The codification mitemo yeRussian Empire pasi Nicholas 1: zuva, ndivo

Codification mutemo Russian pasi Nicholas Ndakatanga muna 1826. Somugumisiro, kushanda kwenguva refu pakati vakawanda magweta wakagadzirirwa ne Code, izvo zvinosanganisira mabasa ose uye mirayiro zviri simba munharaunda umambo. muunganidzwa ichi mitemo pamwe mafomu uye tsanangudzo dzakabudiswa muna 1833.

The dambudziko yainetsa mutemo

Pakazosvika nguva accession kuti chigaro Nicholas I, ivo codification mitemo yazova rimwe kudiwa anosangana zviremera Russian. Dambudziko akarara chokuti kwemakumi akawanda emakore munyika maiva hwakavigwa mumakamuri itsva zvinobva zvarongwa uye mirayiro dzimwe nguva anopikisana. Codification zvakafanira kuti systematize mitemo kuti vazviise mumba chete nzwisisa kuti.

Nokuti dambudziko iri Ndakaendeswa zvakawanda vamutangira pakati Nicholas I, kusanganisira mbuya Ekaterina Velikaya wake uye mukoma Alexander I. gavhuna mutsva akatora codification rwerudyi pashure chete akaoneka pachigaro. Nicholas akauya simba pamusoro pakanyorwa Decembrist yemuna, wakarongwa vatsigiri enyika shanduko munyika. Nikolai zororo hwavo zvisarudzo, achitarisa kumashure zvakaitika 1825. Nokuti naye, codification mutemo waiva mumwe nzira kusimbisa hurumende hurongwa.

The inefficiency pamutemo hurongwa

Chii imperious midziyo raiva basa uye migweje zvisaririra kare, nokuti munhu asina zvakavanzika. Kazhinji zvinoitwa akasiyana nadzo kana machinda zvinopesana mumwe nokuda pamutemo pokunzvenga napo uye mumakomba mitemo yokudzora basa ravo. Uyezve, ichi chinhu zvemamiriro ezvinhu kwakura pasi nokuda kukura uori.

Codification mitemo akapiwa Mihailu Speranskomu. Kwechinguva akanga akaswedera pedyo Alexander I uye aiva munyori vazhinji ake worupo mabasa uye kuchinja. Pausiku Hondo 1812 Speransky akanga mukunyadziswa uye yaiva honorary vakatapwa. Zvino Nicholas ndikamuburusira kudzokera kuhondo, achitarisira kuona uye zivo muvandudzi zvakadzama. Speranski pakarepo akava mambo kutumira memos, iro rinotaura mabasa yapfuura dzemaKomisheni kuchinja mitemo uye urongwa kuuya codification.

Pokugadzwa bazi rechipiri

Nicholas I mvumo pfungwa Mihaila Speranskogo. In April 1826 zvakananga basa iri kuongorora mumutemo kwaiva kusika munhu bazi Imperial Chancellery rechipiri. Pamberi muviri mutsva pakagadzikwa chinangwa chakajeka - kuumba bumbiro remitemo yeRussian Empire. Codification inoshanyirwa vapepeti zhinji. Vakanga inopiwa ne zvose zvakafanira kupfuma. Lawyers vaifanira kutarisa wakakura guru magwaro. Speransky uye ake pasi vakanakidzwa zvibereko basa yaimbova Commission kuzoumba mitemo nenguva Alexander I, vakanga vasati nguva kupedza basa rayo.

In chechipiri yakatanga kushanda magweta, jurists, vanyori venhau dzakaitika, statisticians uye vezvematongerwo zvinokosha. Heano chete zvishomanana mazita: .. Konstantin Arsenyev, valerian Klokov Peter Havsky Dmitry Zamyatin, Dmitry Eristov Alexander Kunitsyn, etc. Vose vanhu ava vane vakadzidza vepamusoro munyika. Vaiva dzakanakisisa muminda yavo, uye kushanda pamwe chete, vakakwanisa kuita zvinoita sezvisingabviri. The codification mitemo vasati kwainzi hakungagoni. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti vanachiremba vaifanira kusanganisira mune chinotevera akagadzirwa magwaro chaiko kune XVII remakore, uye ichiri kushanda munharaunda Russia.

muunganidzwa magwaro

Original mapepa zvinochengeterwa dzakasiyana yamabhuku vakapararira munyika. Vamwe zvinyorwa vaifanira kutarisa zvivako akabvisa masangano. mitumbi Ndivo .. College of Affairs Foreign, Department of Patrimonial, akavharwa zvirevo, etc. The codification mutemo Russian yakanga kuoma ndechokuti vachiri hapana chete yokunyoresa izvo zvinogona akapupurirawo drafters of Code. Bazi yechipiri yaiva nekuivaka kubva muvare, kufunga Moscow, dare uye vanoshumira yamabhuku. Kana yokunyoresa pakupedzisira vakagadzirira, zvikazooneka kuti raanaro vanopfuura zviuru 53 zviito wokurera ari emakore akasiyana.

In St. Petersburg akarayira mabhuku zvisingawanzowaniki zvinogona vatsvake uye akaponesa mavhiki. The codification mitemo yeRussian Empire yaiva shanduro acho achiri. Nyanzvi akaenzanisa uwandu mushanduro, vakaongorora yekare zvinyorwa, Akaakumbira nekodzero, makaita, akagura kubva mazita. mabasa mazhinji chaizvoizvo vakaprofita, kunyange zvazvo vaigona kutorwa panguva dzakasiyana uye pazviitiko zvakasiyana. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, sezvo mutemo, vaivimba gwaro yapfuura, ndokusiya kuti nekubatwa ari Code.

Analysis chenhau mabasa

Pokutangira bazi rechipiri kwaiva Conciliar code, vakagamuchirwa muna 1649 pasi chevaux Alexei Mikhailovich. Lawyers munyaya bumbiro muunganidzwa ichi uye mitemo vose vaivapo. Paiva kunyange akadzima uye basa magwaro (somunhu mupanda kune Complete Collection). Muchiitiko chino, basa rinokosha akanga achiparidza zvakafanana pamwe Kuongorora vasara zvinyorwa, kudanana pamberi 1649. Vakanga rakabudiswa yoga sezvo yakazvimirira bhuku rinonzi "Mabasa nhoroondo."

The codification mitemo pasi Nicholas 1 kwakaitika zvinotevera nzira. Rakatanga imwe nzvimbo (semuenzaniso, vehurumende). It aongororwe voga. Panyaya iyi, zvakafanana mutemo wehurumende rikakamurwa anoverengeka zvenhoroondo nguva. Izvi akwanise kuti systematization acho, kunyange zvakanga zvichiri zvakaoma. Kunyanya kurwadza raiva basa tsotsi mutemo. Review yaro dzakaitika Kuvaka mishoma. Muna July 1827, mugumisiro basa iri rakanga se "chinyoreso bvunzo" inopiwa mambo. Akafara. The codification mitemo pasi Nicholas 1 kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo.

Mitemo richiswedera kukwira Code

Kuronga mabasa bazi wechipiri, Mikhail Speransky vakasarudza pangozi, uye kuvaka zvekare yemarudzi ruzivo mumapoka akafanana. Search kwenguva refu vasina. Kunenge akasarudzwa sokunoratidza pfungwa ne Francis Bacon. This Chirungu muzivi akazodzidza pamutemo pfungwa pakutanga ari XVII remakore uye akasiya mupfumi bhuku nhaka. Kuvimba pfungwa yake, Mikhail Speransky akagadzira mumwe mitemo shoma, uko akazova romutemo Russian akaanyora.

Kunze dzokororo. Yakarebesa, akashandiswa mitemo aiitwa, apo chechipiri aisabvumirwa kubata chaizvo yavo. Izvi zvakaitwa munguva yemberi kurerutsa basa ehurumende masangano, matare, uye zvichingodaro. D. Mitemo dzakagoverwa pamusoro vanotongwa murau, pashure vakanga vakapa muchimiro nyaya, iro rikawira rakatenderera. Mumazuva okupedzisira yevanenge imwe neimwe ine nhamba yacho. Murume, uyo aifarira REDD, vaigona kukurumidza uye zviri nyore kuwana chiito chakakodzera. Ndicho ichi uye aida kusvika Nikolai 1. The codification mitemo, iri pfupi, razova chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha matanho rokutonga kwake. rapera rokutanga kunogadzirira Code.

Kukosha mabasa Speransky

Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti hapana Speranskii tisina akaita codification mitemo yeRussian Empire. Akatungamirira basa rose, achirumbidza pasi akabvumira matambudziko uye pakupedzisira vakaudza mambo pamusoro nebudiriro bazi wechipiri. Mikhail Speransky aiva sachigaro zvachose basa kuti anoongororwa rechecked drafts ane bhuku ramangwana. Yaiva nokutsungirira kwake uye simba akabvumira kutsungirira basa guru hwaiva nokukurumidza.

Zvisinei, paiva zvikonzero codification mitemo yeRussian Empire pasi Nicholas 1 akanonoka. Izvi zvakaitika nekuti zvirongwa kazhinji vakadzokera shure compilers ose odhita zvaakacherechedza. Speransky pachake ndaverenga mutsetse ose ari 15 vhoriyamu of Code. Musi drafts, haana kufanana, aisazosiya zvavakataura. Saka basa racho aigona kumhanya pakati originators uye Commission kanoverengeka, kusvikira, pakupedzisira, hazvina ngaakuyire chivheneke.

Dudziro sharuka mitemo

Maererano zvinodiwa kuti vari kuisa mberi Nikolai 1, iyo codification mitemo haana zvokuimba basa nyorazve gwaro nyore. Venguva refu zviito uye ulozhenija rakanyorwa pamusoro vakwegura shanduro mutauro wokuRussia. Drafters of Code aifanira kubvisa Formulations dzakadaro uye kuti kuanyora zvakare. Yaiva nebasa rakawanda chaizvo riri kududzirwa mutemo. The yapfuura mitemo uye pfungwa vanofanira vakatamira yemamiriro ezvinhu wokuRussia chokwadi pamusoro XIX remakore.

mutemo ose Akaperekedzwa boka guru manotsi uye nezvemakwikwi zvinyorwa. Saka nyaya anova ndehwechokwadi, uye vaverengi anogona kuziva chikonzero nderechokwadi mitemo pakuda. Kunyanya yakawanda tsanangudzo uye kuwedzera dzaiva mabasa ekare akazviratidza XVII-XVIII emakore. Kana drafters kuti kuenda kubva epakutanga kana kushandisa nadzurudzo, zvinonzi akataura achine kushanda.

odhita

Pakupedzisira ndiedze Code akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze ari odhita komiti chaiyo. Raisanganisira vamiririri weSeneti uye Bazi Justice. First macheki tsotsi uye mitemo inokosha ehurumende.

Vaongorori akaita yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita zhinji. Vakasimbisa kuti Code kunofanira kuitika aifanira kuwedzerwa PAMBERI dzeraundi nemirayiro oushumiri siyana. Somuenzaniso, vakatsvaka musoro mari wedhipatimendi Egor Kankrin. Mune Russian Empire, zvose tsika bhizimisi kwaibva zvakasiyana mirayiridzo Muushumiri.

Racho Code

Direct basa kugadzirira uye Shanduro nechinyorwa rikaparadzirwa kubva 1826 kusvika 1832. In April 1832 paiva muedzo wokutanga kuti. Manifesto hwenguva reShanduro Code wacho wakasainwa Emperor Nicholas I January 31, 1833. Achibvuma mambo akapa pamusoro zvose kubatanidzwa guru basa madunhurirwa, pensions uye zvichingodaro. D. Nokuti mambo magazini rakatenderera zvazova nyaya kukudzwa, nekuti kubva pakutanga kwake, akaita Akateerera basa. Musoro Second davi Mikhail Speransky akagamuchira soro hurumende mubayiro - the Order Andreya Pervozvannogo. Uyezve, nguva pfupi asati afa, muna 1839, akava Count.

Asati reShanduro Code akaedzwa muna State Council, akatungamirirwa sachigaro muviri ichi, Viktor Kochubey. Musangano wakapindwa uye mambo. Saka rutuko codification kwemirayiro Nicholas 1. Musi chiitiko (31 January 1833) akanga zvachose akanyorwa munhoroondo Russian jurisprudence uye mutemo. Muna Manifesto envisaged regadziriro nguva apo zviremera kunge vanoziva Code uye kugadzirira kutanga kushandiswa kwayo. Magazini ino akapinda simba musi 1 January 1835. dzemunharaunda Its kungapfuurira nharaunda yose Russian Empire.

kutadza

Kunyange zvazvo Code aiva mutete zvokunze chimiro, hazvina kukodzera kuti hunhu dzomunyika kugutsikana. Mitemo maererano nemitemo siyana uye kwave patchy. Kusiyana dzokuMadokero vateresi, Code nokubuda naMweya musimboti kukumbanidzwa. Akavata pakuti mitemo hadzina kushandurwa, kunyange kana aipesana mumwe. Bazi yechipiri yaiva nomusoro waiti chete kuderedza Pfungwa.

Nicholas haana kukanganisa musimboti murayiro, nokuti akazviona somunhu ngozi basa kuchinja. All kwake akaedza kuchengetedza yekare, kuti varambe autocratic hwechiKomonisiti. Zviri maonero aaiita chokwadi chakakubatsira sei uye codification.

penyika mamiriro

Speransky aida kuti Code sezvakarehwa nheyo mutemo weRoma. maitiro ake kwaibva huru zvikamu zviviri. Waiva mutemo private uye veruzhinji. Speransky yakatanga maitiro ake kuitira kurerutsa basa pamwe Code.

Somugumisiro, vose mashoko yakakamurwa mapoka masere. Mumwe nomumwe wavo unoenderana yakananga bazi mutemo - .. The State, administrative, tsotsi, vehurumende, etc. mabhuku sere zvinozoita chinobatanidza mavhoriyamu 15.

zvichireva codification

The pakuonekwa Code akacherekedza mudariro itsva kukura wechipfuwo mutemo. Vagari vomunyika kokutanga akapiwa hurongwa uye nyore kubata bhuku paunogona bvunza mitemo zvinoshanda. wegadziriro isati dzinopikisana kodzero uye yaisanganisira eclectic zvidimbu. Zvino unsystematic nguva yakanga yapfuura.

Rapid Kugadzirwa Russian tsika pamutemo. Zvino machinda akava akaoma zvikuru kushandisa masimba avo. Zviito zvavo zvinogona nyore achiongorora nokuverenga pamwe Code. Vanhu pakupedzisira vakadzidza chii murayiro uye sei rinoshandiswa. Nokuti Russian reShanduro Code chaizvoizvo rakaratidza enyika uye pamutemo kuchinja kukuru. Naizvozvo shanduro rakapepetwa kakawanda, maererano utsanzi, iri mutemo akaonekwa pasi vatsivi Nicholas I.