Chii kudzidza ethnography? ethnography mabasa

Munyaya ino mhinduro mubvunzo kuti kudzidza ethnography. We vachakuudza zvizere nezvesayenzi ichi, isu achinongedzera vamwe mamiriro ayo achava dzatinogona kukosha kwayo uye kukosha.

How kutanga mhinduro mubvunzo kuti kudzidza ethnography? With kutsunga kukosha zita rayo. Ethnography - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza marudzi. "Urudzi" muchiGiriki rinoreva kuti "rudzi", "vanhu" uye "Count" - I kunyora. Somugumisiro, chaiyo pamusoro wenyaya sayenzi iyi rinogona kushandurwa kuti "tsananguro marudzi." By Fananidzo Somuenzaniso, petrography - tsananguro matombo, jogirafi - rondedzero yenyika, etc. Asi evasingatombonamati rairatidza sayenzi haako ... Description chero wavo - izvi chete hwaro kumhedziso, ari Kungwara mitemo kukudziridzwa kutanga uye chinhu. Somuenzaniso, jogirafi anoziva kwenzvimbo, uswa, mamiriro okunze, fauna of uye vamwe. Mukufunga kwavo ukama, mifananidzo kukura. Chete muchiziva mitemo, tinogona kushandisa upfumi zviriko basa kwenzanga.

Kunze kwokuti inodzidza ethnography sechipiriso sainzi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zviri haana kutsanangura vanhu vaigara panyika chete. Iye anoziva mitemo iyo vari kuumbwa uye dzinokura, uyewo zvikonzero iyo rumwe inosiyana neimwe. inogona hwokurara maererano zvinotevera tsananguro: ethnography - kudzidza vanhu, kuvhura kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti okukura kwavo.

The kwaita ethnography

Kunyange zvazvo mashoko chaiwo pashure akaumba hwaro ethnography, kwenguva refu vakatanga kuungana uye rikaunganidza, iye pachake ave yakabuda sezvo yakazvimirira nesayenzi chete pakati pezana remakore rechi19. The chinhu zvidzidzo akatanga zvinenge socio-nhoroondo (sotsiory) - Munhu yevanhu, izvo chichiri chinyakare panguva panowanikwa sayenzi iyi. Uyezve, ethnography pakutanga akadzidza kwete chete kuvimbika kwavo sekuda tsika munzanga izvi. Kwagara uye anoramba chete nesayenzi ane chinhu kudzidza - the chinyakare muvanhu. Zvisinei, ethnography - sayenzi kuti kwete kudzidza chete sotsiory. Tinogona kusiyanisa zvinenge zviviri chinhu chacho.

Two ethnographic chinhu

In zvose pre-capitalist kirasi nzanga, kunze yekare, kwagara mbiri dzakada kufanana, asi dzakasiyana siyana: asi vepamusoro (tsika rokumusoro) uye demotic (pasi tsika). Last pamusoro pokumuka kuparadzwa, asi haarambi chete pasi capitalism. Izvi zvinowanzoda yakareba. Uye isu tiri kufarira zvesayenzi kubva pakutanga kwayo akatanga kudzidza kwete bedzi tsika chinyakare, asiwo vanhuwo, kunyanya vanhuwo zvavo. Izvi zvinofanira kuonekwa pakupindura mubvunzo kuti kudzidza ethnography. Pfupiso yebhuku zvichitevera pamusoro: ine kubva pakutanga makanga chinhu 2 - chinyakare uye vanhuwo tsika.

Zvinoumba kukura ethnography muUK

Great Britain aiva kupfuura dzayaitonga simba nenguva panowanikwa ethnography. A yakawanda munzvimbo yakanga simba pamusoro mamiriro, uye vazhinji vavo vari inogarwa chinyakare munzanga. Asi varombo vari UK kunge akanyangarika panguva ino. Somugumisiro, nyika ethnography akatanga ari sayenzi kubata pakudzidza munhu chinyakare vanhu. Kumwe kuongorora kuti aishamwaridzana vakasara murimi mudiki nyika, mubasa ngano ushe. Zvisinei, masayendisiti British mangwanani chaizvo kufarira miduku yokuruwa Eastern nzanga rakabatwa nehurumende muUK, achinyanya India (B. Baden-Powell, G. Mayne). Zvisinei, ongororo iyi vaionekwa kazhinji sezvo vasiri ethnography. Uyezve, chinangwa vakanga kunyanya murimi mudiki munharaunda, pane tsika.

Ethnography mu Germany

Kana Germany, naicho kuumbwa kwaro maonero nezvokuti kudzidza ethnography. The tsanangudzo sayenzi iyi masayendisiti eGermany vamwe akawanda, izvo, zvisinei, nyore zvinotsanangurwa. Chokwadi kuti miduku yokuruwa yakapfuurira kurarama munyika ino. Saka mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti pamusoro chii ethnography zvidzidzo muGermany akanga wokutanga zvinotevera: folksy tsika. Zvakanga ipapo chete kutanga kubuda sayenzi chinyakare nzanga akanga yakatanga pashure Germany yakava yaitonga simba. Panzira, zvakanga tsvarakadenga kunonoka.

Kukura Sayenzi ethnography muRussia

Zvakakurukurwa kukura nyika yedu zvakadai kuti chinyakare uye murimi mudiki nyika yavapo divi kwete chete parutivi, asiwo dyidzana uye pinda mumwe. The mutsetse pakati pavo kwakanga kazhinji hama. Naizvozvo, Russian masayendisiti raiva zita zvakajairika nesayenzi ichi (ethnology, kana ethnography), asi chakakosha mashoko nokuda anoranga kuti zvinoita mbiri, hazvina.

Ethnology uye rusaruraganda pfungwa

In Western Europe, pakati pezana remakore rechi19, mumwe zita wechipiri sayenzi iyi - ethnology. Ashandurwa zvinoreva "kudzidza dzavanhu." Zita iri riri kupfuura zvakakodzera kuratidza fuma inotifadza sayenzi. Zvisinei, izvozvo yakabuda muna Western Europe apo rudzi dzidziso iyo vahedheni rakakamurwa vakakwirira uye hwakaderera marudzi, vakava kwakapararira. Muduku marudzi - zviri chaivo vanhu, vari panguva yakaderera azvipire socio-zvoupfumi. Havana kare, uye kunyange kana iye ane, inoramba isingazivikanwi. Vanhu ava vanofanira chete kutsanangura, kureva kuti kugadzirisa kugona kwavo kurarama chipo. Izvi anewo kubata yakadaro sayenzi ethnography.

Marudzi vari mukuru azvipire tsika uye zvoupfumi, vari munhoroondo, ane refu uye kunzwisisa nhoroondo. kudzidza zvakakodzera, uye ndicho basa ethnology.

Kushandisa okuti "ethnography" uye "ethnology"

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti weboka ose enhoroondo uye dzinongoitika, wakakwidzwa uye ezasi, masayendisiti akawanda zvakadaro havana kugamuchirwa. Ivo zvakarurama aidavira kuti pane chimwe chete sayenzi - kare, izvo rakakamurwa 2 zvikamu: nhoroondo yevanhu uye nhoroondo zvakasikwa. The akatanga apo vanhu vakamira kubva pamhuka nyika. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga mitemo mukuru kukura vanhu. Saka, kuparadzana marudzi dzinongoitika uye nhoroondo haana chikonzero yesayenzi. Zvisinei, shoko rokuti "ethnology" achiri midzi kuMadokero kuti sayenzi avanhu. MuRussia, nokuti ayo rokuti iri aiwanzoshandiswa rokuti "ethnography". Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mune izvi mashoko uye muRussia uye iri West paakapiwa zvakafanana mukati: iri kudzidza, haisi rondedzero vanhu vanogara panyika.

Pamusangano muna Aruma-Ata, Union Conference muna 1990, kwakasarudzwa kubatanidza izwi rinoreva kuti sayenzi avanhu. Ethnography munyika yedu yakatangawo pamutemo rinonzi ethnology. Zvisinei, shoko rokuti "ethnography" zvichengeteke. Nhasi tinoti "ethnographic Museum", "ethnographic nzendo" Saka, ethnology uye ethnography -. Ko mazwi maviri kuti kushumira kunan'anura sayenzi avanhu.

Kusiyana pakati pemarudzi

Kurarama munyika vanhu vakasiyana pamwe kwemarudzi (panyama) zvinhu - ruvara uye chimiro bvudzi, ruvara rweganda, urefu, muna nemamiriro zvinyoronyoro zvikamu chiso, etc. On hwaro ichi, vari akakamurwa pamusoro Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid uye kusanganiswa rudzi .. kuremekedza. anthropology Mumuviri anobata pakudzidza kusiyana zvose izvi pakati pavo.

Vanhu venyika vanotaura mitauro yakasiyana -. German, Chirungu, Russian uye nemimwe mitauro ikashandiswa kupinda chokuita mutauro mhuri. Zvemutauro paaivatambudza pakudzidza. Inoongorora girama, phonetics, mashoko, mitauro.

Anogara nyika vanhu vari zvakare vakasiyana zita (Russian, Tatars, Georgians, uye zvichingodaro. D.), kuziva (I Byelorussian I Kyrgyzstan), kuti peculiarities ari psyche yose kunzwisisa tsika nemagariro zvinhu kuri mumashoko nomumwe wavo (emandiriri mbatya, pokugara, mhemberero mu munzanga uye mhuri upenyu, uye d.) zvichingodaro.. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, ose anogona kuwadzana waibva navamwe asiri mashoko zvinhu. Ethnology, kana ethnography, yave kudzidza misiyano iyi.

kwemadzinza zvinhu

Saka, zvinogona vaifungidzira kuti chinangwa kudzidza ethnography sayenzi - ndiyo vanhu uye nyaya - kwemarudzi zvinhu. Zvapedzisira zvinoreva asanyanya, zvakaoma zvinhu zvemweya, magariro uye zvinhu netsika, kunyanya kufunga uye upenyu, vakava somugumisiro refu nhoroondo kukura. Ose pamusoro zvinhu muupenyu hwavo hwose national tsika yevanhu. Ndicho chikuru chinhu chakadaro sayenzi ethnography.

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo wokuti nei zvakakodzera kuti kudzidza madzinza peculiarities ane vanhu, tsika dzayo.

Ethnography uye History

Chokutanga, zivo kwavari kunotipa mukana kugadzirisa mibvunzo pamusoro yakatangira, munhoroondo kukura. Nhoroondo vanhu akanyorwa ethnographic zvinhu. Zvinofanira kukwanisa kuverenga. Tsika uye munharaunda mamiriro tinongogara chokuita zvikuru enyika, zvoupfumi, zvipenyu zvinhu. Naizvozvo, wose siyana tsika uye nzanga achinje kana pane kuchinja izvi. Naizvozvo, nokuziva upenyu uye tsika vanhu vanogona kutaura pamusoro zvepanyama Nzvimbo uye socio-ezvoupfumi umo waivapo. Zvose izvi zvichikosha chaizvo kuti kunzwisisa midzi yawo nezvekutanga. Nokuda kuti ethnography anogadziriswa vose nyaya idzi, rinogona kunzi kare sayenzi. Rinoreva kuti uye iye kupatsanura chinzvimbo.

Ethnography - sayenzi evanhu

Zvisinei, kukosha kwayo hakungoitwi chii pamusoro apa. Zvakakosha kuti vanodzidza ethnography. Rondedzera muchidimbu zvarinoreva uye Ukuwo.

Zivo upenyu National uye tsika nemagariro chinopa mukana kuona dzidziso rwevamwe pezvakaitwa tsika nemagariro kuitika panguva iyoyo. Uye pasina ruzivo rwavo hazvibviri kuita tsika uye socio-upfumi kushanduka. On redu, nguva dzose akafamba kwemasayendisiti kuti zvakachinja chiso tsika uye nharaunda akasiyana avanhu, uye dzimwe nguva inoenda kuti vamwe vavo vakanyangarika, vamwe vakaonekwa. pezvakaitwa zvose izvi dziri akataura chokwadi kuti kudzidza ethnography.

History anoziva mienzaniso yakawanda kutsakatika kuchaita dzimwe ndudzi uye kubuda nevamwe. Zvikurukuru, kamwe yavapo Thracians, Gauls, Meshchera, Bulgars, Meria, uye vamwe. Nhasi, havana. French akazviratidza, vaBulgaria, Tatars nevamwe. Izvi imhaka dzemadzinza urongwa, zvikuru yaiitwa kare. Zvaitika munguva yedu. Dzidziso vanofanira kuziva kuti kukwanisa optimally mafambisirwo kambani. Chokwadi chokuti underestimation dzemadzinza kukura uye inoshanda yokurera kukonzera kurwisana kwemarudzi, uyewo mamwe Migumisiro, izvo kunonoka munzanga kukura kusvika mberi. dambudziko iri kugadziriswa nesayenzi ethnography, kupa chikonzero usanganidzo yayo ichitanga sayenzi evanhu.

Ethnography uye Ecology

Uye kugadzirisa zvinetso nokukurumidza zvezvakatipoteredza nhasi ruzivo inokosha kwazvo tsika nemagariro maitiro akasiyana dzavanhu. Handiti izvi zvinhu kubatsira kutungamirirwa upfumi basa, izvo zvinozoita kunokanganisa dzinongoitika uye nenzvimbo zvakatipoteredza. Kusaziva tsika nemagariro peculiarities dzavanhu, havagoni kupindira zvavo zvebhizimisi mabasa. Somuenzaniso, regai kushandurira kupinda ndakagara anongofamba vanhu, vakanga dzapinda akakura gomo mumupata vagari uye t. D. It hwakazara chinokosha mutsika uye zvoupfumi varasikirwa. No tsaona kuti munguva yedu pane sayenzi itsva - dzinza ezvinhu. It anotarisa siyana pakukurukurirana uye nekuita kuti kuripo pakati dzinongoitika nenzvimbo zvakatipoteredza uye murume.

Ethnography uye zvematongerwo enyika

Asi ichi hachisi mhinduro yakakwana kune mubvunzo nezvezvinoreva chii kudzidza ethnography. 5th mugwaro nhoroondo zvidzidzo zvinowa- vakabata dingindira "ethnography", asi chokuita izvozvo zvechipameso chete. Zvichakadai, kukosha nesayenzi iri guru kwazvo. Pasina pfungwa tsika nemagariro peculiarities-siyana enyika, hazvibviri kumisa tsika, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi noushamwari pakati pavo. Uye pasina pavo hazvibviri kufungidzira kwete chete kukura vanhu, asi kuvapo kwayo chaizvo. Kuti vararame munzvimbo yakanaka uye ushamwari chero rudzi, zvakafanira kuziva. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nemakambani kumatunhu. Nokuti pano vanhu, siyana mutsika uye mutauro kurarama.

rira ethnography

In mhedziso, tinoona kuti pane vari chokuita nesayenzi ichi interdisciplinary vanotongwa, mumwe iyo - munhu Musical ethnography. Nounyanzvi vakagadzirira zviri conservatories. Zvichida iwe kare wafungidzira, ari kudzidza mimhanzi ethnography? mhinduro yakarurama - zvavo mumhanzi. kurangwa Iri panosangana ngano, ethnography uye musicology.

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvino, kuti vanodzidza ethnography, zvinokosha chaizvo kubva inoshanda nemaonero, uye munzvimbo dzakawanda. Naizvozvo, kukosha nesayenzi iri guru kwazvo uye zvichangoramba akakodzera.

Saka, takakurukura mubvunzo kana kudzidza ethnography. Mhinduro, tariro iwe kugutsikana, uye mashoko achava chinobatsira.