Mitauro ye crystal lattices yezvinhu zvakasiyana siyana

Muzvisikwa, kune marudzi maviri ezvakasimba, izvo zvinopesana zvakajeka mune zvazvo. Idzi ndidzo miviri yemamorphous uye yekristalline. Uye miviri yakasvibiswa haina nyanzvi yakanyunguduka, inononoka zvishoma nezvishoma panguva yekupisa, uye inopinda mumamiriro emvura. Muenzaniso wezvinhu zvakadaro ishinda kana yevhu yakawanda. Asi mamiriro acho akasiyana zvakakwana nekristalline zvinhu. Vanoramba vari mumamiriro akasimba kune imwe yechando, uye pashure pekunge vasvika, izvo zvinhu zvinonyunguduka.

Pano chinhu chose chiri muhutano hwezvinhu zvakadaro. Mumakristalline miviri, zvinyorwa kubva kwavari kunyorwa zviri pane dzimwe nzvimbo. Uye kana iwe uchizvibatanidza nemitsetse yakarurama, unowana chimiro chekufungidzira, chinonzi - crystal lattice. Uye mhando dzekristal lattic dzinogona kunge dzakasiyana. Uye maererano nemhando yezvinyorwa izvo "vakavakwa", zvikwereti zvakakamurwa kuva zvina. Ionic, atomic, molecular and lattice metal.

Uye munharaunda ye ionic crystal lattices, maererano, ions iripo, uye pakati pavo pane ionic bond. Ion idzi dzinogona kuva dziri nyore (Cl-, Na +) kana dzakaoma (OH-, SO2-). Uye marudzi akadaro e crystal lattic anokwanisa kuva nezvimwe hydroxides nemidziyo yesimbi, marashi nezvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana. Tora, somuenzaniso, chidimbu chinedium chloride. Inoshandura mafungiro asina kunaka e-chlorine uye maononi akanaka e sodium, ayo anoumba cubic crystal lattice. Ionic zvisungo mumaketheni akadaro zvakasimba uye zvinhu "zvakavakwa" nemurairo uyu zvinosanganisira simba guru uye kuoma.

Kunewo maitiro e crystal lattices, anonzi atomic lattices. Kune maatomu munharaunda, pakati payo pane chisimba chakasimba covalent. Atomic lattice haina zvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira diamond, pamwe nekristalline germanium, silicon uye boron. Icho chiripo zvimwe zvinhu zvakakomba zvinosanganisira silicon oxide uye zvine, pacho, pane atomic crystal lattice. Iro jecha, quartz, kristani yedombo uye silica. Uye kakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro akasimba kwazvo, akaoma uye anopengesa. Izvo zvinowanzosvibiswa.

Uye mamiririyumu marudzi e crystal lattices ane zvinhu zvakasiyana kwazvo. Izvi zvinosanganisira mvura yakasviba, kureva kuti, yakaoma ice, "yakaoma ice" - solidified carbon monoxide, uyewo yakasimba hydrogen sulphide uye hydrogen chloride. Kunyange ma molecular lattices ane zvakawanda zvakasimba zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari. Izvi zvinosanganisira shuga, glucose, naphthalene nezvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana. Uye mamolekoro ari munharaunda dzenzvimbo yakadaro yakabatana ne polar uye nonpolar makemikari zvisungo. Uye pasinei nokuti mukati memamolekemu pakati peatomu kune masimba akaoma ezvo, ma molecules acho anoramba ari muchetete nekuda kwekushaya simba mukati mekutengesa. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinokwana zvakakwana, zvinonyorera nyore uye hazvive nekuoma kukuru.

Zvakanaka, simbi dzine marudzi akasiyana-siyana echestrist lattices. Uye munharaunda dzavo dzinogona kuva maatomu neyoni. Panguva imwechete, maatomu anogona nyore nyore kuchinjwa kuva maoni, achipa ma electrons "kushandiswa kwevakawanda." Nenzira imwecheteyo, ion, "kutora" elektroni yakasununguka, inogona kuva maatomu. Uye chimiro chakadai chesimbi yekristal lattice inogadzira zvinhu zvakadaro zvesimbi zvakadai sepurasitiki, ductility, kupisa uye magetsi.

Uyewo maitiro e crystal lattic yesimbi, nezvimwe zvinhu, zvakakamurwa kuva zvinomwe zvinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu e elementary lattice cells. Iyo yakajeka iri cubic cell. Kunewowo rhombic, tetragonal, hexagonal, rhombohedral, monoclinic uye triclinic unit cells, iyo inosarudza maitiro eiri kristal lattice yose. Asi mune dzimwe nguva, crystal lattices yakaoma kunzwisisa kupfuura iyo yakanyorwa pamusoro apa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuti chokwadi chepakutanga zvikamu zvinogona kunge zvisiri panzvimbo chete mumasiteti panzvimbo, asiwo pamakamuri aro kana pazviso zvaro. Uye pakati pezvigadzirwa zvinowanzozivikanwa pane zvitatu zvakaoma crystal lattices: uso-centered cubic, chigadziko-centered cubic uye hexagonal yakazara-yakazara. Kunyangwe maitiro ezvigadzirwa zvinotenderera kwete chete pamasikirwo e crystal lattice, asiwo pamharaunda ye interatomic uye kune mamwe mamiriyoni.