India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): tsananguro, nhoroondo uye unhu

NPP "Kudankulam" (India), wezvokutengeserana nokushanda chikwata okutanga December 31, 2013 akatanga, aiva makore 26 ari akagadzira uye kuvaka pachikuva, uye akamira mwedzi nomwe-blockade nevanhu vairatidzira, kuti vave nyika guru simba renyukireya chirimwa.

zvinyorwa konekwa

Kune zvirongwa zvenyukireya simba zvinomera, ndichinanavira nokusingaperi, "Kudankulam" - simba renyukireya chirimwa, iyo inonyatsoratidza wavo. Saka nei ikapiwa muchanza? It zviripo kuita runenge nokuda nhamba matambudziko kuti chiteshi akakwanisa kukunda. Development wokutanga chikwata yakatanga muna 1988, asi basa racho richiripo kuparara Soviet Union, international zvirango, isingaperi pamutemo zvipingamupinyi, uyewo omunzvimbo Kuratidzira, nguva yokuchinjira bope. "Kudankulam" - simba renyukireya chirimwa, yaizivikanwa chirimwa yokutanga ano yakavakwa muna India vachishandisa dzimwe rwokugadzira.

Kubvira muna 1974, apo mabhomba bhomba kwakaedzwa munyika, kusvika 2008, India aisabvumirwa zvenyukireya Michina yemarudzi kutengeserana zvinoenderana Treaty on Non-Kuwanda Yenyukireya Zvombo, kuti izvo hazvina kubatana. Miedzo zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) - vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana muviri, kusanganisira vakawanda renyukireya masimba enyika, hwakasikwa kuongorora dzakawanda kutengeserana zvenyukireya ruzivo, zvose zvehondo uye sevhiriyeni.

simba shoma

Munguva dzimwe rubatsiro okurambidzwa India akamanikidzwa kushandisa nebudiriro Russian simba renyukireya indasitiri. The chete kunze vaiva zviumbu maviri Tarapur, yakavakwa General Electric muna 1969, uye vaviri CANDU muna Rajasthan, kuvaka wakange akaiswa mukutanga kwema1970. Both NPP akashanda ari uranium exchange kupinza aidzorwa reInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

dzimwe reactors 16 kuIndia, mune-imba uye kushanda rinorema mvura. Limited uranium exchange reserves munyika zvazova kunobva kugara matambudziko nemafuta anopa dzekwavanogara. renyukireya simba chirimwa. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuva mafuta kubudiswa michina, uyewo kushandisa refu toronga kushandisa guru thorium reserves - vanenge 13% of anozivikanwa deposits ino kwemakemikari maatomu akafanana zviri India.

Nematambudziko kukura renyukireya (reactors zvose munyika vane vanokwanisa 202 MW zvichidzika) akamanikidza utungamiri kutsvaka nzira circumvent zvirango dzakawanda. Mugumisiro mumwe Zvirongwa izvi raiva "Kudankulam".

rombo rakaipa purojekiti

Muna November 1988, Prime Minister Radzhiv Gandi uye Mikhail Gorbachev dzakasaina chibvumirano kuvaka zviviri turnkey simba renyukireya dzakabatana muna Tamil Nadu neSoviet VVER reactor. USSR aifanira kuvaka yemapurisa uye nechokwadi chinotsva vaizonzwirwa vakadzoka pashure pokumuka.

Asi basa racho atarisana geopolitical zvipingamupinyi, nokuti Soviet Union muna 1988 akanga kutanga kuparara. Gore rakatevera, kunyika Eastern Europe dzaiva pasi Kudzora Soviet, kudzivirira kwavo rusununguko akaputsa Soviet Union pacharo muna 1991. Kunyange zvazvo Russian Federation akaita rakagamuchira USSR mitoro pasi chibvumirano iri "Kudankulam" NPP, upfumi dambudziko kuti akaparadza Russia kuma1990, munguva pakati 1990 uye 1995 kuderedzwa upfumi hwayo ne50%, izvo zvaireva kuti kukundikana kwayo ramba kushandisa chirongwa. Kusanzwisisana Russia uye India panyaya iyi kwakaita kuti zvimwe sokunonoka ari Implementation nechirongwa. Dzokorora NSG chibvumirano muna 1992 vakauya zvimwe zvinetso sezvo United States akataura kuti chirongwa haana kutevedza mitemo mitsva. Various Indian vakuru panguva akaritumidza wakaberekwa.

mhepo chechipiri

Asi simba renyukireya chirimwa Chirongwa India "Kudankulam" akamuka kubva madota pasi zvikuru zvisingatarisirwi ezvinhu. Kusawirirana pamwe Pakistan muna 1998 kwakaita kuti dzakatevedzana nemiedzo anotevedzana zvenyukireya, izvo zvakazoita kuti kupararira dzakawanda mhosva uye zvirango.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mumwedzi Russia asarudza ndiponesezve chirongwa esungano itsva, akasaina muna June 1998. "Kudankulam" NPP Development Regulation kupa magadzirirwo uye kuvakwa Russian boka ehurumende "Atomstroyexport" maviri 1000 MW VVER-1000 chiedza mvura reactors, uye muIndia Nuclear Power Corp. (NPCI) kuridza basa mucherechedzi mberi basa. The ngaakuitirei zvinofungidzirwa pa $ 2.8 billion, apo Russia inopa-refu chikwereti mabhiriyoni 64,16 rupees. The chibvumirano chitsva akapawo India kodzero dzinoona apedza mafuta kana "Atomstroyexport" ichapa mukana wakadaro.

Quick kutanga

Construction, anobata kupfuura Indian kambani Larsen & Toubro, akatanga muna March 2002. Kusiyana yakafanana zvirongwa, "Atomstroyexport", nzvimbo yakanga wakapindwa mashomanana mainjiniya Russian. Inenge ose mabasa vakanga kuitwa yemakambani omunharaunda uye nyanzvi. Pakutanga, yave zvairatidza zvose kuti nzvimbo zvichazadziswa mberi purogiramu muna December 2007. Panguva iyi zvazvingava, pakuvaka akaenda kusvikira 2004. Kuti akutsigire uye aivabatsira hurukuro inorema zvinoriumba pakutanga 2004, yakavakwa pedo chengarava, izvo akabvumira dhonza michina guru zvakananga pamusoro chikepe kuti ngarava akadonhedza Mbambo pedyo.

Asi yaisakwana hwokumhanyamhanya.

zvinovhiringidza

Dambudziko rokutanga yakatanga pokumbononotswa hurukuro midziyo uye kupembedza zvikamu kubva Russia, uyewo nyaya chokuita urongwa zvirongwa. Izvi akakonzera slowdown rokuvaka, uye pakupedzisira, gore negore papurogiramu sokunonoka. Kudeuka chivakwa wokutanga simba chikwata rakapera muna 2010, uye muna July vakatanga yokuedzwa waro chokunyepera mutoro peturu. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, chirongwa akamhanyira vamwe, zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvakakomba - sezvazviri.

Pasinei nokupararira kuperevedza magetsi rehurumende Tamil Nadu, rinopikisa kuvaka kwakatanga kukura sezvo isu kusvika kumugumo wayo. Zvenyukireya Energy The People reMovement Against (PMANE), mubatanidzwa vagari vomumusha uye vabati vehove muna 2011, pashure njodzi iri March panguva renyukireya simba chirimwa "Fukushima-1" kuJapan vakatanga paumba pamusoro yemapurisa. Nemhenderekedzo Tamil Nadu yakarohwawo Tsunami iri Indian Ocean muna 2004, sparking zvavaityira dzokororo njodzi Japanese.

ichivharira NPP

Muna September, pamberi yaizotongwa matsutso egore mafuta vachizvitakudza uye kutanga muna December, zvakatanga asunga nzvimbo kuvakwa. September 22 The Cabinet pamusoro Vashumiri State akapfuura chisarudzo kuda kumisa ose basa kujekesa nezvemhosva kuchengeteka chirimwa.

Kusvikira March gore rinouya, vairatidzira vakapfuura hapana vashandi vanopfuura 50 muzana kusuduruka, zvichiita zvisingabviri inowanzotorwa oparesheni. Kuwanda demonstrators dzimwe nguva yakasvika zviuru zvakawanda.

Kanda wokutanga Danho

Okutsutsumwa vave vasanyanya ne simba dambudziko iri mamiriro muchirimo gore rinouya, simba kwezvokudya anokonzerwa 4 BSN. Kutyisidzirwa blackouts Cabinet kunoshandurwa rapfuura chisarudzo charo uye kundodana kunokurumidza nokutumwa ari renyukireya nesimba chirimwa "Kudankulam". Zvisinei, simba zvenyukireya, chaibatanidzwa kutongwa, pasinei Mutongo Supreme Court muna September 2012, chakarambwa rakavhara vachizvitakudza zvenyukireya mafuta.

Panguva iyoyo isu akatowedzera okutsutsumwa pamusoro yemapurisa, dzimwe nguva akatendeukira kupinda mhirizhonga, izvo zvaida kuvapo zviuru mapurisa kuti adzivirire yemapurisa. The kumatare renyukireya simba chirimwa haina yapera kusvikira May 2013, apo Dare Repamusorosoro pakupedzisira akaendesa nyaya. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunonoka nokuda okutsutsumwa uye matambudziko kuvakwa, zvakawedzera Mari yaidiwa kuvaka pa $ 1 bhiriyoni.

Wokutanga misa kutanga nhamba 1 muna July 2013 Low-simba yokuedzwa akaramba pamusoro yakatevera, uye 100% simba chikwata kwakatangwa June 9th. Commercial kushandisa simba renyukireya December 21, 2014 akatanga kudzidzisa tsvimbo NPP "Kudankulam" (India) "Atomtekhenergo".

wechipiri gigawatts

Chechipiri "Kudankulam" NPP pamwe inokwana 1000 MW kwakatangwa musi July 10, 2016. Akava 22 fung reactor kwenyukireya kuIndia uye pressurized mvura wechipiri.

Pashure paizvozvo, mukati memazuva 45 simba urwu chikwata akatanga kubudisa 400 MW dzemagetsi, uye muna August raiwanzobatana kune zvakarukwa. Chizvarwa magetsi zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera 500, 750, 900, uye 1000 MW. Pashure achiwedzera 1,000 MW mu danho rechipiri kumaodzanyemba samambure ari akagadzawo anokwanisa simba renyukireya kuIndia kuchawedzera kubva pari 5780 kusvika 6780 MW.

Maererano NPCIL, wokutanga kanda kwakaitika pashure vafanane kuongororwa hurongwa inoratidza dzose zvinodiwa uye zvaidiwa zvinodiwa zvaitaurwa nemitemo nemirayiro yose Nuclear pamutemo Council (AERB).

NPCIL anoti "Kudankulam" - simba renyukireya chirimwa, iyo yakasiyana yemhando kuchengeteka features, kuMudzidzisi dzakawanda mitemo. Reactors Generation III + chokubatanidza tichishingaira uye pusa kuchengeteka enyika akadai kungotarisa kupisa nokubviswa hurongwa, rehydrogen recombiners, chinoumba Misungo accumulators uye nokukurumidza Boron jekiseni hurongwa.

pwititika kutarisira

"Kudankulam" NPP nokutumwa rechipiri chikuva yaizotongwa mangwanani 2017, pasi kuenderera mushandirapamwe pakati India uye Russia, anogona kuwedzerwa kusvika 6-8 dzakabatana. Munyika akaronga kuvaka 20 reactors akadaro.

Agreement pamusoro rwechitatu norwechina dzakabatana akanga nemasaini April 2014 nekuda Verengai bhiriyoni 330 rupees ($ 5.5 billion). Implementation Its rwanonoka nokuda asiri zvaidiwa nomutemo muna 2010 pamusoro Civil kuita kuti Nuclear Damage, iyo kodzero NPCI zvinoda muripo kubva chirimwa nokutengesa iri chiitiko petsaona kukonzerwa vainyeperwa michina.

Izvi zvinogona kuita mwoyo dzimwe makambani kuedza kuita bhizimisi kuIndia, pasinei chibvumirano kubva 2008, kubva NSG, iro avhura munyika dzakawanda kutengeserana mu zvenyukireya zvinhu.

nzwisisa mhinduro

Hurukuro pakati India uye Russian "Rosatom" urwo rwakatora makore mana, akagadzirira urongwa kuramba kutengeserana. Kusvikira ikozvino, Russia ndiyo chete nyika kwakasvika chibvumirano, maererano izvo Indian ehurumende-vaiva inishuwarenzi kambani General Insurance Co. achaita vaongorore mumwe chezvinonhuwira reactors, uye vakatsvaka-gore 20 inishuwarenzi shoma kufukidza zvinogona kukuvadza. Mari simba zviumbu itsva rinotarisirwa kuratidza nzira itsva iyi.

Vacherechedzi havatendi kuti urongwa izvi chinzvimbo kuuya zviitike, sezvo mibvunzo inomuka kuti nevamwe kune Indian vehurumende, uye zvematongerwe enyika zvinogona kunonotsa nekutumirwa kwemauto ari renyukireya rwokugadzira. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubudirira "Kudankulam" NPP chikonzero chokuva netariro munyika simba kwemauto ari kurichemera renyukireya.