Vanhu vokutanga: hypotheses, pfungwa, uchapupu

Mubvunzo matangiro womunhu uye kubuda munyika wamadzibaba edu chave kwemazana emakore akawanda, inoramba zvikuru gakava. Akazviratidza ari pakati XIX remakore yesayenzi yechokwadi pamusoro Darwin, maererano iyo vanhu vokutanga vaiva chinhu chakafanana madzitateguru netsoko, kwete chete kuti tira kuti "Ini", asi, akaita nokuda kwounyanzvi hutsva chinozunguzirwa mibvunzo uye kusava nechokwadi.

Tisati tapindura mubvunzo apo wokutanga akazviratidza Pasi vanhu vanofanira kutsanangura zvakajeka ndiani anofanira sechinoitika zvechokwadi munhu, asi munhu - chete chimupanze. Achitaura hunhu izvi nguva nenguva mumhino nhaurirano yakawanda uye zvimwe, asi masayendisiti akawanda anobvuma kuti genus Homo vose hominids, uropi hune inokwana 600 cubic cm. Panyaya iyi, okutanga vanhu munyika - nomukurumbira Homo habilis, zvisaririra zvacho ndeyemunguva akaturikidzana anenge maviri uye makore mamiriyoni nehafu apfuura.

Ndiye iyi ndiyo yokutanga chitarisiko amabwe maturusi, izvo zvaida kuti Kufambisa nemafambiro uye nomazvo kutarisira pamusoro basa ramaoko uye minwe. Hapana Tsoko uropi iyo, sezvinei, usingatangi kupfuura 400 cubic masendimita, vaite basa asingagoni.

Zvisinei, kana tiri kutora sezvikonzero chokwadi kuti vanhu vokutanga - nayo Homo habilis, zvino ndianiko tateguru ravo pachena? Maererano achangobva kubuda, ivo vaviri-makumbo marefu African tsoko, uyo ari mumwe mhando Australopithecus.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti vakawanda vavo anatomical Data vaviri-makumbo marefu nemaape pedyo magorira ano uye chimupanze, vaiva mhuri dzakasiyana pamusoro pakuva iyo - kufamba kushandiswa hadzi Mbabvu chete - nezvainoita zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kukura uropi hwavo shanduka kune homo sapiens.

Vanhu vokutanga - Homo habilis - havarambi zvakafanana: zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kukura uropi kwaita kuti pave zvakawanda zvitsva zvinhu zvave zvachose dzisingambosvikiki madzitateguru avo anthropoid. Saka, pashure zviuru mazana manomwe nemakore namarudzi sumo, ari "murume batsira" yakatsiviwa "Homo erectus" - kubva Homo erectus. zvisikwa izvi kumhuka zvikamu uropi, kuburikidza izvo zvaiita kuti kuronga zvimwe zviito zvavo, uyewo mabhurocha avo, izvo pakupedzisira yaifanira akasikwa. Kunyanya, ibwe maturusi kuva nezvahunoreva uye dzichipfekeka: vakatanga kuti wakarodzwa kumativi ose uye kutora chimiro canine.

Vokutanga vanhu ano akazviratidza panyika anenge zviuru makumi mana apfuura. ikawanda kwazvo zvichienzaniswa chete habilis kana erectus uropi akabvumira kwete chete kuva nounyanzvi vose rwokugadzira ezvinomera, asi akashanda sehwaro nokuda chidzoke of psyche uye mafungiro, sezvo achiratidza yakawanikwa strata kunofanira nguva iyi, okutanga vanodhirowa uye zviridzwa.

Vanhu chokutanga chidzoke dzavo uye kukura kuti haanzwisisiki, kufarira iyo kusingazoperi nokusingaperi. The kwaita akasiyana-siyana mushanduro - kubva raMwari mavambo nokusvika vatorwa - akaratidza masayendisiti dambudziko rokuwana zvikaramba itsva yevanhu uye vazviise kutsanangura nzira uye achishandisa minda siyana zivo.