Serological miedzo: mifananidzo, shandisa

Laboratory chirwere kuti dzinenge zvose zvirwere inobva vasabatwa ropa iri murwere antibodies, izvo anobudiswa neZvapupu nayo utachiona antigen, serological nzira. Ivo vakapinda okurapa mukupera navapfumbamwe - mangwanani ramakumi remakore.

Kukura sayenzi yakabatsira kuti havatsananguri antigenic maumbirwo tupukanana uye namakemikari zvokuimba pamusoro zvinokachidza dzavo. Zvinokwanisika kusika kwete chete kuchirapa asiwo chirwere serum. Vari yaunganidzwa kutungamirira attenuated utachiona rabhoritari mhuka. Kwapera mazuva anoverengeka soaking tsuro ropa kana mbeva vakagadzirira zvigadzirwa akashandiswa kuziva utachiona kana vavo zvinokachidza vachishandisa serological nemiedzo.

Kwekunze kuratidzwa iri kuita kunoenderana zvinhu waro Pfungwa uye mamiriro maantigen muropa murwere. Kana utachiona vari insoluble nezvimedu, ivo kuzvigadzirisa, lysed, kuita chinhu kana vakasungwa serum. Kana maantigen vari soluble, zvinoratidzika kuti Chiitiko kuti neutralization kana kunayisa.

agglutination (PA)

Serological agglutination bvunzo iri zvikuru chaizvo. Zviri nyore kuita uye zvakajeka kuti nokukurumidza ticherechedze pamberi maantigen mune murwere serum. Rinoshandiswa pakururamisa Vidal maitiro (chirwere kuti fivha uye paratyphoid) uye Weigl (typhus).

Kwakavakirwa yakananga kusakarongeka pakati antibodies dzevanhu (kana agglutinins) uye masero microbial (agglyutenogenami). Zvichitevera kudyidzana kwavo vakaumba inoramba kuti precipitate. Ichi yakanaka chiratidzo. Pakururamisa zvakaitwa angashandiswa vapenyu kana vakafa microbial vamiririri, notumwe tupukanana majemusi, masero eropa uye masero somatic.

Chemical kuita rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri:

1. Dzinenge antibodies remubatanidzwa (AT) pamwe maantigen (AG).
2. Non-chaizvo - the deposition pakati conglomerates AG-AT, kureva paumbwe agglutinate.

Zvaakazoita kunanga agglutination (TPHA)

Uku kuita unokurumidza pane yapfuura mumwe. Rinoshandiswa kuti chirwere kwezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya, intracellular tupukanana, majemusi. Zviri saka akananga anogona kuona kunyange pasi chaizvo kuwanda antibodies.

Nokuti Pfungwa yacho achishandisa ropa masero Yakanatswa emakwai matsvuku uye masero eropa matsvuku kwevanhu pretreated pamwe antibodies kana maantigen (napo chii yezvirwere achida kuwana). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dzevanhu masero matsvuku eropa kubatwa immunoglobulins. Serologic zvinoita erythrocytes anonzi seanoshanda kana kunayisa kwayo chakaitika pasi chubhu. The yakanaka maitiro tinogona kutaura kana masero vari yakarongwa chimiro ane inverted amburera, achitora yose pasi. The kusafarira iri scored apo masero matsvuku eropa agadzirise muchimiro wechikamu kana mabhatani pakati pasi.

kunayisa maitiro (RP)

Serological kuita kwakadai kushumira kuziva chaizvo zviduku zvacho maantigen. Izvi zvingava Somuenzaniso, mapuroteni (kana zvikamu zvayo), yeimwe kwemapurotini vane lipids kana makabhohaidhiretsi, chikamu utachiona uye dzavo muchetura.

Sera nokuti kuita inotengwa nevanhu chakagadzirwa infestation remhuka, yemanyorero tsuro. In nzira iyi, unogona kuwana zvachose chero precipitating serum. Inoshandiswa pakutsigira serological kunayisa zvakafanana mashandiro chiito pamusoro agglutination. The antibodies zviri serum sunga kune maantigen ari colloidal mhinduro yokuumba guru mapuroteni mamorekuru, izvo rakachengetedzwa pamusoro pasi chubhu kana substrate (gel). Nzira iri kuonekwa zvikuru chaizvo uye rinogona kuona kunyange kuronda kushanda nefuma.

Unoshandiswa rokuongorora denda, tularemia, hwechigwadara, yomumuzongoza nezvimwe zvirwere. Also munyaya forensic kuongorora.

Gel kunayisa bvunzo

nemiedzo Serological anogona kuitwa kwete chete pane mvura svikiro, asi ari agarose gel. Izvi zvinonzi diffuse kunayisa nzira. With nayo, kudzidza Zvinoumba kunzwisisa antigenic wemisanganiswa. Nzira iyi inobva chemotaxis pamusoro maantigen kuna antibodies, ndiEzekieri. Gel vachifambira vakananga mumwe panguva yakasiyana aimhanya uye musangano kuumbika kunayisa nemitsetse. mutsetse mumwe - imwe iine K-AT.

Neutralization exotoxin antitoxin (Rn)

Antitoxic serum anogona neutralize exotoxin iyo tusingaoneki kubereka. Zvichienderana ichi mashoko uye serological nemiedzo. Zvidukuduku anoshandisa nzira iyi nokuda titration kuti Sera, muchetura uye toxoids, uyewo avo kuchirapa basa. The Simba neutralization pamusoro toxin iri pakutsvaga kwakajairika dzakabatana - kwavatumwa.

Uyezve, nokuda ichi zvinogona kuona mhando kana mhando achidiwa exotoxin. It rinoshandiswa nechirwere pamusoro tetenasi, diphtheria, zvanga zvine utachiona uhu. Kudzidza kunogona kuitwa "pamusoro girazi", uye ari gel.

lysis maitiro (RL)

Masoja serum, iyo anopinda muviri murwere, une, kunze kwayo chikuru kushanda kuti kurwisa hosha, kunyange uye lytic zvivako. It anokwanisa Kuparadzwa microbial vamiririri, cellular uye dzimwe okunze utachiona kupinda muviri murwere. Zvichienderana specificity zviri antibodies vanobatanidzwa serum dzoga bactericidin, cytolysins, spirohetoliziny, hemolysins uye nezvimwewo.

Izvi antibodies chaiwo vanonzi "mukwanisi". Rinowanikwa zvinenge zvose zvinwiwa muviri, ine kunzwisisa mapuroteni chimiro uye zvikuru nehanya tembiricha kuwedzera, chakazunguzirwa, acids uye yakananga chezuva. Asi mamiriro akaoma anokwanisa kuramba lytic ehupfumi zvavo kwemwedzi kusvikira mitanhatu.

Kune dzimwe mhando serological miedzo iyi mhando:

- bacteriolysis;

- hemolysis.

Bacteriolysis rinoitwa kushandisa ropa murwere serum uye wakananga zvirwere serum pamwe utachiona mhenyu. Kana, ipapo muongorori anoona lysis kwemabhakitiriya, uye mhinduro ichakurukurwa sezvo yakanaka inoverengeka mukwanisi yakakwana aripo muropa.

Chechipiri ropa serological mhinduro ndechokuti kuturika pamusoro erythrocytes akaitira murwere serum ine hemolysins, izvo kusashanda chete pamberi imwe anokutenda. Kana paine chimwe, zvino yezvirwere vakarinda pokufa masero matsvuku eropa. Izvi zvakaitwa zvinowanzodavirwa inoshandiswa mukurapa ano kuona titer kuti mukwanisi (kureva, ayo ruduku uwandu afunge lysis masero matsvuku eropa) muropa serum uye kugadzirwa mukwanisi tichisunga munhu akaidza. Maiva seizvi inoitwa serological maitiro nokuda njovhera - Wasserman.

mukwanisi Kuda kutamba (RSK)

Izvi zvakaitwa inoshandiswa kuona serum antibodies murwere ane chirwere mumiririri uyewo kuziva muvambi waro antigenic mamiriro.

Kusvikira panguva iyi isu akarondedzera nyore serological nemiedzo. Rác vaiona kwakaoma maitiro, sezvo dyidzana kwete vaviri, asi vatatu zvinhu: imwe antibody, imwe antigen uye mukwanisi. Chaizvoizvo Its iri ndechokuti kukurukurirana pakati antibody uye antigen rinowanikwa chete pamberi mapuroteni ukarumbidza izvo adsorbed pamusoro pemvura aumba yakaoma K-AT.

Pachavo maantigen pashure kuwedzera mukwanisi, pasi nouchapupu kuchinja, izvo zvinoratidza kunaka kuita. Izvi zvingava lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, bactericidal kana bacteriostatic kushanda.

The Zvakaitwa pacharo rinowanikwa muna maitikiro maviri:

1. Paumbwe antibody-antigen, zvisina nemaziso oneka mutsvakurudzi.
2. Kuchinja antigen pasi zvinoitwa mukwanisi. danho iri kazhinji dzinogona kurondwa kusvikira kumararamire chinoabatsira. Kana ziso mhinduro chisingaoneki, ipapo shandisa okuwedzera chakarurama hurongwa kuti unobvumira kuziva kuchinja.

chakarurama hurongwa

Izvi zvakaitwa inobva nokusungwa mukwanisi. The bvunzo sepombi awa pashure nokugadza RSK akawedzera makwai erythrocytes Yakanatswa uye serum hemolytic kwete ine mukwanisi. Kana chubhu akasara vasina kusungwa mukwanisi, zvichaita kubatana yakaoma N-AT yakaumbwa pakati makwai ropa masero uye hemolysin, uye kukonzera nemukuparadzwa yavo. Izvi zvingareva kuti DGC akaipa. Kana masero matsvuku eropa rakaramba, zvino, maererano, maitiro akanaka.

hemagglutination (RHA)

Pane vaviri vangasimudzira zvakasiyana hemagglutination. Mumwe wavo - serological, rinoshandiswa kuti Pakusarudza mapoka ropa. Muchiitiko ichi erythrocytes kushamwaridzana antibodies.

Uye yechipiri kuita haasi akarondedzera serological, sezvo masero matsvuku eropa sei pamwe hemagglutinin zvinoberekwa nemavhairasi. Sezvo neimwe exciter anoita chete dzakananga erythrocytes (huku, gwai, Tsoko), tinogona kufunga ichi kuita kusanyatsotsanangurwa dzakananga.

Clear akanaka kana akaipa mhinduro, zvinokwanisika kuti nzvimbo masero ropa pasi chubhu. Kana ivo vazvionere fananei ane inverted amburera, ipapo achida utachiwana aripo muropa murwere. Uye kana masero ose matsvuku aumba yakaita mari mbiru, hapana utachiona vasingazivikanwi.

Maitiro hemagglutination chinovhiringidza (Hai)

Izvi zvikuru chaizvo maitiro, izvo anobvumira kuumba chimiro, mhando utachiona kana kuvapo dzakananga antibodies vari serum ropa murwere.

Chaizvoizvo Its iri pakuti antibodies akawedzera chubhu chine bvunzo zvinhu, kunotadzisa deposition pamusoro maantigen pamusoro erythrocytes, nokudaro kumbomira hemagglutination. Uyu Qualitative chinoratidza pamberi dzakananga maantigen muropa kuti imwe zvandinenge utachiwana.

Zvaakazoita immunofluorescence (Rif)

The kuita inobva kukwanisa kuziva zvivako pamwe AT-AH fluorescent microscopy pashure kurapwa flyuorohromnymi madhayi. Nzira iyi ndiyo nyore kushandisa, haatarisiri voga rakachena tsika uye anotora shoma nguva. Hazvina dzetsika dzemagariro kukurumidza zvokuongorora zvirwere zvinotapukira.

In tsika, miedzo izvi serological vanokamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga.

Direct Rif yakabereka antigen iyo kare kupatsanurwa fluorescent serum. Uye zvisina kunanga ndechokuti mushonga ari kutanga kurapwa pamwe kwakajairika diagnosticum kuitika antibodies kune kutsvakwa antigen obva apiwa vakashandisa fluorescent whey, izvo zvakananga kuti mapuroteni ari yakaoma K-AT, uye masero microbial vave kuonekwa microscopy.