Wevasungwa uye arambe achirema pamusoro sulfuric acid. The kutsamira pamusoro arambe achirema ari sulfuric iine acid wevasungwa mumotokari bhatiri

Sanganisa uye nekutsvaga sulfuric asidhi - ndiwo namakemikari zvinokosha zvokuti zvibereko zvakawanda munyika kupfuura mamwe chero fuma. Economic upfumi munyika inogona dzinoongororwa maererano anogadzirwa mairi sulfuric acid.

dissociation urongwa

Sulfuric asidhi rinoshandiswa muchimiro aqueous mhinduro kubva kuwanda siyana. Iye kaviri dissociation maitiro mumatanho maviri, inobereka H ⁺ ions dziri mhinduro.

H ₂ SO ₄ = H ^{+ +} HSO ₄ ^-;

HSO ₄ ^- = H ^{+ +} SO ₄ ^-2.

Sulfuric asidhi ane simba, uye Danho rokutanga dissociation kunoitika nokukurumidza zvokuti vanenge vose pakutanga Morekuru kuputsa kupinda H ⁺ -ions uye HSO ₄ ^-1 -ions (rehydrogen sulfate) mu mhinduro. Recent zvishomanana dziparare mberi, ichibudisa H ⁺ ions vamwe uye kusiya munhu sulfate Ion (SO ₄ ^-2) mu mhinduro. Zvisinei, hydrogensulfate, ari simba acid, achiri muzvinhu kugadzirisa kuti H ⁺ uye SO ₄ ^-2. Complete dissociation chete apo arambe achirema ari sulfuric iine acid mhinduro iri pedyo iri arambe achirema mvura, r. F pasi kumusoro dilution.

Properties ose sulfuric asidhi

Hazvina rinokosha pakuti zvinogona kuita sechinhu kwakajairika asidhi kana simba oxidizer - zvichienderana tembiricha uye yevasungwa. A inotonhorera sanganisa mhinduro kubva sulfuric asidhi ikasakendenga pamwe yezviri simbi kupa munyu (sulfate) uye shanduka rehydrogen gasi. Somuenzaniso, maitiro pakati chando sanganisa H ₂ SO ₄ (kuzvitutumadza wayo renguva danho dissociation) uye esimbi zingi sezvinotevera:

Zn + H ₂ SO ₄ = ZnSO ₄ + H _2.

The Hot kuramba sulfuric acid, ane arambe achirema anenge 1,8 g / masendimita ^3, anogona kuita somunhu oxidant, kuita pamwe nezvinhu kuti Kazhinji inert kune acids dzakadai Somuenzaniso esimbi mhangura. Munguva zvakaitwa, mhangura iri oxidized, uye iine acid gobvu ipfupi, chigadzikiso achiumbwa nemhangura sulfate (II) mumvura uye gaseous nesarufa yakasviba (SO ₂₎ pane rehydrogen, izvo zvaizoita kutarisirwa kuita kuti asidhi ane simbi.

Cú + 2h ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + SO ₂ + 2h ₂ O.

Sezvo kazhinji varehwa wevasungwa Dzacho

Chaizvoizvo, wevasungwa upi mhinduro kungaratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana, asi yainyanya kushandiswa yevasungwa uremu. Kunoratidza uwandu magiramu ose solute mune imwe uremu kana Vhoriyamu mhinduro kana solvent (yemanyorero 1000 g, 1000 masendimita ^3, 100 masendimita ³ uye 1 dm they ^3). Panzvimbo mukanyiwa mune magiramu ane pfuma kunogona kutora uwandu, chinoratidzwa moles, - ipapo tatora matadza Kuwanda 1000 d kana 1 dm they ³ mhinduro.

Kana matadza wevasungwa akatsunga toreva kwete chitsama mhinduro, asi chete kune solvent, inonzi molality chemhinduro. It kunoratidzwa ne rusununguko tembiricha.

Kazhinji kurema wevasungwa akaratidza magiramu por 100 magiramu ose solvent. Anowedzera mufananidzo uyu 100%, ndezvevakazvigadzirirwa pamusoro uremu muzana (pa wevasungwa). Kureva, nzira iri inonyanyoshandiswa kushandiswa raireva sulfuric asidhi mhinduro.

kukosha imwe neimwe mhinduro wevasungwa, vakatsunga pamusangano tembiricha wakapiwa, yakafanana chaizvo chaizvo arambe achirema (semuenzaniso, kuti arambe achirema pakati sulfuric iine acid mhinduro). Naizvozvo, dzimwe nguva kunoratidzwa mhinduro. Somuenzaniso, H ₂ SO ₄ mhinduro, zvizere ndivo wevasungwa 95,72%, munhu arambe achirema pamusoro 1,835 g / masendimita ³ panguva t = 20 ° C. How kuona wevasungwa ane mhinduro yakadaro, kana wakapiwa chete sulfuric asidhi arambe achirema? Table kupa matsamba yakadaro yechigarire chero bhuku iri zvavo kana Analytical kemisitiri.

MUENZANISO wevasungwa recalculation

Regai ndibve imwe kwadzinoita kutaura kune imwe mhinduro wevasungwa. Ngatitii tine H ₂ SO ₄ mhinduro mumvura pamwe 60% wevasungwa mhindu. kutanga isu rinotsanangura arambe achirema ari runoenzanirana sulfuric acid. Table ine pauwandu hweavo (wokutanga mbiru) uye runoenzanirana arambe achirema pamusoro aqueous mhinduro kubva H ₂ SO ₄ (wechina mbiru), iri pasi apa.

It anosarudza zvinodiwa mutengo izvo zvakaenzana 1,4987 g / masendimita ^3. zvino isu ngaaverenge molarity chemhinduro. Nokuti ichi zvinokosha kuona vakawanda H ₂ SO ₄ muna 1 fő kuti mhinduro uye runoenzanirana uwandu moles ose acid.

Volume, izvo kugara 100 g padanda mhinduro:

100 / 1,4987 = 66,7 Rine mamiririta.

Sezvo muna 66.7 ml 60% mhinduro mabhati 60 g ari asidhi muna 1 fő payo ichava ane:

(60 / 66.7) x 1000 = 899, 55 g.

sulfuric iine acid matadza uremu akaenzana 98. Nokudaro, nhamba moles zviri 899,55 g magiramu aro, achava:

899,55 / 98 = 9,18 nhuta.

The kutsamira pamusoro arambe achirema ari sulfuric iine acid wevasungwa kunoratidzwa Fig. pazasi.

Kushandiswa sulfuric asidhi

Rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri siyana. In kugadzirwa nesimbi uye simbi inoshandiswa rokuchenesa simbi pamusoro isati akafuka imwe fuma munyaya pakusika chakaita zvokugadzirwa madhayi uyewo mamwe marudzi acids akadai hydrochloric uye nitric. It rinoshandiswawo anogadzira zvinhu mishonga zvigadzirwa, fetiraiza uye zvinoputika, uye achiri chinhu reagent inokosha achibvisa tsvina kubva kwakafumuka mafuta kunatswa indasitiri.

mushonga uyu zvikuru kubatsira muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye inowanika nyore sechinhu sulfuric iine acid mhinduro kushandiswa mutobvu-asidhi mabhatiri (semuenzaniso, avo vari motokari). asidhi kwakadaro kazhinji ane wevasungwa inobva vanenge 30% kusvika 35% H ₂ SO ₄ kurema, pachiyero - mvura.

Nokuti vazhinji nevatengi zvikumbiro 30% H ₂ SO ₄ achava zvakawanda zvavanotarisira. Zvisinei, muna bhizimisi uye zvinoda wakakwirira zvikuru Kuwanda sulfuric acid. Kazhinji, munguva gadzira riri kutanga kuwana zvakakwana sanganisa uye kwakasvibiswa Organic inclusions. Kuramba iine acid inotengwa mumatanho maviri: kutanga, yakanga kumamiriro 70%, uye ipapo - mune danho rechipiri - vanomutsirwa 96-98%, inova vakaomerwa parameter kuti zvemari zvimwe kugadzirwa.

The arambe achirema of sulfuric asidhi uye ayo akasiyana

Kunyange kusvika 99% sulfuric asidhi kunogona zvishoma panguva reflux, asi unozotevera kurasikirwa SO ₃ panguva kubika nguva kunoderedza wevasungwa kuti 98,3%. Kazhinji, mhando pamwe indekisi 98% kugadzikana zvakawanda okuchengetera.

Commercial mugwaro acids dzinosiyana ayo wevasungwa mhindu, uye nokuda iyo anosarudzwa tsika iwayo izvo yakaderera crystallization tembiricha. Izvi zvinoitwa yokuderedza kurasikirwa sulfuric asidhi crystals precipitate panguva zvokufambisa uye amatura. Huru mhando ndiwo:

• The shongwe (nitrous) - 75%. Sulfuric iine acid arambe achirema mukirasi akaenzana 1670 makirogiramu / m ^3. Wana ake ainzi. nitrous nzira umo kunoguma nitroso kubatwa (ichi zvakare H ₂ SO _4, asi pamwe ichiputswa senitrogen oxides) muna zvikuru vachiridzira iri calcined mbishi gasi ine sarufa yakasviba SO _2, kupinda mudungwe shongwe (richizonzi mhando). Somugumisiro dzinounzwa asidhi uye senitrogen oxides zvisina rwapedzwa kwacho, uye akadzokera kugadzirwa yatinofema.
• Contact - 92,5-98,0%. Sulfuric iine acid arambe achirema kuti 98% mukirasi akaenzana 1836,5 makirogiramu / m ^3. Naicho yakawanikwa kubva roaster magasi ane SO _2, sezvamakaropafadzwa muitiro unotora anhydride yakasviba oxidation kuti SO ₃ kuonana wayo (richizonzi mugwaro) multiple akaturikidzana zvokufonongonwa vanadium tiwedzere.
• Oleum - 104,5%. arambe achirema Its akaenzana 1896,8 makirogiramu / m ^3. mhinduro iyi SO ₃ H ₂ SO _4, sezvamakaropafadzwa wokutanga zvinoriumba ine 20%, uye asidhi - ndiyo 104,5%.
• oleum High wegiredhi - 114,6%. Its arambe achirema - 2002 makirogiramu / m ^3.
• Battery - 92-94%.

Sei motokari bhatiri

Kushanda ichi chimwe chezvinhu mukurumbira magetsi mano kunobva zvachose pamusoro electrochemical pezvakaitwa kuitika pamberi aqueous sulfuric acid.

Automobile bhatiri rine sanganisa sulfuric iine acid electrolyte, uye zvakanaka uye kunaka electrodes muchimiro simbi dzakawanda. Positive mahwendefa wakaitwa zvinhu yakatsvukuruka mashava - mutobvu yakasviba (PbO _2), uye kunaka - kubva grayish "chipanji" kutungamirira (Pb).

Sezvo electrodes dzinoitwa mutobvu kana leaded zvinhu, kwakadai bhatiri anowanzodanwa kutungamirira-asidhi bhatiri. Its operability, t. E. The goho voltage kunotemwa zvakananga zviri panguva iyi arambe achirema pamusoro sulfuric asidhi (makirogiramu / m3 kana g / masendimita ^3), akazadzwa ari bhatiri sezvo electrolyte.

Chii chinoitika kuna electrolyte apo bhatiri discharges,

The electrolyte kutungamirira-iine acid bhatiri chinhu rechargeable mhinduro ine sulfuric asidhi mune kwakadonhera mvura mishonga wakachena wevasungwa kufarira 30% panguva kutonga zvizere. Net asidhi ane arambe achirema pamusoro 1,835 g / masendimita ^3, electrolyte - vanenge 1,300 g / masendimita ^3. Kana bhatiri riri pauri, izvozvo electrochemical siyana kuitike zvichiguma sulfuric asidhi vakabviswa electrolyte. wevasungwa chemhinduro kunobva anenge Proportional kuti arambe achirema, saka kunofanira kuderera nokuda kuderera electrolyte wevasungwa.

Chero bedzi zvinoyerera pari runoyerera napakati bhatiri asidhi zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa pedyo electrodes ayo uye electrolyte anova sanganisa. iine acid diffusion kubva zvachose Vhoriyamu electrolyte uye electrode ndiro rinotsigira anenge kuramba kusimba nemakemikari uye, naizvozvo, kuti goho voltage.

Pakutanga okuyerera basa diffusion of iine acid electrolyte iri ndiro kunoitika nokukurumidza nokuti zvichiguma sulfate pamwe asi scored pores vari kushingaira zvinhu zviri electrodes. Kana sulphate anotanga kuumba uye muzadze pores ari electrodes, iyo diffusion inoitika zvishoma nezvishoma.

Tichingotarisa zvinokwanisika kuramba kuti tiite chero bedzi asidhi zvose haangavi kushandiswa, uye electrolyte zvichange rinoumbwa mvura yakachena. Zvisinei, zvakaitika zvinoratidza kuti zviri pamwero arege kuramba mushure electrolyte arambe achirema akadonha kuna 1,150 g / masendimita ^3.

Kana arambe achirema zvinoderedza kubva 1,300 kusvika 1.150, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvakawanda sulfate rakaumbwa panguva maitiro, uye anozadza pores zvose zviri basa zvinhu Panhivi, kureva. E. Kubva mhinduro kare vakasarudzwa zvinenge zvose sulfuric acid. The arambe achirema kunobva wevasungwa proportionally, uye saizvozvo, kuti arambe achirema pamusoro vebasa bhatiri kunoenderana. Muonde. pazasi inoratidza kutsamira pane bhatiri electrolyte arambe achirema.

Kusandura arambe achirema ari electrolyte, yakanakisisa nzira dzokuziva bhatiri pakuyerera mamiriro, chero bedzi kuti kushandiswa zvakakodzera.

Madhigirii motokari bhatiri zvinoyerera zvichienderana electrolyte arambe achirema

arambe achirema Its vanofanira kuyerwa ose masvondo maviri uye unofanira nguva dzose kuchengetwa kuverenga zvinyorwa ndisa.

The zvakawanda gobvu electrolyte, zvikuru asidhi rine uye zvikuru kuti bhatiri akapiwa. Density 1,300-1,280 g / masendimita ³ inoratidza mhosva zvizere. Kazhinji, vachitevera bhatiri buditsa dhigirii zvinosiyana zvichienderana electrolyte arambe achirema:

• 1,300-1,280 - zvakazara mhosva:
• 1,280-1,200 - kupfuura muhafu;
• 1,200-1,150 - mhosva asingasviki hafu;
• 1.150 - anenge chinhu.

Mune zvakazara mhosva bhatiri vasati unobatanidza ayo motokari wedzerai voltage foni nerimwe riri 2.5 kusvika 2.7 V. Panongotanga mutoro zvakabatana, asi voltage nokukurumidza anosiya kuti anenge 2,1 V matatu kana mana maminitsi. Izvi imhaka paumbwe nhete rukoko mutobvu sulphate pamusoro pemvura akaipa electrode ndiro uye pakati kutungamirira rukoko uye simbi peroxide akanaka ndiro. The yokupedzisira kukosha sero voltage pashure mugwagwa Network unobva vanenge 2,15-2,18 volts.

Kana ano anotanga iyerere kubudikidza bhatiri munguva awa kushanda rokutanga, pane voltage ichidonhedzera 2 V nokuda vawedzere womukati masero kuramba nokuda paumbwe hombe uwandu sulfate iyo inoita pores kwamahwendefa uye kusarudzwa kubva electrolyte acid. Nguva pfupi asati ratanga aibuda ari kuitika arambe achirema pamusoro electrolyte ndiyo maximal uye zvakaenzana 1,300 g / masendimita ^3. Pakutanga zvakanga underpressure kunoitika nokukurumidza, asi ipapo akaisa yakadzikama mamiriro pakati arambe achirema pakati asidhi pedyo mahwendefa uye substantially electrolyte vhoriyamu kusarudzwa electrodes vaitsigira asidhi kupinda itsva zvidimbu asidhi kubva unorema kubva electrolyte. Avhareji arambe achirema pamusoro electrolyte anoramba kutapudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro ukama kuratidzwa Fig. kumusoro. Pashure kwokutanga donhwe voltage zvinoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma, ayo mwero rutapudzo kunobva bhatiri mutoro. Time purogiramu zvinoyerera kwacho kunoratidzwa Fig. pazasi.

Kudzora mamiriro ose electrolyte iri bhatiri

Kuti tizive arambe achirema hydrometer kushandiswa. It rinoumbwa rakanamwa regirazi chubhu ane kuwedzera pajinga pakuguma, akazadzwa mekuri kana kupfurwa, uye graded pamwero pamusoro yokumusoro mugumo. chikero ichi wakanyorwa kubva 1,100 kusvika 1,300 dzakashongedzwa zvenguva tsika, sezvinoratidzwa Fig. pazasi. Kana hydrometer anoiswa mumamiriro electrolyte, zvichaita richanyura kune imwe kudzika. Saka zvichava bvikinyidza imwe Vhoriyamu electrolyte, uye kana zvakanyatsoenzana nzvimbo zvasvika, uremu misha bhuku richange chete akaenzana uremu hydrometer. Sezvo arambe achirema pamusoro electrolyte vakaenzana nhamba yaro uremu kuti vhoriyamu, uye kurema hydrometer chikazozikamwa, zvino mumwe Hazvizivikanwi mumvura iri mhinduro unoenderana nechimwe arambe achirema kwayo. Vamwe hydrometers vane nemararamiro ose arambe achirema scale, asi anozivikanwa "Kubhadhara", "nehafu digit", "Full zvinoyerera" kana zvakadaro.