Butyl doro

Butanol ndiro zita rakatenderera kune imwe yemodohydric alcohols. Kwairi zita rakarongeka - 1-butanol, uyewo dzimwe - n-butanol (zvinowanzoitwa asianol) kana kuti butyl alcohol inoshandiswa. Mune molecule yoro inodhaka iyi mune maatomu emakonhoni mana akabatanidzwa pamwe chete, uye boka re hydroxy rinotsiva imwe hydroxy atomu muatomu yekutanga yeC. Makemikari inonzi C4H9OH, inonzwisisika ndeye CH3 (CH2) 3OH, iyo inonzi C4H10O.

Nhamba yakakura ye n-butanol ine 74.1 g / mol. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai, inenge yakasviba nehuwandu hwe 0,81 g / cm³. Nhamba yezinga yeC4H9OH inodarika 90.2 ° C, nzvimbo yekubikira inosanganisira 117.4 ° C. Nhamba yekutengesa yezvinhu zvakachena inokwana 1.399. Kuzvidzivirira kwe-1-butanol pamusana wekupisa kwepamusoro 345 ° C, inotanga kusvika pakushambidza kwema 34 ° C.

Asiyl doro ndiro hydrocarbon inotenderera umo iyo imwe yeatrogen yeatrogen muonomi yeC terminal inotsiviwa ne-hydroxyl group. Iine matatu eesomeri ane maitiro akarongeka:

• 2-methyl-1-propanol is branched hydrocarbon ine methyl boka pachipiri uye hydroxyl mukutanga kombomu atomu;
• 2-butanol idiarcarcarbon inoratidzika ine boka re hydroxyl pane yechipiri carbon atom;
• 2-methyl-2-propanol is branched hydrocarbon nemashyl uye hydroxyl pamakwikamu maviri ekaromu.

Mazita mashoma emamwechete zvinhu zvakafanana: iso-butanol ( isobutyl alcohol ), sec-butanol uye tert-butanol.

Mutelekari yebutanol isomeri yakasiyana mukugadzirisa, saka, zvinhu zvina zvakasikwa nemhando yakawanda C4H9OH ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganiswa, nhengo dzebikira nezvimwe zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, butyl uye isobutyl alcohols ine zvishoma zvishoma, asi imwe iyo isomeri mbiri inosanganiswa zvachose nemvura. Izvi ndechokuti mune zvakagadzirwa nezvose zvinodhaka (CnH2n + 1OH) kune boka reHyxyxyl rinokanganisa huwandu, kukohwa kwahwo kunoita kuti kuwedzerwa kwemvura kusakwana. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweatomu eakoni mu mole molecule kunoita kuti urongwa uhwu huome. Kana zvakadai sewaini, methanol, ethanol uye propanol zvakanyatsosanganiswa nemvura, saka n-butanol inofanana.

Tert-butyl doro (zvisinei kuti 2-methyl-2-propanol kana t-butanol) ndiyo yakadzika yepamusoro doroary doro. Iyo yakajeka mvura (kana yakasimba isina kuchena). Iyi doro inonongedzerwa nyore nyore mumvura, yakasanganiswa ne diethyl ether uye ethanol. Iyo yakasiyana pakati peasomeri ye butanol, nokuti inogona kuoma mumhepo inotonhorera uye inyauka pane kutonhora zvishoma kupfuura 25 ° C. Tert-butanol is-in-product in the production of isobutane kubva propylene oxide. Mukuwedzera, iyo inogona kuwanikwa nekugadzirisa hydration kubva ku isobutylene.

Kufanana nedzimwe dzakawanda zvinodhakwa, kunwa doro rinodhaka chinhu chinokuvadza. Asi yakaratidza hutsika hwehutachiona muhuongero pamhuka dze laboratory, naizvozvo inoreva zvinhu zvakachengeteka uye inoshandiswa muzvipfeko. Zvisinei, kuitora kuburikidza neganda muviri wemunhu kunogona kutungamirira pakuora mwoyo kwepakati penheyo system. Kushamwaridzana nedoro mumeso kunokonzera kuti vatsamwiswe zvakasimba, kuitora paganda kunononoka. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, butanol inokurumidza kugadziriswa mu carbon dioxide. Dambudziko guru rinomuka kubva pakugara kwenguva refu kumoto. Kusuruvara kwakanyanya kunozviratidza nekudzvinyirira nheyo yenheyo uye zvinogona kukonzera rufu.

Izwi rokuti "doro rinoshandiswa" rinowanzoshandiswa kune ethanol, asi rinogonawo kuonekwa kune dzimwe doro. Somuenzaniso, munyaya iyo butanol inofungidzirwa senhengo ye motokari yemafuta. Inoshanda zvakajeka kupfuura ethanol, sezvo simba rinogadzirwa sechikonzero chekuvhenekera kwemazana emafuta egorosi zvakanyanya muna C4H9OH kupfuura muC2H5OH. Asianol inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera kudizizi dizeli, iyo inobatsira kuderedza kuwandisa kwejasi mumagesi anoneta.

Asiyuta doro rinowanzoshandiswa sevhisi kana kuti inobatsira michina yekemikari, uyewo mafuta. Sokugadzirisa, inoshandiswa mumakemikari nemashamba emabhizimisi. Ichowo chikamu che hydraulic uye mvura yakasvibiswa kana inoshumira, zvisinei nekunwa kwayo inodhaka, sechikonzero chemafuta.