Ndiani akazogadzira erevheta, uye kana?

Erevheta - dzakasiyana kuvamba, iyo yava ainakidzwa akawanda vepasi. mudziyo uyu waigona iri kwazvo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Saka zvakasimba kuti vanhu vakawanda havafungi pamusoro ndiani akazogadzira erevheta, uye kana. Munyaya ino isu hunonyatsodonongodza nezvazvo.

Ndiani kutanga akazogadzira erevheta, uye kana zvakaitika?

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, tinofanira kudzokera Ancient Rome. Zvakanga ikoko, mutaundi Herculaneum, kwakaonekwa zvikabva yacho erevheta wokutanga. Sezvo guta iri mujinga reVesuvius, iye nokukurumidza zvinenge akawira kuputika kwegomo. Pamusoro kupikidura imba matongo vanoziva chaizvo uyo akazogadzira erevheta, takawana zvakanaka akachengetedzwa mashoko ari vachasimudza, rinoshandiswa kusimudza rakapedzwa ndiro kubva kicheni kuimba yokudyira. Found zvinhu yomusi 79 N gore. e. Panguva ino uye reVesuvius kwakatanga.

Zvisinei, mamwe mashoko pane zvakanyorwa zvinyorwa vamba pre-mifananidzo anosimudza. Somuenzaniso, imwe mapurani kubva kuRoma akadana Vitruvius akataura mu bhuku rake kuti akarayira kukura pamasikiro erevheta Archimedes kuSirakusi. Zvinyorwa misi kubva gore 236 BC. e.

France

Muna 1743 paMuzinda Versailles Louis XV akavaka mufambi chikwidzo. The mudziyo vakasikirwa chimwe chinangwa chete: namambo aigona kuva nacho pasina yakawanda achikwira rokumusoro mufurati, apo tenzikadzi wake akararama.

Ndiani akazogadzira erevheta kuRussia?

Muna 1795, muSt Petersburg, ari corridors of Winter Palace, zvaigoneka kuchengeta mafuta bumpkin Bezborodko. The chanzera akanga kujairika akazvirerera Ndinovenga mafaro. Pava paya yakabuda kuti Bezborodko "akabvisa" mu "samopodomnom cheya" yamambo nemafurati. Just yaiva kumumvuri ari mudziyo, inova nyaya ino.

Izvi zvinomutsa kwepamutemo mubvunzo: "Ndiani akazogadzira erevheta muRussia" Zvakanga chinoshamisa muvambi Ivan Kulibin. vachisimudza mashandiro ayo kumhanyira mumwe kana vaviri vanhu nokuti vatungamirire sikuruu, dzakanga yakaiswa vertically, kufambisa chaiwo nzungu, kukwira pachikuva mberi. Kombiyuta rava kufarira dandadzo mumuzinda varanda uye vakuru vakuru. Lift Kulibina aiva wokutanga mutakurwi erevheta, yakavakwa muna Russian Empire.

America neBritain

Muna 1800 sezvo nemotokari kusimudza wokutanga kushandisa hwemvura injini. Zvino America pane imwe mumigodhi, uko mined marasha. muridzi wake akakurumidza kuona kuti kushandiswa hwemvura injini dzimwe nguva kuchawedzera kumhanya marasha simukai uye yekudyidzana nokuwedzera kunyatsoshanda okuwana. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, nenguva musika kushanda elevators. Nemashoko zvoupfumi, shandisa rinobvumidza kuva zvisingabatsiri. Nechekare muna 1835 maindasitiri emakambani England vakatanga kushandisa hwemvura mitoro elevators.

hydraulic chikwidzo

Asi zvitsva mano akanga zvakakomba drawback. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti nguva dzose kuramba kushanda hwemvura injini. Hazvina kusika chero matambudziko mumigodhi, apo erevheta raishandiswa nguva. Asi chikuru, apo vachasimudza vakavhiyiwa pano neapo, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pane vazhinji kuzvuzvungudza. Uye mudzimba havana akaisa chiutsi rinobvumidza nokuda kwavo kunyanya ruzha. Chikamu dambudziko racho ragadziriswa muna 1845. American muvambi Vilyam Tompson akazogadzira yokutanga hydraulic chikwidzo. Its patani varipowo zvainovhiringidzawo, sezvo zvaida ari Urume kumanikidzwa kwaibva. Kuti aite izvi, zvakare uchishandisa hwemvura injini. Chete zvino anogona akaiswa ari kure kubva erevheta kugadzwa nzvimbo. A mvura pacharwo zvokudya pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa kuburikidza Mapaipi. Nepo vakawanda mumaguta kare akashandisa centralized mvura hurongwa. Asi nokuda yakaderera kufurirwa asingadi kupfuudza 0.38 MPa, vakanga kukodzera kuti anosimudza Thompson.

kuvandudza magadzirirwo

Muna 1851, William Armstrong (injiniya) tega munhu hydraulic accumulator. Kombiyuta ichiwedzerwa uye inopiwa pasi kugara vachimanikidzwa mvura kuti humburumbira. bhatiri magadzirirwo akanga nyore. A mira humburumbira (plunger dhayamita - 40-45 masendimita) hwendarira akatsigira bhokisi uchazara nejecha kana nematombo. Kutaura zvazviri, mune unosimudza Armstrong wakapindwa vose kuurongwa munhu ano hydraulic erevheta. accumulator ichi uye multiplier, uye hydraulic humburumbira plunger mhando. mainjiniya European Vakandikomberedza chete basa rimwe. Vakasarudza kuvandudza pamasikiro rinobvumidza pamwe plunger humburumbira zvakananga chiito. Wokutanga chikwidzo kwakadaro akazviratidza 1849 muEngland. Rakavakwa paGungano "Osmaston Manor." Asi nokuda nemakore 60s munhu hydraulic mutakurwi vachasimudza vakatanga kushandisa zvose zvikuru Hotels muEngland.

Safe kwadzinoita zvifambiso

Uye pano tinosvika mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti, "Ndiani akatanga erevheta kuti muzana remakore rechi18?" Erisha Graves Otis - ndicho zita injiniya. Ndiye vakwira pamwe zvikuru vachasimudza munyika. Muupenyu hwake, American akashandura zvakawanda ounyanzvi hwokugadzira: akavaka ngoro, aishanda paichekwa mapuranga, aiva mushandi, muDare midziyo fekitari. Zvakanga pano kuti akanga akumbira kuti amusimudze kusunungura nematanda pasi wechipiri. Pandaishanda basa iri uye Graves akasvika kuvamba ake.

Asati Otis tambo vakasungirira zvakananga nzvimbo yemutekenyi, uye akapa Erisha kubudikidza vakashinga simbi yairema-yechirimo. On nerimwe divi vachasimudza muvambi yakatarwa pani njanji. Kunyange pasi kurema isina pachikuva chitubu pachayo nyore bhakoro uye wakabatanidzwa pakati pavo. Kana tambo rwagurwa, tsime riri anombotwasanudza uye avo kumigumo rakabayirwa mazino njanji, kwete kurega kuwa kabhini. Ani naani akazogadzira erevheta kuna Erisha, uye vaisagona kunyange vanorota zvakadaro kuchengeteka hurongwa.

"Otis erevheta"

Nokukurumidza Graves akazarura kambani yake Otis erevheta. Sale anosimudza akatumidza zvikuru rinobvumidza munyika. Muna 1854, kuwedzera rokutengesa mishonga kwayo, Otis tega mumwe gimmick. In New York, mumwe pashoo dzimba rurefu rising (12 metres), kuti muvambi wakaiswa pakati zvitsigiso maviri nokusimudza papuratifomu. Pamusoro mamiriro akanga mutevedzeri Otis nomunondo refu. Sam Graves mu pamusoro ngowani Uye kuTuxedo rakanga pachikuva pakati mabhokisi uye emiti. Kana erevheta achishandisa hwemvura injini akasimuka kumusoro, naErisha chikwata mubatsiri rokutema kure tambo. Pachikuva akawira pasi, asi pashure vaviri metres kubva inotyisa midziyo nemhou moto uye kudzivirira kwake. Vanhu vakatora uyo akazogadzira erevheta. Elisha Graves Otis akapfura humburumbira uye akakotama kwose kwose.

Electric chikwidzo

Nguva yakafamba, uye kuvakwa nani elevators. Muna 1887, A. Miles of America akagamuchira bvumidzwa kuti wemagetsi takura. The idzva Magadzirirwo aiva musuo zvechizarira gadziriro yacho yangu iri chiitiko rebasa nzvimbo yemutekenyi paburiro.

Muna 1889 godu Otis erevheta akaunganidza vachasimudza iyi mhando kutanga imwe New York nhurikidzwa dzakawanda. Kubva panguva iyi vakaenda kupararira dzemagetsi anosimudza muguta ose enyika. Uyezve dzokufungidzira mumunda rinobvumidza nehanya kunyanya basa kushandisa michina uye masimba enyika. Nokuti kutanga chaizvo kushanda anosimudza waiti zvakasimba mudonzvo (pabasa nomusi mapuriro anosimudza masimbi kupfuura vose vari nzvimbo yemutekenyi pamusoro hwemvura injini injiniya). Asi pakutanga XX remakore zvakanzi yaidiwa anosimudza masimbi kupfuura vose mumwe chete uye rimwe zvemagetsi anoverengeka mumigodhi muimba. Nokuti kumwezve utsanzi zvaisanganisira pakatanga yunifomu. Zvino akapfeka nguo dzake anosimudza masimbi kupfuura vose rakava musimboti dimikira mudonzvo wose hotera panguva iyoyo. Muna 1924, boka "Otis erevheta" akaita gadziriro yacho erevheta runhare nokutsikirira bhatani. Makore maviri gare gare, injiniya Houghton akazogadzira otomatiki masuo. Akazviratidza mudziyo kuchaita michina yacho elevators uye netwakawandawanda zvikuru yokuzvigadzirisa.

mhedziso

Saka, iye zvino munoziva uyo akazogadzira erevheta, uye kana. Tava nenzira iyo Kushanduka mudziyo ichi kubva kare kusvika nhasi. Chii chakazoitika? How mainjiniya kuona vachasimudza ramangwana? Hazvina chokwadi kuti zvichava zvakasimba, zvaitika uye rakachengeteka. Uye pamwe kunyange nzvimbo!