Lactic chinovira: mabikirwo uye anodiwa zvokushandisa. Heterofermentative lactic asidhi chinovira

Nature kunoita munhu kuti vabatsirwe kuti rine. Panguva iyoyowo, vanhu ava vari kuedza kuwedzera upfumi, kuti asike chinhu chitsva uye kudzidza vachiri kuzivikanwa. Utachiona - dukuduku chisikwa zvakasikwa, izvo akadzidzawo kushandisa vanhu.

Asi hazvisi chinokuvadza chete, pamwe pathogenic pezvakaitwa uye zvirwere kutakura prokaryotic zvinenge izvi. Ivowo tsime rinokosha maindasitiri muitiro rinoshandiswa nevanhu kubvira kare - chinovira. Munyaya ino tichakurukura zvinhu izvi uye mashandisiro ezvidzidzo akananga lactic chinovira nevamiririri.

Nhoroondo matangiro uye kushandiswa chinovira

Kutaurwa chokutanga ndechokuti chinovira kwacho kwave kushandiswa nevanhu nechinangwa chokuwana zvimwe zvigadzirwa, pakanga pachine 5000 BC. Ndipo apo vaBhabhironi vakashandisa nzira iyi kuwana zvigadzirwa akadai:

• chizi;
• waini;
• yogati uye mamwe dheri zvigadzirwa.

Gare gare, kufanana zvokudya vakatanga kugamuchira muna China, Egypt, Sudan, Mexico nevamwe inoti yekare. Vakatanga kubika mbiriso chingwa, zvinobata miriwo, okutanga kuedza pa kuchengetedzwa.

Lactic iine acid chinovira muitiro inoshandiswa nevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Cheese, kefir, yogati zvaikoshawo chikamu kudya nguva dzose. Kubatsira zvigadzirwa izvi vanoziva n'anga dzose uye vanorapa. Zvisinei, zvikonzero zvinoita kutendeutsa mhando ichi kwenguva refu nguva akaramba kuzivikanwa.

Chokwadi chokuti chinovira mamiriro zvinoda kuvapo zvigare, vanhu kunyange vasingagoni zvokufungidzira. In pakati XVII remakore Van Helmont kupa kuzozivisa rokuti "chinovira" muitiro achigadzirira chikafu, izvo achiperekedzwa gasi shanduka. Mushure shanduro, shoko iri rinoreva "Kubika." Zvisinei, chete XIX remakore, kuti ndiye anenge mazana maviri Kwapera makore French microbiologist, kemisiti uye yefizikisi Louis Pasteur vawana kuvapo kwenyika utachiona, mabhakitiriya.

Sezvo zvikazikamwa kuti dzakasiyana chinovira kunoda kuvapo zvose zvemarudzi Micro-zvipenyu zvisingaoneki kuti ziso. kudzidza kwakaita kuti zvibvire pamusoro nguva kudzora chinovira uye kutungamirirwa naye kurudyi murume.

Musimboti chinovira pezvakaitwa

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro chinovira muitiro chii, zvakakodzera kutaura kwayo nokukanganisika hunhu. Pashure pezvose, panguva paro, sezvachiri basa mabhakitiriya kuti tiwane simba ravo upenyu, apo kuva akasiyana-siyana maererano-zvigadzirwa.

Kazhinji, kuti chinovira inogona kurondedzerwa neshoko rimwe - oxidation. Anaerobic disintegration ane fuma nokupesvedzera vamwe utachiona, zvinoita kuti paumbwe wandei zvigadzirwa. Ndeupi fuma ndiyo hwaro, uye chii chinoitika somugumisiro, pakutsvaga mhando kwacho. Ziva zvakawanda zvokusarudza chinovira, saka ine yayo kupatsanura kuti mashoko transformations.

kupatsanura

In zvachose mune mhando huru nhatu kuvira.

1. Doro. Ndicho oxidation kuti carbohydrate kuti mubereki Morekuru ethyl doro, carbon dioxide, mvura uye ATP Morekuru (simba source). transformations aya kunze pasi pokudzora kwete chete utachiona asiwo notumwe yakasiyana genera uye mhuka. Nenzira iyi kubvira panguva yakare kugadzirira zvokudya zvakadai doro, waini, mbiriso kubika chingwa doro. The simba kuti anosunungurwa panguva manyowa ane carbohydrate, inopedzwa pamusoro-software pezvakaitwa zvigare. Kuti ndiwo zvipenyu muitiro.
2. Chinovira pamusoro lactic asidhi iri oxidation pamusoro makabhohaidhiretsi kuti lactic asidhi pakabudiswa vanoverengeka byproducts. Sei zvinoitwa uye chii mhando mhosva, pedyo vakatarisa.
3. Butyric. Izvi mhando kuvira inokosha mune zvakasikwa akamboona. Voitakura kunze tichiregeredza rinokosha webasa butyric inouraya mabhakitiriya, izvo kurarama anaerobic mamiriro nechepasi anezvimiti, rwizi madhaka, uye zvichingodaro. Nokuda hunhu basa ravo chinogadzirwa huru uwandu Organic zvinoriumba. Products zvakawanda zvinokuvadza, ramakagadzwa mukuru butyric acid. Uyewo anokudzwa: acetone, isopropyl doro, carbon dioxide, acetic acid, lactic acid, ethyl doro nezvimwe yeimwe.

Mumwe nomumwe akasarudzwa mhando kunokosha zvose dzinongoitika uye mumaindasitiri akamboona. Mhando zvipenyu vakatakura transformations vakadaro zvakanaka kudzidza kufambidzana, uye vazhinji vavo vari kukudziridzwa artificially kuti vawane dzakakwirira goho.

Lactic chinovira: mukuru pfungwa

Izvi mhando kuvira anozivikanwa kubva kupfuura kare. Chimwe BC vagere yekare Ijipiti uye dzimwe nyika vakakwanisa kugadzira chizi, bika doro uye waini, kubheka chingwa, acidify miriwo nemichero.

Nhasi chaiye inoshandiswa ichivira nomukaka zvigadzirwa, artificially akura utachiona akakodzera tusingaoneki. Process modernized vakauya kuna automaticity, rinoitwa kushandisa komplektatsionnogo michina. Kune vagadziri vakawanda kuti anobudiswa lactic chinovira zvakananga.

Musimboti wose muitiro inogona seizvi mune ndima shoma.

1. Nokuti chikuru chigadzirwa chinobviswa carbohydrate bhuku - nyore (fructose, shuga, pentoses) kana Ester (sucrose, starch, glycogen, etc.).
2. Unoitisa anaerobic ezvinhu.
3. The chigadzirwa podselyayutsya zvimwe okuva lactic asidhi kwemabhakitiriya mhuka.
4. Rinopa ose anodiwa zvimwewo zvinoitika kuti vari Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nokuti aida chigadzirwa: chiedza, tembiricha, kuvapo vamwe mamwe zvinoriumba, kumanikidza.
5. Pashure pokupedza chinovira chigadzirwa kunoitika uye kusarudzwa kubudiswa zvose divi kubatana.

Chokwadi, ichi ndicho chete rondedzero mukuru zviri kuitika. Kutaura zvazviri, panguva dzose pane zvakawanda kunzwisisa nokukanganisika siyana, nekuti nedanho lactic chinovira - ndiwo mugumisiro dzinokosha webasa zvipenyu.

Kwakavakirwa lactic asidhi chinovira

Kubva makemikari nemaonero, transformations aya akatevedzana sequential matanho.

1. Chokutanga, kuchinja kwokutanga substrate, dzinosiyana fuma (carbohydrate) i.e. kabhoni cheni. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuna intermediates siyanei hunhu, muri nemakirasi akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kana tsime substrate - shuga, zviri rearranged kuti gluconic acid.
2. Redox siyana kusanganisira kusunungurwa magasi, paumbwe byproducts. The hweBazi iri yose muitiro uri lactic acid. It anogadzirwa uye vaunganidza mukufamba chinovira. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chete kubatana. Saka, pane inotungamirwa mamorekuru ose acetic acid, ethyl doro, carbon dioxide, mvura, uye dzimwe nguva vamwe vashandi.
3. The simba zvibereko kwacho muchimiro mamorekuru ose adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Imwe shuga morekuru mamorekuru maviri ATP, kana kutanga substrate dzimwe kunzwisisa mamiriro, akadai cellulose, ipapo mamorekuru matatu ATP. simba iri rinoshandiswa lactic asidhi utachiona rimwe basa.

Chokwadi, kana kunzwisisa nokukanganisika transformations zvakadzama, zvakakodzera zvakanyatsonanga zvose zvenguva mamorekuru uye zvivako. Sewevhu somuenzaniso:

• pyruvic asidhi;
• adenosine diphosphate;
• nikotinamindifosfata Morekuru sezvo rehydrogen transporter uye nevamwe.

Zvisinei, nyaya iyi akakodzerwa vainyatsotarisirwa uye dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa nemaonero nemakemikari omuviri, saka hakumbokanganisi ino. Kunyatsoongorora chii mabikirwo pakuburitswa mukaka zvinhu uye chii mhando chinovira pasi kukurukurwa imomo.

homofermentative chinovira

Homofermentative chinovira zviri lactic asidhi hunosanganisira kushandiswa dzinokosha siyana utachiona uye vakasiyana heterofermentative kugamuchira zvigadzirwa zvavo uwandu. Zvinotora nzvimbo pamusoro glycolytic gwara mukati mumasero microorganism. Nyaya iripo ndeyokuti, vose kubva chero chinovira ari kutendeuka makabhohaidhiretsi kupinda lactic acid. The chikuru mukana izvi ndechokuti zvibereko unodikanwa chigadzirwa yaiva 90%. Chete dzasara anoenda kudivi kubatana.

Utachiona ichivira ichi mhando marudzi anotevera:

• Streptococcus lactis.
• Lactobacillus casei.
• Lactobacillus acidophilus uye nevamwe.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinhu zviri aumba somugumisiro homofermentative chinovira? It kungatowedzera akadai:

• ethyl doro;
• kugadzikana acids;
• carbon dioxide inobvisa;
• fumaric asidhi uye succinic acid.

Zvisinei, muna indasitiri, nzira iyi kubudisa anovava mukaka zvigadzirwa iri rinenge kumboshandisa. Akaramba zvakasikwa sezvo kutanga kwekupwanyiwa glycolysis, zvinoitika mune tsandanyama masero mhuka pamwe zvikuru muviri.

Technology nokuti munhu zvokudya kugadzirwa vakada zvigadzirwa inosanganisira kushandisa kunobva makabhohaidhiretsi, akadai:

• shuga;
• sucrose;
• fructose;
• mannose;
• starch uye nevamwe.

A homofermentative utachiona havagoni oxidize vazhinji yeimwe izvi, kushandisa kwavo sezvo Starter tsika pakuburitswa hazvibviri.

Heterofermentative lactic asidhi chinovira

Nzira iyi ndiyo chaizvo industrially kushanda nokuda izvo kugadzirwa inoitika zvose nomukaka zvigadzirwa, zvomumagaba muriwo rinoitwa, pane billet silage zvokudya.

Musiyano mukuru kubva kare anotsanangurwa - ndiko kuti lactic chinovira vakatakura activators yokuumba yakakura vanoverengeka ne-zvigadzirwa. 50 chete% shuga chinogadzirwa mune lactic inouraya utachiona, ukuwo vamwe anoenda paumbwe mamorekuru akadaro se:

• acetic asidhi;
• glycerol;
• carbon dioxide inobvisa;
• ethyl doro nezvimwe.

Ndezvipi zviri nani uye isingadhuri pane paumbwe 90% chaiyo lactic asidhi kubudikidza homofermentative nzira? The ndechokuti kana huru chigadzirwa zvinoberekwa zvakawanda, zvokurarama nazvo utachiona zhinji hwakaipa zvachose. Uyezve, zvokudya zvakawanda vanorasikirwa munuhwi unhu kuti kunobva kurutivi kubatana. Somuenzaniso, pemhino pamusoro zvomumagaba miriwo inopiwa acetic asidhi uye isoamyl doro. Kana yeimwe izvi hazvisi, zvichabuda ndichengetedze zvakasiyana.

lactic iine acid zvibereko 50% zvakakwana kudzvinyirira kukura uye kushanda vose extraneous notumwe uye zvigare munyika. Nekuti kunyange 1-2% chikonzero simba zvakare acidification kwezvakatipoteredza, zvisingagone kuvapo mumwe muviri, zvimwe pane lactic asidhi utachiona. The yose muitiro rinoitwa pasi pentose phosphate gwara.

Terms vane heterofermentative chinovira nzira ichava sezvinotevera:

• zvakanaka uye yakachena mbiriso kuti akawedzera panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa;
• optimum ezvinhu zvemhoteredzo, izvo vanosarudzirwa nomumwe chigadzirwa nomumwe;
• yepamusoro uye zvakanaka-inodzorwa midziyo;
• zvose zvakafanira kuti muitiro unyanzvi mano.

Pakati zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu zvikuru kukosha ndiyo tembiricha muitiro. Hazvifaniri kuva kukwirira, asi kutonhora uye chimbichimbi uchikamhina rose weboka chinovira.

Nhasi kune unyanzvi hwakasiyana mudziyo chinovira, iyo yaibva anosika zvakafanira zvose ezvinhu kuti yakarurama uye kusununguka basa zvigare.

midziyo Kunodiwa

Sezvataona pamusoro apa, pakati inokosha hunhu kuti kucherechedzwa chinovira mudziyo. Kana isu kutaura mumhuri mufambiro muitiro, unofanira kuteerera kuchena midziyo yaishandiswa pakuchengetedza, kugadzirwa yogati uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Imwe nzira yokuti vabudirire zvinoderedza uwandu dzimwe nevanhu zvigare zviri mbereko midziyo pamberi kushandisa pavo.

Chii cookware zvakakodzera heterofermentative chinovira? Kungava girazi kana yepamusoro mapurasitiki (polypropylene, polyethylene) mudziyo iyo inokwanisa kuva zvakasimba Akanyatsovharwa muvharo.

Muna indasitiri shandisa zano unokosha disinfecting uye akanatsa mugaba pamberi chinovira rikurumidze.

Utachiona wakashandiswa kwacho

Kana isu kutaura netsika mabhakitiriya zvinoshandiswa pave zvomumagaba nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka, zvinokwanisika kuziva zvimwe inonyanya marudzi zvipenyu.

1. Acidophilus Bulgarian bacillus.
2. Lactobacillus marudzi Sporolactobacillus inulinus.
3. Bifidobacteria.
4. Leykonostoki.
5. Lactic asidhi cocci.
6. Lactobacilli mhando L. casei.
7. Utachiona kubva genus Streptococcus nevamwe.

Nokuva uye tsika dzakachena vanozivikanwa zvinenge anoitwa ichivira dheri zvigadzirwa. Vari pachena iripo, vanogona kutenga munhu. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti kuchengeta zvinhu zviri chinovira kwacho kuti vabatsirwe zvichiguma chigadzirwa.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zviri vakawana somugumisiro mona ichi?

Kana isu kutaura kuti chii kuvira zvinogadzirwa mhando kunogona kuwanwa tichibatsirwa lactic inouraya mabhakitiriya, zvinokwanisika kuti mashoma zvikuru mhando mazita.

1. Dairy zvinogadzirwa zvitengeswa (yakaviriswa zvakabikwa mukaka, yogati, Varentsov, yogati, koteji chizi, anovava ruomba, ruomba, acidophilic zvigadzirwa, etc.).
2. Feed silos mhuka zvokurima.
3. Lactic acid, iro rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi zvinwiwa, kusukuta matehwe furs uye zvichingodaro.
4. Baking, chizi kugadzira.
5. Canning michero nemiriwo.

izvi zvose kunoratidza kukosha mamwe mabhakitiriya muupenyu hwevanhu, avo maindasitiri mabasa.