Homo habilis - maitiro uye mararamiro edu

Kupfuura kare vanhu ... Zvaiva zvii? In Africa uye kumaodzanyemba Eurasia akawana zvisaririra zviri hominids vamiririri mhuri, iyo yaigara anenge mamiriyoni 2 years ago uye kwokutanga dzakasiyana mudunhu redu. boka iri rinosanganisira batsira murume, kana Australopithecus habilis. Anowana ezvisikwa Zvisaririra kuva mhando Homo hablilis, yakatangira uye ukama nevamwe hominids wakatsamwisa vaitirane nharo pakati paleoanthropologists.

Inowanikwa Olduvai Gorge nedzimwe nzvimbo Africa

Zvakangotanga akatanga zvakawanwa pakati paleoanthropologists mhuri Leakey. zvizvarwa zvakawanda kubva 1930 akatungamirira kutsvaka madzitateguru evanhu muAfrica. Muzhizha 1960 panguva Olduvai Gorge kuchamhembe-yokumadokero Tanzania, Dzhonatan Liki neshamwari dzake vakawana zvisaririra kuva mwana makore 11-12. Mapfupa akarara munyika makore mamiriyoni 1.75. Features rutsoka mamiriro kunoratidza kuti pakanga pari zvakananga. New hominid ainzi Prezinjanthropus pakutanga, asi pashure pemakore mashomanana pachava mumwe rokuti nesayenzi - "murume batsira". howa zita The zvinoreva kushandisa chinyakare ibwe maturusi yakawanikwa pedyo mapfupa ari chete Geological akaturikidzana. KuKenya muna 1961, boka remasayendisiti kwakaita akafukunurwa dzasara hominids kuti vaigara Africa makore mamiriyoni 1,6-2,33 apfuura. specimens More kwakakwana vaakawana 1972 pedyo Lake Turkana. Age zvakabudiswa aiva makore mamiriyoni 1.9 okuberekwa. New Kucherwa asina akajekesa mufananidzo yose.

Vanhu vakawanda vekare. Homo habilis

Vamwe nguva Zvisaririra tateguru inowanikwa Olduvai Gorge, akashandisa mazita maviri - Australopithecus hablilis uye Homo hablilis. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kusava nechokwadi kuti aivapo pakati paleoanthropologists pamusoro ukama nevamwe hominids. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira ichi mhando dzokutanga tateguru kwevanhu ano. Leakey akawana Homo habilis vaigona kufamba nemakumbo avo hadzi, sezvinoita vanhu ano. Zvichida akapedza usiku hwose miti, achizorora mapazi uye vakapukunyuka pazvikara. Zvave kuti H. hablilis ndiyo tateguru Homo erectus. Paiva penyanzvi akati chisikwa akawanikwa ndowenyika genus Australopithecus, vamiririri vasina yakatotsakatika uye haana kuwanikwa panyika makore mamiriyoni 1 pamusoro. Chikonzero musiyano uri kururama kubvuma masayendisiti kuti shanduka kwavanhu twasu. Kwenguva refu zvaifungwa kuti imwe mhando primates kupa pave nomumwe. Gare gare, mumwe pfungwa pamusoro zvinobvira co-kuvapo kare akawanda mhando hominids vakaita Australopithecus uye vanhu. Paiva zvikuru kunzwisisa mufananidzo yemhindumupindu kwevanhu, pane uya aripo pakutanga uye pezana remakore rapfuura.

Homo habilis. mamirire chitarisiko

Maererano vazhinji zvinhu zvayo kunze nhengo kwemarudzi H. hablilis nowenyika Australopithecus. Vaiva ane apelike chitarisiko, zvinoreva pfupi mutumbi uye refu, akarembera pazasi mabvi okumusoro maoko nemakumbo, kukura akafanana namakumbo. Pane mazano A. afarensis, akararama anopfuura mamiriyoni 3 years ago, waiva wakananga baba H. hablilis. The napedyo kuti mhando iyi huru mutsetse yemhindumupindu kwevanhu kunosimbiswazve nemashoko maitiro nemamiriro dehenya. Kukura varume oda 1.5-1.6 m, muviri uremu - anenge 45 makirogiramu, vakadzi vaiva yakaderera. Features kuti kusiyanisa H. hablilis kubva Australopithecus:

• uropi nekaupenyu guru;
• meno diki;
• akakurumbira mhino;
• tefa gait;
• dehenya vanokwanisa vamiririri kwemarudzi H. hablilis aiva 630-700 ^cm3.

Lifestyle uye zvokudya Homo habilis

Habitat shanduko aigona kukonzera chitarisiko siyana adaptive Mumagazini sechivako hunde, maoko nemakumbo, zvomudumbu hurongwa. Found pamwe zvisaririra mapfupa hominids mhuka, mukume, chinyakare zvishandiso dzinoratidza kuti zvisikwa izvi vakadya nyama uyewo muchero, zvipembenene zvirimwa. Shoko "unyanzvi" muzita munhu inozivikanwa zvikuru bhurasho mamiriro wokutanga dzakashandisa andobata zvokushandisa.

Mukuru kuputswa mapfupa dzokubvisa zvinovaka muviri mwongo kubva mukati, kudzivirirwa vasanganiswa pazvikara uye nezvokudya tsvakiridzo. Pane uchapupu hunoratidza kuti ndipo pakati pavakadzi nevarume vakasimuka weboka basa.

uriri Strong abudisa nyama, apo vakadzi vakanga kukohwewa chirimwa zvigadzirwa. Vakatodzidza maitiro unhu zvinobatsira kuti tipone ari kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kugadzira uye shandisa zvekushandisa

Tools ose Homo habilis vaiva ibwe, nehasha shaped. Hominids kushandiswa sezvo namasanhu uye scrapers mavhu, cobbles, uye mapfupa zvimedu vakashandiswa kuchera midzi muvhu. Mabwe, huni kunge huru zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa zvekushandisa uye kudzivirirwa pazvikara.

Scrapers unopinza mativi zvaishandiswa kucheka zvitunha, achicheka nemarunda, matehwe yakachena. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti nhumbi yokutanga zvaiva pamusana zvoga. Mvura, mhepo, kukurwa kwevhu akaitira dzinongoitika zvinhu, pane Homo habilis ruoko. Nokuda nemaziso zveBhaibheri kwakaratidza anokwenya uye grooves panorumwe matombo - Ezvemutauro izvo ikoko kuita maturusi.

Climate change uye Kushanduka hominids

Panguva kutonhora yakaitika kumabvazuva hemisphere anopfuura mamiriyoni 3 years ago, vekare dzinopisa masango vakanga yakatsiviwa mapani. Pane uchapupu hwokuti Kushanduka Eastern uye Southern Africa mhuka yave chokuita izvi kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.

Ancient primate zvakafanira kuwana mamwe manyuko zvokudya, achipa zvakawanda simba kupfuura zvibereko dzomusango uye midzi. Rimwe bazi yemhindumupindu chamuita kuti Australopithecus, mumwe murume ane unyanzvi akaramba mutsetse uyu. The chidzoke zvimwe hominids waiva mugumisiro okukura nenzira kushandiswa kwete chete chirimwa asiwo mhuka zvokudya. The chikuru chinoratidza kuchinja kubva Australopithecus kuvanhu ndiwo anogadzira zvinhu chinyakare zvishandiso uye kuwedzera cranial chinzvimbo.

Ukama Homo habilis nevamwe Zvisaririra hominids

Bipedal bipedal primate howa H. hablilis pamusoro chitarisiko rinenge kufanana kuti A. afarensis, vavanoda kugoverana yokutarisirwa. Nechepakati chikamu China akawanikwa zvokushandisa uye mapfupa hominids vakuru makore mamiriyoni 1.9. Zvimwe zvasara mhando H. hablilis rinowanikwa matongo nzvimbo pakati Tanzania, Kenya, Sterkfontein. Zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza hwakapararira mhando mu Africa uye Asia.

Zvinogoneka kuti mukufamba kwemakore mamiriyoni 0.5 panyika panguva iyoyo co-aripo Australopithecus, Homo erectus, habilis uye basa. Kusiyana pakati howa vari vashomashoma, vanogona kutungamirira yakasiyana mararamiro, achitora akasiyana zvipenyu niches. In Homo erectus muviri zvikuru zvaiva pedyo chete parameters pakati H. sapiens, asi akanga akakurumbira zvikuru mhino kupfuura mhando H. erectus. Nokutsakatika hominids:

• Homo habilis;
• Homo erectus (Homo erectus);
• H Rudolf nyanza (H. rudolfensis) .;
• H Georgian (H. georgicus) .;
• h. mushandi (H. egaster).

Uise munhu nyanzvi mune Kushanduka Homo sapiens

Kwemakore akawanda pfungwa paleoanthropologists ndiwo mubvunzo pamusoro zvakananga madzitateguru evanhu ano. Munhu unyanzvi ndohwavo? Sezvakangoita australopithecines, kupfuura okutanga vanhu kuti vadye nzungu, mbeu uye midzi. Asi vakakwanisa kubereka zvokushandisa uye kuvashandisa kubereka yavo mhuka zvokudya. mumiririri Ancient of genus Homo - H. erectus - isiri Australopithecus. Yaiva zvakananga tateguru womunhu ano, izvo pashure zvikuru gakava, masayendisiti munyaya vanhu vorudzii (Homo) mhuri hominids okutanga. Skeletal zvisaririra uye zvokushandisa H. erectus akawanikwa kwete chete muna Africa asiwo Asia uye Europe. Panguva iyo kwaiva Homo erectus, izvo adopts imwe yakakwana nzira ibwe, zvichiita maturusi. Murume kushanda aiva carnivore uyewo anoshandiswa kurapa matombo, matanda, mapfupa sezvo chinyakare Ezvemutauro.