Huguenot - ndiani ichi? Huguenots nevaPurotesitendi. Huguenots muFrance

In pakati XVI remakore poumambo muFrance aienda kuburikidza dzakaoma. Italian War, izvo yakaguma muna kukundwa, kwakaita kuti zvikuru dambudziko simba uye upfumi. French madzishe avo kuverenga pakakwirira zvepamusoro uye nenyika itsva uye muhondo vaiva mwoyo chaizvo uye achiita maererano kukundikana kwakadaro. zvavaipomerwa All wakawira pamusoro pamambo ake courtiers. Pashure pehondo, kuti vakakwirira akatosvika yaparadzwa. Naizvozvo, kwamachinda, rekukwazisa sangano pakati Huguenots, akabva akatanga kutsigira uye kurishandisa kurwisa hurumende epakati achiedza kuzadzisa zvikuru zvichemo pachavo. Saka ndivanaani Huguenots muFrance? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu inogona kuwanikwa munyaya.

NevaPurotesitendi

Western vokuEurope vaizviti chiKaturike, asi kune mavambo XVI remakore rakanga richikura Kusagutsikana pakati akatendeka pachiitiko unhu Chechi yacho. Vaiva nechokwadi chokuti Pope vake boka racho chete funga sei kusimbisa simba ravo uye vave kunyange dzakapfuma. Kuratidza makaro avo uye ruvengo, nokudaro vapristi muenzaniso zvakaipa vomuchechi. Kusagutsikana Izvi zvakakonzera kuti pane sangano idzva rinonzi shandurudzo. Chinangwa chake chaiva kushandura mutemo chechi yechiKristu. Vanhu akabatana bato iri vainzi Mapurotesitenzi, nekuti havana kubvumirana nemashoko mamiriro ezvinhu.

The chidzoke idzva muitiro

Huguenot - a French echiPurotesitendi XVI-XVII emakore. The tanga vavo vainzi vaLutheran mushure mumongi German Martina Lyutera, vaigara muguta Wittenberg. Muna 1517 Akaita pasi rine 95 points, iyo Posted on pamukova chechi yake. Gwaro iri kwete chete kufumura vapristi munhu, asi akanga ane mhando kunyunyuta pamusoro zvakaipa mutemo yose yeRoma Katurike.

Luther aiva nechokwadi chokuti munhu wose ane kodzero yakazvimirira kudzidza Magwaro. Nokuti ichi, akashandurira Bhaibheri kubva muchiLatin kupinda German. Ndiye wokutanga, uye pashure pake Magwaro uye akatanga kuparidza mitauro.

Sezvaigona kutarisirwa, yeKaturike mhosva Luther. Zvizhinji takashamiswa, zvakanzi akatsigira kwete chete vanhuwo asiwo vamwe vatongi Europe. Saka, Chirungu King Henry VIII akasarudza kuramba mukadzi wake uye kuroora Anne Boleyn. Asi Papa haana kupa mvumo kudaro, mubati England saka kuti murambane pamwe Vatican, uye ipapo akazviti musoro weChechi munyika yavo.

Pashure German mumongi vakatanga kuonekwa uye dzimwe unhu simba, vakanga vabatanidzwa pfungwa Yokuchinja. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, Protestantism ane vanoverengeka kuitika. Kana muGermany vatendi vaidaidzwa vaLutheran, kuti French Huguenot - a nechaCalvin. Zita rutendo yakagamuchirwa kuburikidza John Calvin (1509-1564). Aiva webhaibheri akakurumbira French, uye zvaakanyora zviripo kukwanisa kutsanangura zvose zvinoumba chiKristu.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vakatendeka Katurike pashure kuparadzana kwakadaro vakanga pasi rokupisa uye kunyange akaremberera Mapurotesitenzi, uye vamwe, uyewo, vakatanga kurwisa vateveri Papa. Asi vakanga nechokwadi kutambura kumanikidza vavengi vavo, ivo kuponesa mweya yavo kubva kusingaperi muhero.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Protestantism akatanga rakapararira France. First Huguenot - munhu wechitendero, vakanga vabatanidzwa maonero ari chitendero chitsva. Aigona kunge mumiririri plebeians kana bourgeoisie, uyewo womunyika kwamachinda uye feudal kwamachinda. Gare gare, pfungwa kuwedzerwa. Mune 60s zviri XVI remakore. uye 20s ari XVII remakore. Huguenot - ichi hachisi murume yechitendero, aiva yose rechitendero uye enyika boka nechaCalvin nevaPurotesitendi.

Weboka mapoka maviri

Yaizotangira vaimbopota kuFrance akabatsira nekuneta venhaka Henry II. Vanakomana vake - François II, uyo akatonga gore rimwe chete (1559-1560), Charles IX (1560-1574) uye Henry III (1574-1589), kazhinji anova nhumbi chivande kuti vairuka mumwe dare feudal kwamachinda.

Charles IX paakangogara pachigaro pazera remakore gumi, uye regent amai vake - Ekaterina Medichi, uyo akatonga pamwe vateveri vake. Pakazosvika sixties, vose guru feudal madzishe rakakamurwa zvechitendero uye zvematongerwo enyika mapoka maviri simba. Mumwe avakuru rakanga kudivi achinyepera. Vaiti yeRoma. Kudivi ravo paivawo Ekaterina Medichi - Italian mavambo. Chimwe chikamu kwamachinda vaiva kushorwa uye vachimiririra Huguenot pati, iyo inotungamirirwa ari Bourbons, Admiral Coligny uye Mambo yeNavarre. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mudare paiva nevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vasina kubatana chero dzairwisana vemapato. Vakaedza ayananisezve vavengi, inova zvinotaurwa Huguenots yeRoma.

Tanga hondo

March 1, 1562 mutaundi duku Vassy ari Duke pamusoro achinyepera nevatsigiri vake nezvombo pakarepo vakarwisa vanhu vakaungana kuti munamato. Ndivo vaiva Huguenots, vakakwanisa dzinga kuti perfidious nevaKaturike. Pashure chiitiko zvombo rakavhurika nharo akatanga. Rainzi Huguenot hondo (1562-1598 gg.). Vakauraya Antuan De Bourbon uye Fransua De achinyepera. Kubvira pazuva hondo, yakanga wakapindwa rwechisikirwo vavengi - the Huguenots yeRoma - akaita rakavapo kupinda akatevedzana zvinosuwisa, vvergshih France nyonganyonga.

kwenguva pfupi chibvumirano

Chimwe kurwisana nezvombo dzakaguma muna 1570. Yaiva zvechitendero uye zvematongerwo enyika nokurwisana aizunungusa yose nyika. Hondo akaisa Saint-Germain runyararo. Maererano neizvi, Huguenot French vakagadzirira zvitendero rusununguko uye kudzora dzinoverengeka nematende simba.

The chibvumirano vakauya akatsvaira nyika uye vanhu vayo kugutsikana, asi Awesome akagarisa Kusagutsikana pakati vakuru vechechi yeRoma, kunyanya, mhuri achinyepera - mhuri chekare French, achienderera mberi kubva Carolingian.

The kukura simba mudare

mutungamiri echiPurotesitendi aiva Admiral of Coligny. Huguenot kubudikidza kutendiswa, akanga vanobatanidzwa Council of State, kuita pasi Charles IX Valois. De Coligny, ane simba ari mudare rakanga rakakura, zvimwe kusimbisa ichi-refu akamirirwa rugare, akanyengetedza mambo kuronga muchato pakati Margaritoy De Valois uye Henry yeNavarre.

Admiral Coligny aiva mukuru enyika uye Wenyika, achida kubudirira kunyika yavo. Aida France kuva simba, asi Catholic Spain, kukurukurwa panguva mambokadzi yamakungwa, musarega izvi zviitwe. Admiral zano mambo kupa rubatsiro mauto kuti Dutch maProtestenti, vanorwa dzavo kuzvimiririra. Aiziva kuti kana Charles IX ungabvuma kuti hondo Spain hazvingadziviswi. Asi Coligny aizivawo kuti ibatane Huguenots yeRoma, sezvo zvinodiwa nenyika vari pamusoro pavose.

Ekaterina Medichi (1519-1589 gg.), Mai mambo muduku, akanga asingafari chaizvo kuti pokudzora kwomudzimu Huguenots mudare vakawanda kunowedzera. Haana kuda hondo pamwe Spanish nevaKaturike. The Queen Amai vaifunga kuti kuita kwakadaro kwaizoita kutsamwisa rudzi dambudziko. Kana hondo, Papa uye zvose Catholic Europe aizova mumaoko kuzorwa France.

Zvikonzero kuranyutsa

Muna 1572, mumwe vachiedza kuwiriranisa maviri anorwisana mapato chakaitwa. We kukwira zano iyo hanzvadzi Mambo Charles ari IX - Margaret pamusoro Valois - kwaiva kuroorwa Protestant Genriha Navarrskogo. Saka, kuroorana ichi aigona kugumisa ropa muFrance, uye hondo yacho Huguenots uye yeRoma ichi hwaizoguma.

The muchato raizoitirwa August 18. Rakanga wakapindwa vose vanokudzwa Huguenots. Vazhinji vavo vanombosunungurwa akagadzikana mumwoyo Paris, iro raigara pamba nechavakuru Catholic. MaProtestenti Kusaziva chete akatarisa kwoumbozha tichienzanisa navo, uye ichi zvakakonzera kusagutsikana kukuru pakati madhorobha vakawanda, iyo, nokuda yakakwirira nemitero uye zvokudya mitengo havagoni kurarama zvakanaka. Rich muchato chaiva chikonzero kusagutsikana, sezvo mari yakawanda yakanga yakawandisa sangano rayo, wakatorwa, Chokwadi, kubvira muzvikwama uye saka varombo mitero. Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu Paris zvishoma nezvishoma kumira kusvikira zvasvika Parainge.

Kupondwa Admiral of Coligny

Mamiriro muguta rakanga nerongo, uye iye haana kunonoka kushandisa mhuri achinyepera. Pamwe chete Ekaterinoy Medichi, vaironga zano kuuraya of Coligny. Twenty-wechipiri August 1572, Admiral akapfuura imba achinyepera, akakuvadzwa ari ruoko pena vanogumurwa nepahwindo zvakanaka. Kupondwa kuedza, nguva ino vakatadza. Asi vaKaturike haana kuda kusiya zvirongwa zvavo. August 24 usiku boka hasha varume vaiva nezvombo vakaputsa mumba, apo akanga noutsinye Huguenot Admiral Coligny. Imhosva, uye chakaratidza kutanga zviitiko kwavakaitwa munyika yose. Saka vakatanga ropa usiku Huguenots.

Hwokuuraya St. Bartholomew

Pavakasvika kumuchato kuParis, vatsigiri Genriha Navarrskogo usiku kubva 23 fung kusvika August 24, 1572 pavakabatwa noutsinye yakaponda. Izvi tyisa hwokuuraya Huguenots muFrance, kwakauraya upenyu vanenge 3 zviuru. Man.

Uye zvose zvakatanga chokuti Ekaterina Medichi akakwanisa mambo wechiduku ari chomunda wakarongwa kumuitira Mapurotesitenzi agutsikane. Iye anomuudza kuti zvakakosha kuparadza zvose vakuru, vari imomu. Mambo akabvuma kuti kunyengetedzwa mai. Pakarepo uchiteverwa yakaronga vaaise zvizere revarwi akagadzirira yose mujeri, uyewo pakazovharwa pamasuwo eguta.

Kamwe zvikazikamwa pamusoro kupondwa Coligny, pamusoro Paris Makaridza aramu bhero. Akashumira yeRoma yava kutanga kuita. All akamhanyira mumugwagwa ane pfuti, uye vakatanga usiku Huguenots. Vazhinji vemo vakatsamwa vakaputsa mumba uye akauraya vose vaida kuva Catholic. In usiku huno , kwete chete nevaPurotesitendi kutambudzika. Ngava akauraya dzavo chikwereti uye vaida kutsiva - akatungamirira mutongo wake. Varume, kushandisa nguva, ava kubvisa kunetsa vakadzi uye vanoda - kuburikidza kudzivirira varume. Chikonzero ichi chaiva Huguenots, St. Bartholomew razova ichangoburwa muupenyu hwavo. All rima, chakanga chakavanzika zvakadzama mu mweya womunhu, pakarepo kwatanga, uye vakanwa guta reropa chifukidzo.

Sezvo hwokuuraya Huguenots muParis kwakaitika usiku pamberi zuva St. Bartholomew, chiitiko akaburuka munhau pasi nezita St. Bartholomew.

bacchanalia

With pakuuya mambakwedza, kupondwa haana kurega. Ekaterina Medichi akanga asina kutarisirwa kuwedzera ikoko. Akanga aronga kuparadza chete chinonyanya basa vatungamiriri Huguenot, asi zvose chakakanganisika. The guta vakatanga pogroms uye zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. Vanhuwo Vagari dzakatsarukana rakauraya vamazana, uye haasisiri hakunei chitendero chavo. All nemhondi, mbavha namakororo rikabuda mapako dzavo, ndichinzwa vasingarangwi.

Zviremera muguta haana saka orgy yakatora kwevhiki rose. Varindi pamusoro ndima pamwe nematsotsi vakapamba vose. The anosiyiwa vaiva varwi chete kurinda, uyo akaramba akatendeka kuna mutemo uye Mambo, asi kudzorera hurongwa hwavo haana kukwana.

Migumisiro St. Bartholomew

Mhirizhonga uye mhirizhonga zviri kuitika muguta guru, akaparirwa nengetani maitiro. Huguenots nevaPurotesitendi vakaurayiwa chirwirangwe, kwete chete muna Paris asi yose France - Bordeaux, Orleans, Lyon, Rouen nemamwe maguta.

Kudzorera kwemitemo uye vakaisa nyika kuitira, varayirwa Mambo Charles IX wokuFrance mune mumatunhu ose uye maguta akanga atumwa racho. Rakati kuti kupondwa vatungamiriri Protestant kwakaitika pamwe mvumo uye anofungidzirwa zvakavabatsira kudzivirira vamwe Anti-mamiriro kumukira. Uyezve, kwakanga rinoziviswa kuti chitendero rusununguko haina akadzima.

Huguenots vazhinji nevaPurotesitendi, kutiza mhirizhonga, akasiya nharaunda France, semubairo simba ravo munyika yave simba.

Kuroorwa marguerite of Valois, Henry yeNavarre akapona. Asi kuti aponese upenyu, akamanikidzwa exchange yeRoma. muenzaniso wake zvakateverwa Henry uye Conde.

Munguva eChechi dzinenge 5 zviuru. Vanhu zvakaurayiwa. Asi, maererano dzekare, nhamba iyi yakakwirira zvikuru, panguva kumativi 30 zviuru. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti nhamba chaiyo vanobatwa kuchiri kuzivikanwa.

War of vatatu Henry

Mushure hwokuuraya Huguenots kwehondo haana kurega. Ivo rakamuka atowedzera simba, zvichiguma nechokumadokero uye kumaodzanyemba nyika akaparadzaniswa kuchamhembe kweFrance. Pane wakasikwa idzva pamwe mamiriro Huguenots, dzichengete magavhuna pakati yomunharaunda kwamachinda. Ndivo chinhu vakawanda uye kubatsirwa ichi "kuzvionera".

Pakazosvika makore 70s, kusiyana neMapurotesitenzi iri kuchamhembe kweFrance, mubatanidzwa rakarongwa, yainzi Catholic League. musoro wake akava Genrih Giz. League ichi aiva kudzora hurumende, iri Paris, uye zvimwe regai chinangwa King Henry III kuti kupedza chibvumirano pamwe Huguenots.

Pakati pezana 80s pavanotaurirana vaviri vasingawirirani kumapati vechitendero akarwarisa zvakare. Akatyora imwe kusawirirana itsva pakati venhaka pachigaro, yainzi War nhatu Henry (1585-1589), sezvo yakanga wakapindwa mambo French Henry III (Valois), Genrih Burbon (muNavarre) uye Genrih Giz.

Chinokonzera bopoto yavo yokupedzisira okuti mhuri yake ine zvimwe kodzero choumambo kupfuura vamwe, sezvo tateguru Karl Veliky pachake. Chokwadi kuti Henry III akanga asina kuwana nhaka, saka nhengo League akabvunza vanobvuma Giza mukuru mutsivi choushe naye. Zvokuti, kuti muna 1588, Mambo akatanga kudhonza vose vakavimbika mauto guru. Chinangwa chavo chaiva vasungwe Henry achinyepera nevatsigiri vake. Izvi chakazivikanwa ligovtsy uye akarongeka kwebope Paris mambo pachake.

Henry III aifanira kutizira Chartres. Ikoko, akabereka munhu wakachenjera urongwa: koka Giza ostensibly kuti chinangwa rokuyananisa. League mutungamiri akasvika kuna mambo December 22, 1588, asi akanga vakabayiwa rufu nemasoja. Pauchadzidza kunyengera ichi, guta guru akaramba kuteerera Valois uye akava guta-zvokuvhoterwa. muenzaniso Its zvakateverwa nevamwe.

King akaziva kuti nyika anorasikirwa, uye pakarepo akazivisa Genriha Navarrskogo somutsivi wake. Vabatanidze Kutsigirana vapinda chibvumirano, mambo vaviri nemauto ake akaenda Paris. Asi Henry III haana kudzokera guru - akamuuraya 1 musi August 1589 gore. With rufu rwake, kuti Valois hwedzinza akarega kuvapo. Akakwira choushe Mambo yeNavarre, uyo akazova mutongi mutsva France - Henry IV. Sezvo ake pave nesimba ndokuguma noutsinye hondo pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi.

Zvino mubvunzo kuti ndiani ari Huguenots kuFrance vane nyore kupindura, kuti vaiva vanhu vemamwe vezvitendero zvakasiyana zvikuru kubva muchikatorike. Mapurotesitenzi vanoramba kunamata zvinoera, mifananidzo, chechi akaripisa issuance dzezvivi. Mafungiro ichi Papa uye ake vafundisi kugona kutsungirira, saka akazivisa Huguenots nevanyengeri pakuuraya naSatani. Vakatanga crackdown, izvo zvakakonzera hondo yakadaro anoparadza uye ropa kwakatora emakore.