuonana midziyo, kwetunhu mbiru, mapaipi. midziyo pamusoro ari kuonana hasha venhau pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa. Uyezve, vanenge vose makemikari maitiro kugadzirwa zvinoitiswa pasi kumusoro tembiricha. Topical ari pakuwana zvinhu dzakakwirira chafariz uye iine acid nemishonga, Anti ngura ehupfumi.

Upfu simbi zvinosanganisira pezvakaitwa kuti kugadzirwa nesimbi Nezvakakuyiwa, uye sintering okusuma ari ano alloys yaishandiswa siyana pamwe mishonga hasha zvinhu.

Chinoumbwa uye zvaanoreva

Pakati michina yemazuva ano, chinonyanya kukosha namakemikari pezvakaitwa ndiwo kugadzirwa maitiro rinoumba zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira furo, cermets norpapalsty. Sezvo chizvaro rakashandiswa kugadzirwa nesimbi uye alloys, Ceramics, mapurasitiki. Sezvo Excipients inoshandiswa karusiyamu silicate, ivhu chena, Ferriday strontium uye barium. Zvose pamusoro zvinhu kupa rinoumba zvinhu kwechirwere nemishonga, kupisa uye kupfeka nemishonga.

Chii makemikari michina

Industry, sainzi chokuita kudzidza nzira uye nzira inoshandiswa zvinoitwa mbishi zvinhu kubudiswa: mafuta, negasi, marasha, zvicherwa, inonzi makemikari rwokugadzira. Nemamwe mashoko, yokuvamba sayenzi kwemakemikari pezvakaitwa zvichikonzerwa nezvinoitwa nevanhu. All zvayo yokungotaura chawo kumusoro masvomhu, cybernetics, panyama kemisitiri, maindasitiri zvoupfumi. Pasinei makemikari kwacho muzvirongwa technology (kugamuchira nitrate iine acid manyowa kubva reraimu, kubatana kwetunhu phenol-formaldehyde mapurasitiki) - pasi ano ezvinhu hazvibviri pasina zvoga masimba gadziriro kuti zviite basa evanhu, dzakakudzingai pakusvibiswa uye nechokwadi kuramba uye asiri tsvina michina kwemakemikari kugadzirwa.

Muchidzidzo ichi, takurukura mienzaniso kwemakemikari urongwa, zvose zvakasikwa (photosynthesis, dissimilation, kuti senitrogen kutenderera) uye indasitiri.