Ngatitaurei nezvekugadzirisa rudzi rwehuwandu

Ngatitaurei nezvekugadzirisa rudzi rwehuwandu, uye fungawo maitiro ejemiometric eiyo molecule.

Nhoroondo yechitarisiko

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, L. Pauling akaronga chirevo che geometry yemamoreksi nechisungo chepakati. Sezvo chikonzero chekuumbwa kwekukurukurirana, kuputika kwemafuta emagetsi kwakatorwa. Nzira yacho yainzi valence zvisungo. Nzira yekuziva sei rudzi rwekusanganiswa kweatomu mumakemikari? Munyori wepfungwa yakagadziridzwa kuongorora kubatana kwe orbital hybrid.

Tsanangudzo

Kuti tinzwisise kuti tingaziva sei rudzi rwekusanganiswa mumakemikisi, ngationgororei kuti izwi iri rinorevei.

Hybridization ndiko kusanganiswa kwemagetsi orbitals. Iyi nzira inoperekedzwa nekuparidzirwa kwesimba mavari, kuchinja mune fomu yavo. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwe-s-na-p-orbitals hunovhenganiswa, rudzi rwehuwandu hunogona kunge hwakasiyana. Mumakemikari e-organic, atomu yebhoni inogona kuve muhurumende sp, sp2, sp3. Kune dzimwe maitiro akaoma umo, kunze kwep, d-orbitals inobatanidzwa.

Mutemo wekuona kwezvinhu zvisina kumira mumamolekoro

Ziva kuti kushandiswa kwekunyanyisa kunokwanisika kwezvinokonzerwa ne covalent chemic bond, ine mufananidzo weABp. A isati yemaatomu, B i ligand, n inhamba kubva kuviri kana kupfuura. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, chete orbitals yevallini yeatomu huru ichabatanidzwa mukusanganiswa.

Nzira dzokugadzirisa

Ngatitaurire mune zvimwe tsanangudzo pamusoro pokuti tingaziva sei rudzi rwekusanganiswa. Muchizivo chemakemikari, izwi iri rinoreva kuchinja mune simba uye maitiro e orbitals. Izvo zvakaitwa zvinowanikwa mune izvo zviitiko apo magetsi anoshandiswa kugadzira chisungo, icho chiri chemhando dzakasiyana.

Kuti unzwisise kuti ungaziva sei rudzi rwekusanganiswa, funga nezvemethane molecule. Ichi ndicho chimiriri chekutanga che homologous series of saturated (limiting) hydrocarbons. Mukati, k4 molecule inonzi tetrahedron. Iyo imwe carbon atomu inosungwa ne hydrogen, yakafanana mune simba uye urefu. Kuti pave nemakore akawandisa, matatu p-uye imwe es-electron inoshandiswa.

Mazuva mana akavhenganiswa, uye kune mana akaenzana (hybrid) marudzi, ane chimiro chechimiro chisina kukwana-masere. Rudzi urwu rwehuwandu hunonzi sp3. Yese hydrocarboni, iyo inongova nyore chete (isina kuroora) zvisungo, inoratidzirwa nerudzi urwu rwehuwandu hweatoni yeatoni. Ivo valentine angle ndiyo 109 degrees 28 maminitsi.

Tichaenderera mberi nhaurirano yedu pamusoro pokuti tingaziva sei rudzi rwekusanganiswa. Mienzaniso yeasaturated hydrocarbons ethylene series inopa pfungwa ye sp2-hybridization. Somuenzaniso, mune ethylene molecule yemagetsi mana emagetsi mukuumbwa kwekemikisi bond, matatu chete inoshandiswa. Iyo yakasara isina-yakasvibiswa p-electron inosvika pakuumbwa kwebhiri mbiri.

Acetylene ndiyo mumiririri akajeka wekirasi CnH2n-2. Chimwe chinhu chechikwata chema hydrocarboni ndiko kuvapo kwechibatano katatu. Pakati pemagetsi mana emagetsi ecarboni atomu, maviri chete anoshandura mafomu avo uye simba, achiva musanganiswa. Izvo maviri magetsi anosara anobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kweviri huviri hubatanisi, kutarisa unaturated chimiro chechikwata ichi chemakemikari ehupenyu.

Mhedziso

Tichifunga nezvemubvunzo we covalent chemikisheni yezvisikwa uye zvisikwa zvezvinhu, kubvumira huwandu hweanomic orbitals. Izvi zvinowirirana simba ravo uye maitiro. An electron iri pedyo neyucleus yeatomu yakasanganiswa inoratidzwa neketani ye orbitals ine nhamba yakafanana yeyero. Ruzivo rworudzi rwehuwandu hunoita kuti zvibvirire kuongorora makemikari zvinhu zvezvinhu.