Current manyuko, makemikari. Types kwemakemikari kuitika zvinyorwa uye mudziyo

Current manyuko , kemikari (rakapfupikiswa HIT) - kwadzakabva, apo simba ane redox maitiro ari dzikwanise magetsi simba. mamwe mazita avo - mumwe electrochemical muchitokisi, sero galvanic , imwe sero electrochemical. Dzavo uchishandisa musimboti ndiyo zvinotevera: nesungano pakati reagents maviri kunokonzera makemikari maitiro ane chenguva Magetsi simba yavaive. Nemamwe mabviro muitiro urwu magetsi razvino kunoitika multistage zano. First kubudiswa chafariz simba, zvino ari kuva zvemaziso uye chete ipapo kupinda magetsi simba. Mukana HIT - mumwe-Danho muitiro, i.e. magetsi inotengwa zvakananga, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda matanho kupa chafariz uye nomuviri masimba.

nyaya

Sei wokutanga ano kunobva? makemikari zvinyorwa vainzi masero galvanic mushure Italian musayendisiti nemisere remakore - Luigi Galvani. Aiva chiremba, anatomist, physiologist uye yefizikisi. Imwe nzvimbo pakutsvakurudza yake raiva kudzidza zvinoitwa nemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana Kufurirwa nevamwe. Makemikari nzira kubudisa magetsi wakashamira Galvani netsaona, panguva imwe kuedza ake pamusoro matatya. Hwakabatana kuti mbishi tsinga iri datya makumbo maviri edare. Kana izvi zvaitika tsandanyama marwadzo. Own tsananguro Fani iyi Galvani zvakanga zvakaipa. Asi migumisiro kuedza ake uye zvakawanika zvakabatsira compatriot wake Alessandro Volta muzvidzidzo tevera.

Volta vakatsanangura mubasa rake Pfungwa panowanikwa zvemagetsi kuitika kuburikidza makemikari maitiro pakati simbi mbiri neVadzidzi tsandanyama zvinyama yacho datya. Yokutanga makemikari ano kunobva sechigaro mudziyo pamwe brine, pamwe ndiro kunyudzwa imomo kuti zingi uye mhangura.

Mugore maindasitiri-pamwero CCS akatanga kubudiswa yechipiri yezana rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore, nemhaka wokuFrance Leklanshe uyo akazogadzira chikuru manganese-zingi masero nomunyu electrolyte ainzi vanomutevera. Papera makore mashomanana, ichi chave nani electrochemical muchitokisi nedzimwe masayendisiti uye ndiye chete chikuru zvemakemikari manyuko magetsi asati 1940.

Design uye mashandiro HIT

makemikari ano kunobva mudziyo zvinosanganisira electrodes maviri (conductors wokutanga mhando) uye kupindira electrolyte (kondakita rechipiri mhando, kana Ion kondakita). Pamuganhu zvigadzirwa kwaniso unovapo pakati pavo. The electrode pamusoro iyo achidzikisa mumiririri iri oxidized kunzi anode, uye umwe uko oxidant nokupora - cathode. Pamwechete electrolyte, idzowo ane electrochemical hurongwa.

A byproduct of redox maitiro pakati electrodes ndiyo panowanikwa magetsi. Panguva iyi zvakaitwa, kuti achidzikisa mumiririri iri oxidised uye oxidant anopa maerekitironi kuti anogamuchira navo uye nemhaka iyi yadzoswa. Pamberi electrolyte pakati cathode uye anode chinhu chinodiwa maitiro. Kana kungotaura kusangana pamwe chete Nezvakakuyiwa chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zviviri zvakasiyana, hapana yemagetsi kukangamwirwa hakuitiki, simba vose vachasunungurwa sezvo kupisa. The electrolyte chinodiwa streamline chirongwa Erekitironi chinja. Kakawanda anoita munyu kana uchanyangadika rakanaka kwayo.

The electrodes Dzakafanana simbi yairema kana afoot. At kunyudzwa yavo electrolyte unovapo wemagetsi zvinogona musiyano pakati pavo - hayo redunhu voltage. The anode iine katsika kwechirwere maerekitironi uye cathode - yavo sevanakomana. On dzavo pamusoro namakemikari kuita rinotanga. Dzakarega pedyo hwomukova cheni, uyewo kana mumwe reactants kuparadzwa. Breaking anotora nzvimbo kusukwa mumwe electrodes kana electrolyte.

Zvinoumba electrochemical hurongwa

Current mabhuku makemikari oxidants anoshandiswa sezvo okisijeni asidhi munyu, okisijeni, halides, yepamusoro simbi oxides nitroorganic remubatanidzwa uye t. D. Kuderedza nevasori zvirimo nesimbi uye ezasi oxides dzavo, sehydrogen, uye yeHydrocarbon yeimwe. Sezvo electrolytes akashandiswa:

1. Aqueous zvingaitwa kuti acids, alkali, munyu uye zvichingodaro. D.
2. Nonaqueous zvingaitwa ne Ion conductivity yaunganidzwa Kuparadzwa munyu Organic kana inorganic zvokufembedzwa.
3. munyu ikanyauka.
4. Solid yeimwe pamwe Ionic yekamuri, sezvamakaropafadzwa mumwe chinjwa ions.
5. Matrix electrolytes. Iyi mvura zvingaitwa kana Unonyunguduka dziri mune pores munhu hwakasimba isiri conductive muviri - elektronositelya.
6. Ion-Exchange electrolytes. Nezvenyaya iyi hwakasimba akadarika Ionic mapoka chete chiratidzo. chimwe chiratidzo chaJona apo Mobile. pfuma iyi kunoita conductivity yacho electrolyte unipolar.

galvanic bhatiri

Chemical kuitika mabhuku ine masero electrochemical - masero. Makakatanwa rimwe masero aya ishoma - kubva 0.5 kusvikira 4V. Zvichienderana zvavanoda, yakarova kushandisa galvanic bhatiri, zvinosanganisira vanoverengeka serially chokuita zvinhu. Zvinonzi dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa zvakafanana kana dzinotevedzana-yakafanana kubatana anoverengeka zvinhu. In dzakatevedzana redunhu nguva dzose dzinosanganisira chete zvakafanana masero chikuru kana mabhatiri. Vanofanira kuva zvakafanana parameters ndiwo: electrochemical ezvinhu, magadzirirwo, muitiro kushanduka uye kukura. Nokuti kufanana kubatana zvinogoneka kushandisa zvinhu inosiyana.

kupatsanura HIT

Chemical mabhuku zvisingapindirani:

• Saizi;
• kuvaka;
• reagents;
• Nature energoobrazuyuschey kuita.

parameters izvi kutsanangura mabasa ari CCS akakodzera imwe kushanda.

Kupatsanura masero electrochemical kwakavakirwa kusiyana musimboti kushanda. Zvichienderana maitiro aya, kusiyanisa:

1. Primary kwemakemikari Zvinyorwa - chenhando zvinhu. Vane imwe kudanda reagents, riri zvaparadzwa kuita. Pashure vakadaro zvizere buditsa Sero anorasikirwa kunyatsoshanda. Mune imwe HIT chikuru inonzi masero galvanic. Faithful achaita vanongomuti navo - asi chinhu. Nyore muenzaniso chikuru simba rine - "Battery" AA.
2. Rechargeable makemikari ano zvinyorwa - mabhatiri (anonziwo chesekondari, reversible HIT) vari reusable okunze. By kupfuura munhu kuitika kubva remudunhu kwokunze iri neizvi mirayiridzo pashure zvizere buditsa vakapedza reactants vari regenerated zvakare kuunganidza namakemikari simba kuburikidza bhatiri (kupiwa mhosva). Nokuda mukana dzokubhadharisa kubva kwokunze chenguva ano kunobva mudziyo unoshandiswa kwenguva refu, intermittently kuti recharge. Muitiro generating zvemagetsi simba inonzi accumulator buditsa. Izvi zvinosanganisira raparadza mabhatiri vazhinji zvemagetsi (Laptops, mobile phones uye zvichingodaro. N.).
3. Thermal kwemakemikari manyuko - mano chichiitika. Panguva oparesheni yavo pane kuramba tichiwana batch itsva reagents uye kubviswa kuita zvinhu.
4. The zvikabatanidzwa (polutoplivnyh) masero electrochemical vane kudanda rimwe reactants. Mudziyo yechipiri kusvitsa kunze. Upenyu mudziyo kunoenderana nerubatsiro wokutanga reactant. Combined kwemakemikari manyuko zvemagetsi kuitika zvinoshandiswa semabhatiri, kana paine mukana rokudzorera avaifudza nokuisa pari kubva kwokunze kupi.
5. Raparadza renewable recharged mechanically kana mishonga. Kwavari, zvinokwanisika kuti kutsiva pashure kupomera zvizere vakapedza reagents pazvikamu itsva. Ndiko, havana kuramba mano pamwe, kufanana mabhatiri nguva recharged.

unhu rova

Chikuru maitiro kwemakemikari zvinyorwa simba dzinosanganisira:

1. Open redunhu voltage (OCV kana zvaikosha voltage). zvazvingava ichi achinyanya kunobva electrochemical system (wemishonga ane kuderedza mumiriri, ari oxidizing mumiririri uye electrolyte). Uyewo OCV zvazvinoita electrolyte wevasungwa, dhigirii pakuyerera, tembiricha uye nevamwe. OCV kunoenderana kukosha magetsi inoyerera kubudikidza HIT.
2. Power.
3. Zvinoyerera razvino - zvichienderana kwokunze redunhu nemishonga.
4. Capacity - kufadza chitsama magetsi inopa HIT kana zvachose pauri.
5. The simba kugutsikana - kunonyanyisa simba yakagamuchirwa zvizere buditsa mudziyo.
6. Energy unhu. For mabhatiri, zvinonyanya inosimbiswa nhamba muripo-iyeye zvinogara pasina achideredza voltage kana mutariri vanokwanisa (upfumi).
7. Tembiricha Range unongotaura.
8. Storage nguva - kufadza nguva yakawanda pakati gadzira uye wokutanga kubuda mudziyo.
9. Service upenyu - kufadza zvachose okuchengetera uye basa upenyu. Huni masero dzinokosha nguva dzebasa chaiparira uye inoratidza kushanda.
10. Vose simba ndisunungurwe rose upenyu basa.
11. simba Mechanical panyaya vibration, kurohwa nehana, uye zvichingodaro. N.
12. Kugona kushanda chero chinzvimbo.
13. Kuvimbika.
14. Easy rechengetedzo.

Zvinodiwa Kuti HIT

Magadzirirwo masero electrochemical vanofanira mhoteredzo inosimudzira zvikuru nyatsoshanda zvakaitwa. Izvi zvinhu zvinosanganisira:

• kudzivirira ano leakage;
• hinifomu basa;
• simba zvemaziso (kusanganisira chisimbiso);
• Kuparadzana of reactants;
• zvakanaka kuonana pakati electrodes uye electrolyte;
• tiite kuitika kubva zvakaitwa mapazi kuti zvokunze goho Minimum varasikirwa.

Current manyuko, makemikari anofanira kusangana zvinotevera mukuru zvinodiwa:

• soro netsika dzakananga parameters;
• kunonyanyisa tembiricha kuwanda operability;
• mukuru mupfungwa;
• shoma mutengo ane chairema simba;
• voltage utsigo;
• tema chengetedzo;
• chibatiso;
• kuderedza nazvo, uye Zvakanakisa pasina chikonzero payo;
• refu upenyu basa.

Operation HIT

The chikuru mukana masero chikuru - hapana chikonzero chipi yokuzvigadzirisa. Usati watanga kushandisa navo zvakakwana kuongorora zvinenge, pasherufu-upenyu. Kana akabatana zvakakosha kuona polarity uye tarisa kuvimbika mudziyo kutaura navo. More kunzwisisa kwemakemikari manyuko - mabhatiri, vari kuda negodo zvikuru. Chinangwa basa ravo - kufadza kuwedzerwa upenyu. Kutarisira bhatiri riri:

• kwerunyararo utsanana;
• vachiongorora pakachena redunhu voltage;
• tiine electrolyte pamwero (nokuti achidira kwakadonhera mvura chete inogona kushandiswa);
• Kudzora electrolyte wevasungwa (via hydrometer - nyore mudziyo kuti kuyera Urume arambe achirema).

Panguva kushanda masero electrochemical vanofanira kuita zvose zvinodiwa chokuita yakachengeteka kushandisa midziyo yemagetsi.

HIT kupatsanura pakati electrochemical gadziriro

Types kwemakemikari ano manyuko, zvichienderana hurongwa:

• kutungamirira (acid);
• nickel-cadmium, nickel-simbi, nickel-zingi;
• manganese-zingi, mhangura-zingi, mekuri, zingi, zinc-chloride;
• sirivha-zingi, sirivha uye cadmium;
• mhepo-metal;
• nickel-hydrogen sirivha-rehydrogen;
• manganese-magnesium;
• lithium uye t. d.

Modern kushandiswa HIT

Current manyuko, kemikari Zvinonzi pari kushandiswa:

• motokari;
• inotakurika mano;
• zvechiuto uye nzvimbo michina;
• nesayenzi midziyo;
• Medicine (pacemakers).

Inozivikanwa mienzaniso HIT mumba:

• mabhatiri (masero mufushwa);
• mabhatiri inotakurika musha midziyo yemagetsi uye Electronics;
• uninterruptible simba zvitengeswa;
• motokari mabhatiri.

Kunyanya zvikuru wokurera lithium namakemikari zvinopa magetsi. Izvi imhaka yokuti lithium (Li) ane chikuru simba arambe achirema. Chokwadi chokuti Anozvirumbidza asina kunaka electrode zvinogona nedzimwe simbi dzose. Lithium-Ion mabhatiri (Lia) mberi dzimwe tsika dzose CCS uye zvakananga simba rwekuita voltage. Zvino zvishoma nezvishoma tenzi rinosvika itsva - mugwagwa senga. Mune remangwana zviitiko nesayenzi chokuita kuvandudzika pamusoro lithium mabhatiri, ichatsedukira yakananga ultrathin mazano uye makuru rinorema-basa mabhatiri.