The chikuru Chikamu ndege. ndege mudziyo

Michina yacho ndege akabvumira kwete chete kuti vaite mutana hope vanhu - kukunda mudenga, asiwo kusika uchitsanya kwadzinoita zvifambiso. Kusiyana Balloons uye airships, ndege duku novimba vagaries ose okunze, anogona kufamba madaro marefu ari kumhanya. Zvinoumba ndege ine zvinotevera STRUCTURAL mapoka: a bapiro, fuselage, muswe, kumhara giya, simba muti kudzora mugadziriro, siyana zvokushandisa.

musimboti oparesheni

Ndege - ndege (LA) kunorema kupfuura mhepo, akashongedzerwa aine simba chirimwa. With ichi yakaoma chikamu ndege kuti kusika anodiwa chebasa yokutizira - kushanda (kutyaira) simba kuti ari kukura pasi kana muchitiza injini (hwindimiri kana ndege injini). Kana sikuruwa iri pamberi injini, inonzi muedzo, uye kana shure - kungoita. Saka, injini unobereka ari translational inofamba iri ndege hama kuti dzakapoteredza svikiro (mhepo). Saizvozvowo, mhepo kunoita hama kune bapiro, uye kuti pave simba vachisimudza somugumisiro wacho translational kufamba. Naizvozvo, muchina anogona kuchengeta mumhepo kana imwe ndege nokukurumidza chete.

Ko zita ndege

The muviri ine zvikamu:

• Fuselage - Nde mutumbi ndege, unobva kunyika yose bapiro (bapiro), plumage, simba hurongwa, chassis nezvimwe zvinoriumba. The fuselage raitenda vashandi vemo, vatakurwi (vehurumende avhiyesheni), midziyo uye payload. Inogonawo kuiswa (kwete nguva dzose) huni, chassis, michini, etc .. d.
• The Motors kushandiswa paakadzinga kwebasa ndege.
• Bapiro - kushanda pamusoro, zvakagadzirirwa kusika chikwidzo.
• Vertical muswe yakagadzirirwa pakugadzirisa, vakadengezera uye achitaura kutsiga ndege pamusoro wehunyambiri akabatana.
• Horizontal muswe yakagadzirirwa pakugadzirisa, vakadengezera uye achitaura kutsiga ndege pamusoro chinjikira akabatana.

Mapapiro uye fuselage

The chikuru Chikamu ndege mamiriro - bapiro. It anosika zvinhu kuzadzika huru zvinodiwa yokutizira mikana - pamberi chikwidzo. Bapiro wanamatira muviri (fuselage), izvo angava chimiro, asi nepatinogona napo shoma aerodynamic zvuva. Kuti izvi zvidaro, inopa mukana donhwe-streamlined chimiro.

The nechemberi ndege iri rakashandiswa placement of nzvimbo yemutekenyi uye radar enyika. Pakupedzisira munhu anonzi muswe. Inoshanda kugovera kuzvidzora panguva kutiza.

The namaapuro minhenga

Funga avhareji ndege, muswe mugove yakaitwa maererano chaiwo Zano, zvakafanana kwazvo mauto nevanhuwo zvavo yokutevedzera. Panyaya iyi, nyika chinjikira muswe kuchaita vanoumba yakatarwa chikamu - stabilizer (kubva muchiLatin Stabilis, yakatsiga) uye chinjwa - erevheta.

The stabilizer zvinoshanda kupa takatsiga ndege pamusoro transverse akabatana. Kana ndege mhino vachawira, ipapo, maererano, aft fuselage, pamwe minhenga kusimuka. Panyaya iyi, mhepo kumanikidza yokumusoro pamusoro stabilizer kuwedzera. Vanowanika kumanikidzwa stabilizer anodzoka (azvaitwa, uye fuselage) Nezvenzvimbo yawo yepakutanga. Kana kusimudzira yepamhino pamusoro fuselage mhepo kuyerera kuchawedzera kumanikidza rezasi pamusoro stabilizer, uye ruchadzokera nzvimbo yaro yepakutanga. Izvi zvinopa otomatiki (pasina mutyairi kupindira) LA nokugarika pasi longitudinal mundege panyaya transverse akabatana.

The rwemberi ndege zvakare unosanganisira wehunyambiri muswe. Saizvozvowo, chinjikira, inoitwa yakatarwa chikamu - the keel, uye pafoni - vakasunungura. Keel anopa Kugadzikana ndege inofamba pamusoro wayo wehunyambiri akabatana mune chinjikira ndege. Nheyo kushanda zvakafanana Zvakaitwa stabilizer zenze - kuramba keel mhino vakatsauka kurudyi kuruboshwe, kwokudzvinyirira kurudyi-ruoko ndege kunowedzera uye unodzokera keel (uye fuselage) kuti yapfuura nzvimbo.

Saka, panyaya namasanhu maviri ndege nokugadzikana kunosimbiswa plumage. Asi kwakanga mumwe akabatana - longitudinal. Kupa otomatiki kufamba kugadzikana noruremekedzo kuti akabatana (ari transverse mundege) giraidha bapiro kunyaradzana akaronga kwete yakatambarara asi pane necheparutivi hama kune mumwe nomumwe zvokuti miromo inonyaradza vakatsauka kumusoro. Urongwa hwakadaro afanane tsamba «V».

utariri hurongwa

Kuzvidzora hukawanika - zvinokosha zvikamu ndege kuti kudzora ndege. Izvi zvinosanganisira ailerons, zvidzoreso uye kukwirira. Control anopiwa panyaya chete namasanhu matatu chete ndege matatu.

Erevheta - a chinjwa shure chikamu stabilizer. Kana stabilizer rine mumabhuraketi maviri, ukuwo, pane vaviri erevheta iyo hadzitsauki zvichikwira kana pasi, vose synchronously. With payo, mufambisi anogona kushandura ndege kutiza kukwira.

Vakasunungura - a chinjwa shure chikamu keel. Kana vakatsauka imwe nhungamiro kana mumwe zvikaitika aerodynamic simba iro rotates ndege pamusoro wehunyambiri akabatana achipfuura nepakati paMisa negwara kubva nechokugedhi kutsauka kubva mudhiraivho. Kutenderera kunoitika sokuvapo mutyairi haridzokeri kuti mudhiraivho kuti kusatsigira (non-vakatsauka chinzvimbo), uye LA achaita sangano mugwara idzva.

Ailerons (kubva French Aile, bapiro.) - huru chikamu ndege, izvo chinjwa nhengo bapiro aenzana. Ivo inoshandiswa kudzora ndege pamusoro longitudinal akabatana (ari transverse mundege). Sezvo miviri bapiro noukomba, uye ailerons uye vaviri. Vanoshanda synchronously, asi, mukusiyana kune elevators, kwete vakatsauka rimwe divi, uye zvakasiyana. Kana imwe aileron ari vakatsauka upwardly, vamwe pasi. On bapiro kunyaradzana apo aileron vakatsauka zvichikwira vachisimudza simba ipfupi, uye apo pasi - kunowedzera. Zvino fuselage ndege rotates nenzira iri vanomutswa aileron.

injini

ndege vose nepokuongorora propulsion maitiro kuti ambotirega kukura nokukurumidza, uye saka anopa simba kusimuka. Engines anogona kuiswa seri ndege (hwokufananidzira kwendege), mberi (diki-injini motokari) uye mapapiro (rehurumende ndege, zvekufambisa, bhomba).

Vari akakamurwa:

• Reactive - turbojet, pulsating, hunyambiri-dunhu, kuburikidza-chokubuda.
• Screw - pisitoni (hwindimiri kutinhwa), turboprop.
• Chombo - mvura, hwakasimba.

Other hurongwa

Zvechokwadi, dzimwe nzvimbo ndege vari Zvinokoshawo. Chassis kubvumira ndege kubvisa uye nyika akashongedzerwa airfields. Kune amphibians, apo anokosha floats anoshandiswa panzvimbo chassis - vanobvumira here kubvisa uye nyika chero nzvimbo kune muviri mvura (gungwa, rwizi, gungwa). Dzinozivikanwa muenzaniso ndege chiedza vakapakata skis, kushandiswa munzvimbo dzine yakagadzikana chando viomak.

ndege Modern vari vakatutirana pamwe zvemagetsi zvokushandisa, kukurukura mazano uye kupararira ruzivo. In muchiuto avhiyesheni anoshandisa yakagozha chombo mugadziriro, chipfuro kuzviwanira uye chiratidzo kudzvinyirira.

kupatsanura

By kugadzwa ndege mapoka mapoka maviri: vehurumende uye vemauto. The chikuru Chikamu mufambi ndege dzinoratidzwa nokuva akashongedzerwa kabhini kuti vanhu achitora guru chikamu fuselage. A nevamwe chinhu ndiyo portholes kumativi muviri.

Civil Aircraft akakamurwa:

• Passenger - omunharaunda vendege, vavakidzani chikuru (siyana asingasviki 2000 km), Zvichakadaro (range zvishoma pane 4000 km) refu (rwendo asingasviki 9000 km) uye intercontinental (range vanopfuura 11 000 km).
• Cargo - Light (kurema zvinhu kusvika 10 matani), svikiro (mutoro uremu matani 40) uye rinorema (kurema mutoro pamusoro matani 40).
• chinangwa Special - utsanana, zvokurima, njere (chando ushori, ryborazvedka), moto-kurwa, nokuti zvemuchadenga mifananidzo.
• Training.

Kusiyana muvapoteri yokutevedzera, chikamu chimwe ndege rechiuto vane akasununguka kabhini pamwe portholes. The chikuru Chikamu fuselage kuchengeta zvombo hurongwa, nemidziyo ubanguranyika, kutaura, Motors nezvimwe dzakabatana.

By kugadzwa ano muchiuto ndege (kusanganisira vemauto mabasa kuti vaite) inogona kukamurwa marudzi anotevera: vanodzima, kurwiswa ndege, Ndege (chombo), ushori, uto chokufambisa, inokosha uye ebetsero zvivako.

ndege mudziyo

The midziyo ndege kunobva aerodynamic redunhu, naro vari aumba. Aerodynamic dhayagiramu dzinoratidzwa uwandu zvinokosha uye urongwa rokupupurira hukawanika. Kana mumhino ndege iri vazhinji yakafanana yokutevedzera, iyo nzvimbo uye geometry wamapapiro uye muswe chinogona siyana zvikuru.

Pane zvinotevera matunhu LA mudziyo:

• "Classical".
• "Flying bapiro".
• "Duck".
• "Tailless".
• "Tandem".
• Convertible zano.
• Combined zano.

Ndege kwakaitwa dzekare vanoronga

Funga chikuru chikamu ndege uye avo mabasa. Classical (zvinoitika) marongerwo yenhengo nemagungano ndizvo kuti vakawanda mano nyika, kana zvechiuto kana ndokuendeswa. The huru chaikosha - mumwe bapiro - kushanda rimwe vakagadzikana aibuda wakachena inoyerera zvakanaka bapiro uye pave imwe simba kusimuka.

Uta hwevanhu raanoziva iri pfupi, iyo kunoderedza nzvimbo inodiwa (saka mukanyiwa) wehunyambiri stabilizer. Izvi imhaka yokuti mhino pamusoro fuselage kukonzera kuzungunutsa Yaw nguva pamusoro hunyambiri akabatana ari ndege. Kuderedza mberi fuselage kuvandudza kuona kuti kumberi hemisphere.

Zvazvakashatira inowanzotorwa zano ndeinotevera:

• Job chinjikira muswe (HT) uye slant bapiro nekusiyana rukova yekudyidzana kunoderedza kunyatsoshanda kwayo, necessitating kushandisa minhenga nzvimbo yakakura (saka mukanyiwa).
• mira muswe (IN) kugovera kutiza isimbe vanofanira kuumba kunaka vachasimudza simba, kureva pasi. Izvi zvinoderedza zvinonyatsorehwa kunyatsoshanda pamusoro ndege: kwakakura pamusoro vachasimudza, iyo pave bapiro, zvakakodzera kutora zvazviri, iyo akasika pamusoro GO. yakawedzera bapiro nzvimbo inofanira kushandiswa neutralize Fani iyi (saka mukanyiwa).

ndege mudziyo uri "Dhadha"

With maumbirwo ichi, chikuru chikamu ndege vanoiswa zvakasiyana pane mu mienzaniso "chekare". Chokutanga, vakachinja mutsetse-chinjikira muswe. Riri pamberi bapiro. Pasi zano iri, akavaka ndege yake yokutanga Bratya Rayt.

zvakwakanakira:

• Vertical muswe vachimhanya vari vakagadzikana aibuda, iyo anowedzera kunyatsoshanda kwayo.
• Kuti vave nechokwadi kutsiga ndege minhenga anosika yakanaka vachasimudza, kureva zviri kuwedzera vachasimudza yacho bapiro. Izvi zvinobvumira kuderedza ayo nharaunda uye, naizvozvo, uremu.
• Natural "antispin" kudzivirira: mukana tama wamapapiro panguva supercritical pamakona yokurwiswa nokuti "duck" Kwabviswa. The stabilizer wakagarira rikawira kuitira kuti mukuru angled kurwiswa kupfuura bapiro.
• Kudzokera zvatichiri plane kuwedzera nokukurumidza apo "Dhadha" rinooneka zvishoma kupfuura dzekare urongwa. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuchinja zviduku zviri mwero longitudinal kunofambira mberi kutsiga ndege, uyewo, huve nyore basa hwounhu ayo.

Zvazvakashatira anorimwa "Dhadha":

• By kukanganisa kuerera pamusoro Feathering zvikaitika pamakona maduku kurwiswa kwete chete panguva mbudo ndege, asi zvaro "sagging" nokuda rutapudzo kwesimba vachisimudza yayo yose. Izvi zvinonyanya ngozi munyika nokuda napedyo ose yasimuka uye kumhara.
• Kuvapo iri mberi fuselage muswe kunokanganisa Kudzokorora zvigadziriswe repasi hemisphere.
• Kuderedza nzvimbo nechemberi urefu GO mberi fuselage zvinokosha. Izvi zvichawedzera kuzungunutsa Yaw nguva, uye, naizvozvo, kuti vawedzere nharaunda uye kurema mamiriro.

Ndege akaita pamusoro "tailless"

In yemashoko ichi mhando haisi kukosha, yaizivikanwa chikamu ndege. Photo ndege "beskhvostok" ( "yokuwirirana", "Mirage", "Volcano") kunoratidza kuti havana chinjikira muswe. The chikuru zvakanakira zano iri:

• Kuderedza frontal aerodynamic nemishonga, riri kunyanya kukosha kuti ndege pa kumhanya, akadai cruising. Izvi zvinoderedza mafuta mari.
• bapiro Large torsional Rigidity anovandudza aeroelastic unhu kubudirira dzakakwirira unhu maneuverability.

payakaipira:

• Nokuti vakadengezera zvimwe muchitiza modes mugove Mechanisation achitevera unopinza (ichibhabhamisa) uye anodiwa kuzvidzora hukawanika kurerutsa kumusoro, izvo zvinoderedza zvinonyatsorehwa vachasimudza yacho ndege.
• Combination LA anotonga chinjikira uye longitudinal matemo (nokuda pasina erevheta), izvozvo kuipa zvainyanya yokugadzirisa nayo. Kushaya unyanzvi Feathering inoita kudzorwa hukawanika vari seri kumucheto bapiro, kuti tiite (kana zvakakodzera) mutariri uye ailerons uye elevators. Izvi kuzvidzora hukawanika ndiwo anonzi elevons.
• The kushandiswa zvemaziso nzira yokufudza ndege emunhu ayo yasimuka uye kumhara unhu.

"Flying bapiro"

With zano ichi, hapana zvachose hapana chikamu ndege yakadai fuselage. rakawandisa All zvinodiwa placement taita, payload, injini, mafuta, uye midziyo zviri pakati bapiro. zano Izvi zvinotevera zvazvakanakira:

• Rakadzika aerodynamic zvuva.
• Zviduku guru chacho. Panyaya iyi, mukanyiwa wose anowira pamusoro bapiro.
• Sezvo longitudinal ndege duku saizi (nokuda kwokushaya fuselage), mumwe kuzungunutsa nguva pomudzimai ayo wehunyambiri akabatana ari kunyora nezvavo. Izvi zvinobvumira vagadziri kuti kana kuderedza nzvimbo IN, kana vasarudze mariri (shiri vanozivikanwa wehunyambiri muswe vasipo).

Zvazvakaipira ndiwo kunzwisisa kuenderera ndege kutiza.

"Tandem"

Scheme "tandem", kana mapapiro maviri akaronga imwe pashure pomumwe, kashoma kushandiswa. Izvi mhinduro chinoshandiswa kuwedzera nzvimbo bapiro panguva tsika yayo amplitude uye kureba fuselage. Izvi zvinoderedza chaiyo mutoro pamusoro bapiro. Zvazvakashatira zano iri guru aerodynamic zvuva, vakawedzera nguva inertia, kunyanya kana toreva transverse akabatana ari ndege. Uyezve, nokuwedzera kumhanya kutiza kushandura hunhu longitudinal mwero ndege. The gozvo pamusoro jets yakadaro inogona dzinongoda zvakananga pamapapiro, uye pamusoro plumage.

yaisanganisa zano

Panyaya iyi, rokuti zvikamu ndege anogona kubatanidzwa siyana STRUCTURAL mazano. Somuenzaniso, chinjikira muswe uye anopiwa kuoneke uye aft fuselage. Ndivo vanonzi zvakananga kudzora vachisimudza simba anogona kushandiswa.

Muchiitiko chino, nasal chinjikira stabilizers pamwe ichibhabhamisa zvinopa imwe chikwidzo. nenamo nguva iyo unovapo panyaya kuchabudirira kuwedzera pakona nokurwiswa (mhino nhema). Nokuti nguva iri Parry tailplane anofanira kusika pfungwa kutapudzwa pakona nokurwiswa (mhino anodonhedza). Kuti aite izvi, simba pamusoro muswe chikamu inofanira kuendeswa uyewo kumusoro. Kureva, amusimudze increment panguva mberi GO pamusoro bapiro uye muswe GO (saka pamusoro yose mundege) pasina kutendeukira panzvimbo longitudinal ndege. Panyaya iyi, ndege anongoti ichibuda pasina shanduka pomudzimai ayo muzinda vakawanda. Asiwo, kana aerodynamic configuration pamusoro ndege zvinogona kuita shanduka ari musimboti paMisa longitudinal mundege pasina kuchinja trajectory waro kutiza zvakadaro.

Kugona kuita anofambisa yakadaro yekudyidzana kuvandudza mabasa unhu kugadzirisa ndege. Kunyanya akabatana zvakananga divi simba kudzora hurongwa, nokuti izvo ndege havafaniri chete kuva muswe, uyewo longitudinal uta Feathering.

convertible zano

Midziyo Ndege zvakavakwa ne convertible zano, kuzivikanwa nokuda destabilizer iri mberi fuselage. Destabilizers basa iri kuderedza kune pamwero, uye kunyange kubviswa shure kwebasa ndege aerodynamic Kusimbisa supersonic ndege neChikomonisiti zvakakwana. Izvi anowedzera maneuverability pamusoro ndege (ndiro zvakakosha murwi) uye kunowedzera kuwanda uye kunoderedza huni manwiro (ichi zvakakosha kuti supersonic mutakurwi ndege).

Destabilizer ringashandiswawo pamusoro yasimuka / kumhara pfungwa kubhadhara svetuka muoti, izvo zviri kukonzerwa kutsauka kubva kumhara Mechanisation (ichibhabhamisa, ivo ichibhabhamisa) kana fuselage mhuno. At subsonic ndege neChikomonisiti destabilizer iri pakati fuselage kana kuiswa iri mhepo vanekuva kushanda (takasununguka nezvatinovavarira nomurwizi).