Sign hurongwa: mienzaniso, marudzi uye nemhando

Sign hurongwa dzakaumbwa munhoroondo yevanhu. Izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera kwete chete kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti awana zvivakwa yaigona chizvarwa nechizvarwa - maererano vanodzidza nezvavanhu zhinji, sayenzi kwezviratidzo pakutanga pamuviri senzira yokukurukurirana pakati vanhu.

Chii semiotics?

Semiotics iri davi ruzivo kuti vanodzidza zviratidzo wemasaini nehurongwa. It yakabuda panguva mharadzano anoverengeka anoranga - zvepfungwa, zvipenyu, cybernetics, mabhuku uye evanhu. Sechikamu semiotics zvarakagadzirirwa matatu pakufara nzvimbo zivo. It syntactics, semantics, pragmatics. Syntactics anoongorora mitemo kuti akaronga-siyana chiratidzo mugadziriro, madzidzisiro, mano, ayo ukama pakati siyana zvinhu mutauro. The chinhu kudzidza ndiko kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvinoreva - ukama pakati chiratidzo pacharo uye zvarinoreva. Pragmatics inodzidza ukama pakati vaya vanoshandisa mutauro uye vakawanda chiratidzo hurongwa. Sign - mumwe chinooneka (uyewo chiitiko kana Fani), iro kwawakarerekera inoshandiswa kutsiva mumwe chinhu, ayo ehupfumi kana ukama pakati zvinhu.

Secondary Modelling hurongwa

Kuwedzera huru makirasi chiratidzo mugadziriro, panewo yechipiri Modelling hurongwa. "Cultural Codes" Zvimwe dzinonzi. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira marudzi ose nemagariro magwaro (dzakakudzingai rwokuzvarwa mutauro), nevamwe, akasiyana-siyana nemaitiro, tsika, ngano uye zvitendero. Cultural Codes vari akaumba saizvozvo sezvo dzinongoitika mutauro. Vanoshandira pahwaro chibvumirano pakati penhengo munzanga. Zvibvumirano kana Codes, anozivikanwa ose nhengo boka.

Kukura mupfungwa uye ugone chiratidzo hurongwa

Kugona rakasiyana-siyana chiratidzo enyika - iriwo akaoma raivapo kukura dzakakwirira mupfungwa mabasa. Semiotic hurongwa kubvumira kuti mumwe mukudzidzire voruzhinji tsika, kare akagamuchira modes mufambiro, zvemagariro ruzivo. Kana izvi zvaitika uye kukura chavanoziva. Kutanga zvokutanga nezvekufadza, pamusoro kwenguva aumbwa munzvimbo dzinotevedzana wokuzvidzora manzwisisire unyanzvi dzinocherwa kukwira rimwe mafungiro pamusoro pachavo, munhu zvisingarambiki.

Encoding uye decoding Data

In zvepfungwa, mienzaniso siyana chiratidzo gadziriro kazhinji adzidza akapoteredza kuwirirana kwavo zvishande kwendangariro. Zvizhinji pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna neurophysiological zvinhu. Asi kazhinji izvozvo senzira nekufambisa mashoko, kugoverana ruzivo masayendisiti rasiyiwa pakachengeteka ichimirira. Kusvikira zvino vatsvakurudzi ndiyo chirahwe pamusoro yeEncoding kwacho achishandisa chiratidzo mugadziriro Mifananidzo. mufananidzo Mental iri encoded muuropi aitaura mashoko. Muuropi, zviri decoded nokuda muteereri. The transformations kuti zviri kuitika panguva imwe chete, kuramba unexplored.

Language chiratidzo hurongwa: mienzaniso

Mazuva ano zvemutauro chinhu simba munda zivo. Mitauro nzira inoshandiswa sayenzi zhinji - somuenzaniso, mune ethnography uye psychoanalysis. In zvachose mune mhando chiratidzo hurongwa matanhatu. Zviri muropa gadziriro, iconic, kwakajairika, kunyora hurongwa, nemashoko hurongwa. vanogara nomumwe mhando zvizere.

iconic maitiro

Muenzaniso iconic chiratidzo hurongwa vari mapurani, kutamba, mimhanzi, non-kutukana yokukurukurirana. Kazhinji vane zvakakwana simba mupfungwa saturation akazadzwa shaped zvinoriumba inova chikamu chiratidzo. Kudzidza mienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana chiratidzo hurongwa hunoratidza kuti musayendisiti haafaniri chete kushandisa chinangwa nzira, asiwo vakazvimiririra kuti vatevedzere-siyana mienzaniso manzwiro, kukurukura mamiriro ezvinhu.

dzinongoitika zviratidzo

Zviratidzo izvi zvinowanika mune zvakasikwa uye muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kazhinji zviri zvimwe zvinhu kana zvakasikwa zvinoratidza zvimwe zvidzidzo. Zvikasadaro, dzinonzi zviratidzo, zviratidzo. Muenzaniso dzokufananidzira gadziriro chokuita zvepanyama, kungava zviratidzo mamiriro okunze, zvisaririra zvemhuka. Classic mufananidzo semiotic ezvinhu chiratidzo utsi unoratidza moto.

dzichipfekeka zviratidzo

Izvi mhando chitaridzi zvinoshandawo nezviratidzo, zviratidzo. Zvisinei, kusafanana zvepanyama, chadzo ukama chiratidzo chinhu, raakanga anomiririra, nokuda chaizvo basa, mabasa vanhu. Somuenzaniso, mashoko pamba iri gadziriro semiotics ndiyo chinyorwa inoratidza pachiyero zvakanaka Wamasimba Ose. Set mabhuku ari pasherufu kunopa Fafitera ruzivo pamusoro kutongoravira muridzi muraibhurari, pachiyero ake mupfungwa uye tsika kukura. Uyewo dzichipfekeka zviratidzo kazhinji kuita chiito. Somuenzaniso, mudzidzisi anotungamirira kirasi nomunwe wako pandandanda vadzidzi mumagazini. Chiito ichi zvakare kushanda chiratidzo - zvinoreva kuti nokukurumidza munhu achanzi kuti bhodhi rokunyorera.

Koventsionalnye zviratidzo

muenzaniso Ichi chiratidzo gadziriro zvimwe aizivikanwa ndokunge. The zita "kwakajairika" rinobva muchiLatin conventio - "chibvumirano". Zviratidzo anoshandiswa kureva zvinhu uye mananara zvenyika "nomugariro." Ivo pachavo, vanowanzoona kuti zviduku chokuita chokwadi kuti kunan'anura. Mienzaniso chiratidzo hurongwa, vachirondedzera kune kwakajairika: motokari chiratidzo, maindex, cartographic zviratidzo, zviratidzo (zviratidzo, Badges).

Kutukana (inzwi) chiratidzo nehurongwa

chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira mitauro yose yevanhu. mutauro mumwe ave nhoroondo akaumba hwaro (vanonzi "semiotic hwaro"). The chikuru chinoratidza mutauro womunhu kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ane Polystructural uye yakati hurongwa. ino anokwanisa zvachose risina parinogumira kukura. Yokufananidzira kutaura Hurongwa akapfuma nzira kuchengeta, kubudiswa uye kuparadzira mamwe mashoko.

chiratidzo hurongwa

chikamu ichi semiotic zvinosanganisira chiratidzo mugadziriro, izvo inomuka pahwaro yapfuura mapoka - chemashoko, kutamba, mimhanzi. Nhangaruvazhe kutsikisa hurongwa vari yechipiri kuna mapoka aya. Ivo vakabuda pamwe veMubatanidzwa kunyora. Pasina kutsikisa hurongwa zvishande hwevanhu shanduka zvaisazobvira.

Semiotic kuedza munhoroondo

nyanzvi yechiGiriki Plato vaiita zvose machemero muboka rokutsanya, hombe, dzakatetepa uye kumativi. M. V. Lomonosov waiva pfungwa kuti kakawanda uchidzokorora akanyorwa kana akataurwa mutauro kuti tsamba "A" hunoita kuti mufananidzo ukuru, kudzika uye kukwirira. Mabhii "E" uye "U" kunotibatsira nezvevaKristu mutsa, zviduku zvinhu, unyoro. maonero aya iri basa rake "A Brief Guide kuti achitsetsenura."

Mutsvakurudzi I. N. Gorelovym yakaitwa inonakidza ruzivo. Nyaya vakakumbirwa kutsanangura mhuka naka, inonzi "mamlyna" uye "zhavaruga". Vose varimo vari kuedza vafunga "mamlynu" mhando, munyoro uye vakagumisa pamusoro huripo mhando. "Zhavaruga" rave semhosva sembizi, minzwa uye zvakaipa.

mutauro Volapük

Panyika pane mitauro yakawanda zvakadaro, uye mitauro yakawanda akafa - avo vaibuda kushandiswa. Pasinei neizvi, asi kune vaya nechido kuumba vatsva. Mienzaniso chakagadzirwa chiratidzo gadziriro - inozivikanwa Esperanto, Volapük yokutanga, Universalglot, mutauro Catholic Solresol nevamwe vazhinji. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma Ithkuil akasikwa pachishandiswa zviratidzo yekare. mitauro chakagadzirwa akasika unhu, vaiita munyaya dzakasiyana. Hakusi nguva dzose paiva avo vaishanda mumabasa wemasaini ino.

Mumwe hazvizivi mitauro yakawanda noshamisa - Volapük ichi. Pfungwa kuvamba yake yokutanga rakauya kuna mupristi wokuGermany ainzi Martin Schleyer. Bogosluzhitel nharo kuti pfungwa pakusika mutauro chakagadzirwa akanga aronga kwaari naShe mukurota. Chinangwa kukurukurirana kwaiva nyore Volapük - Schleyer aiedza kuumba nyore uye inoshanda mutauro mumwe. Sezvikonzero akatora mitauro yokuEurope - Latin, Chirungu uye German. mupristi akaedza kuumba mashoko mabhii mumwe chete.

Pakutanga, vanhu akaratidza zvishoma kufarira mitauro chokunyepera. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, zvaiva kusika nzanga, iyo yakatanga kuparadzira mashoko pamusoro mutauro mutsva. Somugumisiro, panguva yepamusoro kukurumbira ake, akanga motokari dzinopfuura chiuru zana.

Language Volapük zhinji vokuEurope zvaiita nani wavatorwa. Rine midzi mashoko kubva tumitauro akasiyana European akariita kucherechedzwa, asi zvikuru anosetsa. Kusvikira zvino shoko "Volapük" rinoreva musoro, gibberish. Pasinei neizvi, Volapük akanga akakurumbira kusvikira panguva German vaNazi vakauya simba.

Esperanto nemimwe mitauro

Zvisinei, kana kutaura chakagadzirwa mitauro, pakutanga nezvomurume mutauro unonzi Esperanto. It akasikwa mukupera XIX remakore uye kwakapararira kusvikira panguva ino - nayo rinotsigira mazana ezviuru zvevanhu pasi rose.

Esperanto haasi netsaona akava akakurumbira - chiri mutauro nyore chaizvo, ine mitemo yomutauro 16 chete. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti havasi kurwadziwa. Esperanto mashoko ane Midzi mitauro yakasiyana European uye necheSalvic. Kunyanya zvinonzwisisika vokuAmerica.

Nokufamba kwenguva, kuti mashoko okuti "chakagadzirwa mitauro" akanga asiri akapfeka zvakanaka nezvacho, ivo vainzi "purogiramu". Zvakananga mutauro chinzvimbo ndivo chete avo vane wandei vatakuri zvakakwana. Kana mutauro chakagadzirwa kutaurwa chete zvayo musiki uye kwapera kumadhindindi, inonzi "lingvoproektom".

Zviya, Esperanto, pasinei kwakapararira, akanga asiri rokutanga mitauro vakaronga. The abbess yokutanga yakavambwa nezita Hildegard pamusoro Bingen. Rainzi mutauro Ignota ( «kutaura vasingazivikanwi"). Abbess aiti akatumwa kwaari kubva kudenga. mutauro uyu une mutauro pachake rakanyorwa uye duramazwi kuti anotsanangura pfungwa ezviuru. mitauro chakagadzirwa zvakasikwa uye kuMabvazuva. Somuenzaniso, "bhora-ibalan". Rakanga yakaitwa Sheikh Muhieddin, vachishandisa sezvikonzero muPersia, Arabic uye wokuTurkey.

binary

mitauro Most chakagadzirwa vakasikwa pachishandiswa yaivapo, saka binary chiratidzo hurongwa kushandisa nhamba, kwete nzira yokukurukurirana. Inozivikanwa, mashoko yakanyorwa pachishandiswa digits maviri - 0 uye 1. chete paiva makombiyuta uye zvikuru kunzwisisa hurongwa - mamutatu. Asi binary - zvikuru zvakakunakira digitaalinen rwokugadzira. The chiratidzo binary maitiro 1 uye 0 vanomirira kuvapo kana kusavapo chiratidzo.

Solresol: chechienzi pfungwa muimbi

Mukutanga namapfumbamwe remakore muimbi Fransua Syudr kubva France aiudza voruzhinji kujairika pfungwa: Iye tega mutauro chakagadzirwa inonzi Solresol. Mashoko ake, ayo akanga anopfuura maviri nehafu chiuru, akanyorwa tichibatsirwa mumhanzi. Zvakaoma kutenda, asi pfungwa, izvo pakutanga aingovawo mimhanzi rezvedzidzo mutambo akava akakurumbira. mutauro Solresol awana mukurumbira pakati vaairarama, nokuti manotsi uri zviratidzo dzakawanda.