Kupatsanura okuwana uye kudya tsvina. Kupatsanura tsvina Muvuti mukirasi

General kupatsanura tsvina zvinodyiwa uye kugadzirwa vasipo. Naizvozvo, zvivanakire, dzinowanzotaura mirayiridzo inokosha kuparadzana kwakadaro.

Misimboti tsvina weboka kupinda mhuka

Saka, sechivako dzinokosha yapuwa anotevera zvinhu:

• nezvekugadzirwa mabviro (bazi chiratidzo);
• mamiriro aggregation;
• pamusoro kugadzirwa kutenderera;
• zvataurwa kushandiswa.

Ngationei kugara nomumwe wavo.

Maererano sectors siyana

kupatsanura ichi tsvina kuzviita chinonyanya kwakapararira. It rakavakwa panguva sectoral musimboti. Largest mugove kupatsanura pakati tsvina, pakati zviri: tsvina non-ferrous kana ferrous nesimbi, marasha, zvemakemikari uye matanda kugadzira Mazinga.

State of aggregation

Kwakadaro tsvina kupatsanura kunoita zvakawanda chaizvo kuzviziva somunhu emura, yakasimba kana gaseous. tumisoro Izvi zvinokosha pakusarudza chekuchengeta michina, kumwe kubudiswa kana kuparadzwa.

Saka gaseous tsvina inofanira kuchengetwa mune chaiyo matangi, mvura - chisimbiso midziyo, uye yakasimba - mumidziyo at nzvimbo kana landfills.

Kuti uone avo kubudiswa Michina kupatsanura makirasi tsvina kushandiswa, akapa ukuru combustibility uye explosiveness. Hatifaniri kukanganwa pamusoro toxicity zvavo.

Maererano kugadzirwa zvinogara

Dzimwe nguva kupatsanura pakati nemaindasitiri, iyo yakarongwa pamusoro sectoral hwaro. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kunatsiridza nokuda muitiro danho kubudisa chigadzirwa nokuda vasabatwa remapazi mubishi izvo ingangoumbwa chero byproducts.

Muenzaniso makemikari maindasitiri, apo volumetric residues dzisina akagovera kugadzirwa muitiro (panguva DISTILLATION kana rectification) ingangoumbwa panguva kwetunhu Organic zvinhu.

The pamusoro kupatsanura kurenje mumakirasi yaitaura kufunga kushandisa yavo yechipiri mbishi zvinhu. Naizvozvo, zvinzvimbo izvi zvinoratidza kunyanya quantitative, uye chete ipapo - yepamusoro.

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako tsvina

tsvina kupatsanura physicochemical ehupfumi inokosha iri kunyatsoongorora kukanganisa kwavo zvakatipoteredza. Izvi, chokwadi, chokuita ngozi uye chepfu zvinoriumba.

World Health Organization vakatanga kupatsanura kwetsvina njodzi mukirasi, nevamwe UN muchimiro kwezvakatipoteredza kudzivirira zvirongwa. Anosanganisira ndandanda ngozi uye chepfu zvinoriumba, izvo yakabudiswa pakuburitswa kwacho. The chete Pamazita chinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu: Arsenic, Pharmaceuticals, siyana organohalogen yeimwe uye Chokwadi, nemekiyuri.

Sezvo chiratidzo toxicity kuti zvinhu akatora ngozi dose coefficient kushandisa iyo hafu bvunzo mhuka mberi inouraya mugumisiro.

Waste kufambira Muvuti

Ngozi tsvina kupatsanura anobva wevasungwa ose zvine chepfu zviri mazviri. Also kufungwa uye ari synergistic mugumisiro anoverengeka zvinoriumba.

Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika dzokuEurope, tsvina kupatsanura njodzi kirasi pazvikanganiso kwezvakatipoteredza vaita. Saka, nzira iri kukwana, nokuti muitiro iri kudziviswa Kukoshesa ravo sezvo mbishi zvinhu kuti zvishandiswezve ari maindasitiri zvekutepfenyura.

Kushandisa matongo sezvo mbishi zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa

Chimwe chikuru zvebasa chero wezvokutengeserana uye mumaindasitiri basa - kuita mumari simba uye pakugadzira zvinhu. Saka, muna ichangobuda zvoupfumi mamiriro convergence kuti zvinodiwa zvinogona vatengi uye vaburitsi, vane ano kugadzirwa zvivako uye ruzivo kushandisa tsvina somunhu mbishi zvinhu.

Kusiyana mbishi zvinhu, tsvina haagoni kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo zvinangwa imwe munda yekushandiswa. Saka, imwe tsvina rinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri minda. Naizvozvo, nokuti anonzwisisa kupatsanura maererano chikamu ichi chiri here kuziva zvimwe zvavo nevamwe zvinhu. Saka, tsvina yose inogona mumapoka mapoka makuru matatu:

1. Vane vanoshorwa Unhu hwakadai kwokushayiwa homogeneity pakati murwiyo uye kutsvinda. Zvikonzero ichi - zvakasiyana siyana yabvaruka, kusvibiswa, okunze zvinhu. Pasinei chokwadi kuti maitiro aya stochastic hunhu, achibatsirwa wavo vakatsunga kudzokororwa kwemaBhaibheri ekare matongo michina uye unhu chezvinhu tichifunga zvakaoma nezvinetso zvemari uye zvakatipoteredza.
2. Municipal hwakasimba tsvina kupatsanura inobva yaibvira kushandiswa sezvo yechipiri mbishi zvinhu. Nemamwe mashoko, akapiwa yakatarwa hwounhu kuti kuyerwa uye yaisanganisira mu nokurondedzerwa uye michina zvinodiwa zviri kukonzera kuti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ritungamirirwe marara.
3. Sezvo chikuru mbishi zvinhu ruchigona kutendeukira pakuburitswa kwacho marara, pamwe kurasikirwa kana Kuipa zvimwe Mutengi unhu vawana uye yoku- zvivako zvisina sevanhu kuti analogue pakutanga.

Naizvozvo, tsananguro tsvina inofanira kuvakirwa tsanangudzo mumwe nomumwe mhando zvivako kuti kuyerwa uye mirayiridzo yaro kushandiswa kunobudirira.

tsvina kupatsanura nokurondedzerwa

Zvichienderana weboka zvinhu izvo vasunungurwa munguva kugadzira muitiro, vanogona kuiswa mumapoka makuru maviri:

• ehupfumi kuti zvinokosha kuti zvinhu nekuyera wavo fanira pakusarudza nzira dzechinyakare kushandiswa;
• vachangobva vawana ehupfumi nekuyera kwavo kunokosha Pakusarudza itsva uye nzira itsva nzira yokushandisa recycling zvokuvakisa.

Kutsunga zvivako muboka rokutanga rinoitwa nekushanda mabhuku akakodzera zvesayenzi uye mwero michina mapepa.

Nokuti dongo achangobva kuwana ehupfumi zvaida nzira vaviri kwezvipimo chipimo nzira nokuda ehupfumi dzavo, uyewo kuona dzimwe nzvimbo zvakafanira.

Kupatsanura tsvina

Nokuti mhuri tsvina inogona semhosva kukodzera kuti zvishandiswezve zvemumba, zvokudya uye zvinhu kuti vakafirwa vavo nevatengi ehupfumi. Uyewo, chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira matunhu neminisiparati rakasimba tsvina, kupatsanura akatsunga kubudikidza anotevera zvinhu: marara uye neveimba tsvina.

The Zvinoumba kwakadai dongo kuchaenderana zvinhu zvakadai pamusoro: padanho kukura munzvimbo uye nyika, tsika pamwero vemo uye tsika dzaro, nguva gore etc. About chetatu vose MSW - kurongedza zvinhu, uwandu iyo nguva dzose kuwedzera.

Kupatsanura hwakavakirwa tsvina multicomponent sezvamunoita uye heterogeneity, pasi arambe achirema uye kusagadzikana (kukwanisa nekuwora). Sezvo zvakapwanyika mabhuku vanogamuchirwa nezvivakwa dzinogarwa, uyewo kunotenga, mitambo, uye mamwe mabhizimisi uye masangano.

The Zvinoumba tsvina yakadaro inosanganisira zvinotevera mhando kwavari:

• Kabhodhi (paper);
• kura zvinhu;
• tsvina zvokudya;
• nesimbi uye mapurasitiki;
• matehwe uye rabha;
• girazi, Textiles, uye matanda.

Saka generalized tsvina kupatsanura.

Tsvina

Pakati anonzi marara anogona kuziva mhando huru nayo kuti uchida kuoresa.

1. Household midziyo yemagetsi. Utilisation Its anodiwa mabhizimisi vose havadi kuva nezvinetso pamutemo nezviremera. Kuti tiite izvi pachavo vanofanira kuva pamutemo chikonzero, kunosimbiswazve nemashoko akakodzera mapepa. Pasina nemvumo kwakadaro mumabhizimisi sangano muve dambudziko. Saka, zvakanakisisa zvaungaita - kuenda boka iri mubasa nenyanzvi marara tsvina.
2. Plastic, furo, bepa, etc. Nemamwe mashoko, mashoko icho chiputiriso. Kubudiswa izvi tsvina kunosanganisira pakudzitsonda, uye chete ipapo aumbwa munzvimbo pellets uye rinoshandiswa senzira yechipiri mbishi zvinhu.
3. Fluorescent mwenje. Zvinokwezva zvakakwana nokuda kubudiswa, sezvo yemagetsi Unit, nechigadziko uye girobhu racho - chinokosha mbishi zvinhu. Kubva ruzivo tinoziva kuti izvi hazvigoni kukandira marara chete nokuda yokuti rine nemekiyuri. Zvisinei, kana kune kurasa zhinji makambani-processors zvinoda zvinhu ichi mbishi nokutengesa wakaisa vakazvimirira, uye ichi mamwe mutengo.
4. Batteries. Nhasi, zvakatanga kuonekwa pfungwa kugamuchirwa kwaiita dongo. Naizvozvo, mukuru wehurumende kusimbisa igadzikwe kurutivi kukwidziridzwa, okushambadza uye kuda kuziva pakati yevagari. chigadzirwa ichi, uyewo fluorescent mwenje, zvakare ngozi kwezvakatipoteredza. Mumwe bhatiri anokwanisa Zvinosvibisa ba anenge 20. metres nyika kumativi uye nenguva yacho kukura - kota remakore. Uyewo zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti mukati maro zvinokuvadza nesimbi akadai mekuri, cadmium uye kutungamirira.

Ngozi neguruva mushonga

Kupatsanura pakati dongo mushonga anobva unyanzvi akakodzera masangano. Izvi kunyanya kushandiswa mabhandeji uye gauze, zvinyama dzevanhu, Pharmaceuticals kana ropa.

Marara All kubva zvokurapa masangano akaita kukwezvwa pfungwa, sezvo vanogona kukuisa zvinogona kukanganisa zvakatipoteredza.

tsvina All kubva outano, zvichienderana pachiyero toxicological, epidemiological uye radiological ngozi vari rakakamurwa nemakirasi mashanu ngozi.

Somuenzaniso, boka A inopa tsvina non-ngozi kuti unotora nyaya, kwete kare neVadzidzi muviri zvinwiwa wevarwere uye zvirwere varwere. Muchikoro ichi zvinosanganisira dzisiri chepfu.

Kirasi B zvinosanganisira chirwere tsvina. Izvi zvinogona chokuita zvinhu uye zvokushandisa zviri kwakasvibiswa secretions wevarwere. Also zvaisanganisira vane makemikari zvinhu pashure kushandiswa.

Hazard Kirasi B - ngozi chaizvo tsvina, izvo zvinosanganisira dongo kubva Microlaboratory, uyewo zvinhu zvave uchikurukura varwere ngozi pezvirwere zvinopomerwana.

Kirasi D - nemarara, zvakafanana nechivako zvayo maindasitiri. Izvi zvinosanganisira mishonga, tsiostatiki, uyewo zvokushandisa uye zvokushandisa, izvo zvinosanganisira nemekiyuri.

Hazard Kirasi D - mwaranzi, izvo zvinosanganisira marara dzokurapwa zvivako ane radioactive zvinoriumba.

Achiratidza, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti kwakakodzera kurasira yamarudzi ose kunogona runovimbisa kuenderera, uye izvi kuchikosha munyika yedu yakaoma ano.