Mabhakitiriya ari causative vamiririri chero chirwere? chirwere kwevanhu kunokonzerwa utachiona

Pane zvikuru umambo mashanu zvakasikwa, vamiririri izvo pasi kuongororwa kwemazana emakore akawanda. Ivo:

• mhuka;
• miti;
• howa;
• utachiona kana prokaryotes;
• wanda.

Kana mhuka, zvinomera uye hunokuvadza anozivikanwa vanhu kubva zvikuru primordial nguva nemavhairasi uye utachiona kudzidza vanhu paaivatambudza ichangopfuura. Chiduku kukura zvipenyu izvi kukwanisa kudzidza navo chinoabatsira. Ndokusaka vasina kudaro refu chakavanzika takarinda meso vanhu.

Inozivikanwa kwete zvakanaka basa chete kuti vatambe. Saka tichaedza wofunga mubvunzo kana utachiona vari utachiona vamwe zvirwere, uye sezvo kazhinji yakarongwa uye kurarama zvisikwa izvi.

Ndivanaani prokaryotes?

All zvipenyu venyama pasi redu vane chakajairika mamiriro - vari rinoumbwa masero. Chokwadi, chikamu chimwe chete, mumwe chikamu - zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro pemhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, ipapo zvose noruvara. muviri mumwe une moyo wakaita kunze masero. Asi kana totaura zvinenge kuroorwa-celled, kuti kubatana kwakadaro hachisisiri, sezvo vari rakakamurwa prokaryotes uye eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes vose zvipenyu venyama, inova masero kuvabereki zvinhu, wakaiswa pakati tsanga. For prokaryotes - vakadaro unicellular zvinenge umo DNA iri kuparadzirwa pachena kuti haringorevi hamvuropu renyukireya, uye saka haana chinoumba yose. venyama izvi akasarudza vaiwanzoti:

• zvitema-mitema algae;
• cyanobacteria;
• archaea;
• mabhakitiriya.

Pakutanga, zvinenge avo chete akararama panyika. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma vakaenda Kushanduka chitarisiko eukaryotic zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu, mukati zvakanga masero prokaryotic. Vakabva vakabatana pamwe chete uye kupinda mune symbiotic ukama, kuva akanaka, simba, uye husingakwanisi kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu womuviri, vakagadzirira bereka uye kuwedzera nhamba, yokushanduka-shanduka.

Uchapupu dzidziso iyi ndivo organelles non-renyukireya sero zvipuka zvine masero akawanda sezvo mitochondria uye plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).

Asi zvinosuwisa, vakawanda prokaryotic masero havasi sokusingakuvadzi kuti zvinomera, mhuka, uye vanhu, sezvo vaya vairamba kurarama mukati kwavari. Vakazozvinzwisisa zita ano kwemabhakitiriya, kana utachiona uye akatanga kurarama yakazvimirira upenyu, kukonzera dambudziko racho zvikuru yakarongwa zvisikwa.

Unonzi nezvirwere zvakawanda chokuita utachiona, avo anokosha. Uye kwete chete muvanhu zvaitika, asiwo vamiririri vose zvimwe umambo zvakasikwa.

A pfupi gadzira nhoroondo yakawanikwa

Utachiona zvave vachipoterera anopfuura mabhiriyoni 3,5 makore. Panguva ino, mamiriro avo haana kuchinja. The chete chinhu chakanga chitsva muupenyu hwavo ndiye mukurumbira wavo munhu.

kuwanikwa zvipenyu izvi vakaita sei? Funga nzendo.

1. The musayendisiti Greek yekare Aristotle akati kuti pane usingaonekwi zvisikwa ziso kuti vararame kumativi ose, kusanganisira vanhu. Vanogona kukonzera zvirwere.
2. 1546 - chiremba Italian Girolamo Frakostoro akataura kuti zvirwere zvevanhu zvinokonzerwa tupukanana tusingaoneki, utachiona. Zvisinei, izvozvo vasingagoni uye akaramba kunzwikwa.
3. 1676 - Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek kudzidza bande kuti koko pasi maikorosikopu tega yake (maikorosikopu zvayo kugadzirwa rokutanga raiva guru kwazvo uye akafanana muunganidzwa anoverengeka raznoraspolozhennyh nezvionioni, akapa kuwedzera anopfuura zana times). Somugumisiro, akakwanisa kuona masero anoumba omuti remuti. Uyewo akatarira Donhwe remvura, aiona zvinenge zvakawanda tuduku kuti vaigara donhwe ichi. Ndivo utachiona, chaakapa zita "animalkuli".
4. 1840 - chiremba German Jakob Henle hunoratidza Zvemazvirokwazvo ichokwadi pfungwa pamusoro mugumisiro utachiona dzevanhu, kureva kuti utachiona - utachiona.
5. 1862 - kemisiti French Louis Pasteur somugumisiro akadzokorora kuedza kwakaratidza kuvapo tusingaoneki zvose zvipenyu runyararo, zvinhu, zvinenge. Saka, iye akasimbisa pfungwa Hyun-le, uye atova dzidziso, yainzi "utachiona dzidziso chirwere." Nokuti basa rake, musayendisiti akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize.
6. 1877 - Robert Koch kushandisa nzira kuti staining kwemabhakitiriya tsika.
7. 1884 - Hans giremu, mumwe chiremba. Kuti kuchanzi kupatsanura zvisikwa izvi pamusoro giremu-akanaka uye giremu negative, zvichienderana zvakaitwa kuumba dhayi.
8. 1880 - Karg Ebert yave kuzivikanwa chinokonzera fivha - chiito tsvimbo mune utachiona.
9. 1882 - Robert Koch rinoratidza tubercle bacillus.
10. 1897 - Japanese chiremba Kie-shi Shiga vawana chinokonzera nemanyoka
11. 1897 - Bernhard Bang akasimbisa chokwadi kuti pane causative utachiona zvirwere mhuka kuti anokonzera pamuviri yavo.

Saka, kukura ruzivo pamusoro utachiona uye zvirwere zvinokonzerwa navo, kuwana nokukurumidza tichimhanya. Uye nhasi kare akarondedzera vanopfuura zviuru 10 vamiririri prokaryotes siyana. Zvisinei, zvakafanotaurwa masayendisiti anoti munyika izvo kune vanopfuura miriyoni imwe marudzi.

Sayenzi prokaryotes

Utachiona sezvo causative vaishandira zvirwere vakanga nguva dzose kufarira zvesayenzi, nekuti ruzivo wavo kukubvumira kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakawanda zvoutano kwete chete vanhu asiwo mhuka uye zvinomera. Naizvozvo, Yakaumbwa sainzi akawanda kuti anobata nokudzidza nyaya iyi.

1. Zvidukuduku - vakawanda nesayenzi kuti inodzidza zvose nemaziso zvinenge, kusanganisira utachiona.
2. Bacteriology - sayenzi nehanya kudzidza utachiona, mabhakitiriya, avo kusiyanasiyana, mararamiro, kuparadzirwa uye kuchinja nyika yakatipoteredza.
3. Utsanana zvidukuduku - kudzidza matanho kuti pave kwemabhakitiriya zvirwere muvanhu.
4. Veterinary zvidukuduku - anoongorora causative mabhakitiriya zvinotapuriranwa kwemhuka, mishonga, kurapwa, ekudzivirira chirwere.
5. Medical zvidukuduku - anoongorora matambudziko utachiona pamusoro upenyu zvose zvipenyu maererano zvokurapa.

Kuwedzera masero kwemabhakitiriya pane zvinenge unicellular majemusi utachiona muvanhu, mhuka uye zvirimwa. Somuenzaniso, amoeba, marariya tupukanana, trypanosomes, uye zvichingodaro. Zvinoitawo zvinhu kudzidza muna Medical zvidukuduku.

Ndezvipi mabhakitiriya?

Pane zvigadziko zviviri nokuda kupatsanura masero kwemabhakitiriya. Chokutanga kunobva panheyo kupatsanurwa microbial masero zvakasiyana mu chimiro. Saka, musi hwaro ichi govera:

• Cocci kana idenderedzwa, zvinenge bhora serin'i. Kunosanganisirawo dzakawanda mhando: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, sartsiny, tetrakokki. Vamiririri miganhu kwakadaro haapfuuri 1 micron. Ndiye boka iri inosanganisira zvakawanda vaya vanonzi "vaishandira zvirwere zvevanhu."
• Coli, kana utachiona tsvimbo serin'i. Kusiyana-siyana mune fomu ose masero: dzose, akataura, tsvimbo serin'i, vibrio, akachekwa, curved, cheni. Mabhakitiriya zvose izvi utachiona. Imhandoi chirwere? Anenge Zvirwere zvose anozivikanwa munhu nhasi.
• Crimped zvinenge. Akakamurwa spirillae uye spirochetes. Mutete yakakoswa helical chimiro, zvimwe zvacho pathogenic utachiona, uye mumwe - vamiririri dzose intestinal microflora zvemhuka uye vanhu.
• Branching utachiona - kumboda akafanana tsvimbo-zvakaumbwa, asi pakupedzisira vane ramifications siyana inegumi. Izvi zvinosanganisira Bifidobacteria anoridza zvakanaka basa hwevanhu.

Chimwe kupatsanura masero kwemabhakitiriya pazvikanganiso ano waivako: RNA mamiriro, morphological uye nokukanganisika zvivako noruremekedzo kuti staining uye zvichingodaro. On chikonzero izvi utachiona zvose zvinogona rakakamurwa 23 Marudzi, chimwe nechimwe chinosanganisira dzinoverengeka makirasi, genera uye mhando.

Zvinogonekawo kuti patsanura kuti zvigare maererano nzira simba panguva kufema mhando, kuti vakatora zvakatipoteredza uye zvichingodaro.

Kushandisa utachiona muvanhu

Use tusingaoneki vanhu vakadzidza kubva munguva dzekare. Kubva kurutivi rwavo akanga asingafarirwi chikumbiro nemaune, asi kungorega kutengeserana zvakasikwa. Saka, Somuenzaniso, yakabereka nedoro, chinovira pezvakaitwa vakatora nzvimbo.

Nokufamba kwenguva uye yokutanga mashandiro upenyu chezvisikwa duku izvi, murume akadzidza kuzvishandisa zvakazara nezvavanoda. sectors inoverengeka upfumi vangazivikanwa, izvo zviri pedyo zvakanyatsobatana zvipenyu. Utachiona anoshandiswa:

1. In zvokudya indasitiri: kugocha pastries uye chingwa, waini, mukaka zvinhu uye zvichingodaro.
2. Chemical kwetunhu: bacteria zvibereko amino acids, makemikari acids, mapuroteni, mavhitaminzi, lipids, nemishonga, makemikari, pigments, nucleic acids, shuga uye zvichingodaro.
3. Medicine: zvinodhaka yokuderedza microflora womukati ezvinhu, mishonga uye zvichingodaro.
4. Agriculture: kugadzirira chirimwa kukura uye kurapwa remhuka, mabhakitiriya utachiona, kubvumira kuwedzera zvibereko, mukaka goho uye zai kugadzirwa, uye zvichingodaro.
5. Ecology: nefterazlagayuschie tusingaoneki processing Organic uye inorganic residues dzakapoteredza vachenese svikiro.

Zvisinei, kuwedzera kune Migumisiro yakanaka kushandisa utachiona, vanhu havagoni kubvisa zvakaipa. Pashure pezvose, mamwe mabhakitiriya muri utachiona zvirwere dzevanhu? Yakaomesesa, ngozi uye dzimwe nguva zvinouraya. Naizvozvo, avo basa zvakasikwa uye upenyu hwevanhu Dual.

Pathogenic tupukanana: neimwewo muchidimbu

Kutakura vakadaro tupukanana pathogenic anogona kukuvadza rinenge uye munyika nenhengo dzawo muvanhu nemhuka. On yaro kwokunze uye munyika chivako, havaiti wakasiyana zvinobatsira bacteria: celled maumbirwo akafuka gobvu goko (sero rusvingo) kunze mucic cloaked ari Kamudzira kuti anotidzivirira kugaya kubva mukati hondo uye kuomesa. The majini acho ari kuparadzirwa mukati sero muchimiro DNA nengetani. Under yaivhuvhuta ezvinhu, vanogona nokuumba spores - vanowira ezvinhu torpor umo kwemasikati pezvakaitwa zvinokosha asati pakutangazve zvakanaka ezvinhu.

Mabhakitiriya ari causative vaishandira nezvirwere izvo zvipenyu? Avo vari nyore pachishandiswa kuenda neherikoputa mumate, nokuda zvakananga kuonana kana kuonana mucosal yakazaruka ganda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti utachiona aigona kunzi zvombo zvinoparadza. Pashure pezvose, vanogona kukonzera rose dambudziko, denda, epizootic epiphytotics uye zvichingodaro. Kureva chirwere, kufukidza nyika yose, iyo kurwadzisa uye zvirimwa (epiphytotics), uye mhuka (epizootic zvirwere) uye hwevanhu (dambudziko).

Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete marudzi ose zvisikwa akadzidza murume zvachose. Naizvozvo, hazvivimbisi kuti chero nguva havasi chirwere chipi, vanhu havazivi. Izvi anoisa basa kunyange mukuru microbiologists, vatsvakurudzi vezvoutano uye virologists.

Chii chirwere kunokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya?

Pane zvirwere zvizhinji zvakadai. Izvi hazvisi chete kuti zvimwe zvakafanana vaya. Nokuti mabhakitiriya anogona kukanganisa mhuka, asiwo chirimwa munyama. Naizvozvo, zvirwere zvose, izvo zvinokonzerwa navo, unogona kukamurwa mapoka akawanda.

1. Anthroponotic Zvirwere - avo vari rakasiyana vanhu uye utachiona zvingaita zvikuru pakati pavo (human utachiona). Mienzaniso zvirwere: fivha, korera, chibhokisi, gwirikwiti, manyoka, diphtheria uye nevamwe.
2. Zoonotic zvirwere - zvirwere zvakadai kuti kuitika mhuka uye kuti Vanotakura mavari, asi chero nzira munhu anogona kutapukirwa. Somuenzaniso, Tupukanana ikaruma kana dzimwe mhuka, mhuka nevanhu ganda uye kufema nzira murume pane kutamira kwemabhakitiriya spores. Zvirwere: glanders, hwechigwadara, denda, tularemia, chimbwamupengo, rutsoka uye muromo chirwere.
3. Epifitoznye chirwere - muti chirwere kunokonzerwa utachiona. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuora, blotch, namamota, kutsva, kwemabhakitiriya nenyunje nezvimwe zvirwere kwemabhakitiriya.

Funga chirwere kwevanhu kunokonzerwa utachiona. Avo kuti ndiyo inonyanya. Ndizvo avo vakauya kare uye zviripo zvakawanda nenhamo uye nhamo kune vanhu.

mabhakitiriya munhu

zvirwere zvevanhu kukonzerwa utachiona, nguva dzose hwakonzera kukuvadza uye kukuvadza utano vanhu. Vakawanda uye ngozi vavo ndeinotevera:

1. Dambudziko - shoko kwazvo vagari mullion Ages uye Renaissance. The chirwere yakauraya zviuru zvevanhu. Kare denda vanorwara chakaenzana rufu, hatina asi kutanga nzira kubaya uye mushonga nezvirwere anotyisa ichi chirwere. Zvino, hosha rinowanikwa mune dzimwe dzinopisa uye ndekwokuda zoonotic hunhu.
2. Erysipelas - chirwere remhuka, kunyanya nguruve, huku, makwayana uye mabhiza. Chakasvitswa vanhu. Kumutumidza utachiona hunokonzera zvirwere, izvo Erysipelothrix insidiosa zita. Kurwisa chirwere nyore, utachiona izvi vanotya yakananga chezuva, mukuru tembiricha uye alkali. Pari chirwere haisi zvakajairika chaizvo. Chimiro foci kunoenderana mhuka zvakanaka.
3. Diphtheria. Inokuvadza chirwere rokumusoro kufema turakiti, anopa mwoyo ine simba matambudziko. Nhasi zvisinganyanyi kuitika nokuti kubaya rinoitwa mukutanga zvokukura mwana kukura.
4. Nemanyoka. Kukonzera zvirwere Mabhakitiriya, izvo ndiwo mazita Shigella (Shigella). Panobva chirwere ndivo vanhu vanorwara vanogona fambisa chirwere imba, aqueous kana Pin (via muromo) na. Most sei vana. Vachirwara nemanyoka inogona kanoverengeka uyewo kutapata kuti chirwere Kuumbwa pfupi.
5. Tularemia - anokonzerwa utachiona Francisella tularensis. Very akaomarara, husingakwanisi tembiricha, kwezvakatipoteredza mamiriro hweHIV. Mabatirwo kunzwisisa, kwete kwakakwana.
6. Tiibhii - inonzi Koch kuti seinä. A kunzwisisa chirwere inokanganisa mumapapu uye dzimwe nhengo. mushonga hurongwa zvakatangwa uye kwazara asi chose kutsakatiswe chirwere chinoramba zvakaoma.
7. Whooping chikosoro - utachiona anokonzerwa utachiona Bordetella pertussis. Dzinoratidzwa pakuonekwa zvakasimba kurwisa kuti vangakosora. Vaccination mukutanga muduku.
8. Njovhera - nevakawanda chirwere kuburikidza kurara kuonana. Akadana spirochete utachiona hwakakura trypanosomes. Zvinokanganisawo sikarudzi, maziso, ganda, musimboti tsinga, mapfupa uye mapfundo. Mishonga, mishonga kuzivikanwa.
9. Mwandabvu - uyewo njovhera, chirwere pamusoro XXI remakore. Kupararira kwezvirwere zvepabonde inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Kukonzerwa utachiona - gonococcus.
10. Tetenasi - kukonzerwa rutanda Clostridium tetani, izvo inongorira akasimba zvinokachidza zviri mumuviri womunhu. Izvi zvinotungamirira zvinotyisa chinyamunhari chinorwadza uye chin'a tsandanyama sunga.

Chokwadi, pane dzimwe utachiona uye zvirwere zvevanhu. Asi vakanyorwa rakajairika uye zvakakura.

tupukanana mhuka

Rakajairika zvirwere mhuka, izvo zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya dzinosanganisira:

• zvanga zvine utachiona uhu;
• tetenasi;
• pasteurellosis;
• colibacteriosis;
• bubonic hosha;
• glanders;
• melioidosis;
• yersiniosis;
• vibriosis;
• actinomycosis;
• nechigwadara;
• rutsoka uye muromo chirwere.

Vose kukonzera zvimwe utachiona. Chirwere kunyanya akakwanisa kutapukira vanhu, saka vane ngozi zvikuru uye chakakomba. Huru matanho kudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere zvakadai - anochengeta mhuka dzakachena, nokungwarira hanya navo, nevandagara vairwara.

chirimwa tupukanana

Pakati anokuvadza tupukanana kuti kukanganisa midzi uye matavi zvinomera uye nokudaro vachikonzera zvakakomba kukuvara zvokurima, rakajairika ndedzinotevera vamiririri:

• Mycobacteriaceae;
• Pseudomonadaceae;
• Bacteriaceae.

Dyarai zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya anokonzera kuora uye rufu zvinotevera zvikamu anorimwa zvinomera:

• nemidzi;
• mashizha;
• madzinde;
• michero;
• Inflorescence;
• mudzi zvirimwa.

Ndiko, yose chirimwa dzingave dzawirwa pomutumwa. Most vanowanzotambura kubva pakudyara kwakadaro zvokurimwa, mbatatisi, makabheji, chibage, gorosi, hanyanisi, madomasi, Rustica, mazambiringa, nemiti yemichero siyana uye zvimwe zvibereko, miriwo uye tsanga.

Huru zvirwere zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• kwemabhakitiriya zvirwere;
• kenza;
• kwemabhakitiriya gwapa;
• achaora;
• womusango;
• basal bacteriosis;
• moto nenyunje;
• mhete ora;
• blackleg;
• gummosis;
• mitsetse bacteriosis;
• bacteriosis dema uye nevamwe.

Pari, botanists uye okurima zvidukuduku ave achishingaira kushanda kuwana chirimwa dziviriro zvigadzirwa kubva nematambudziko awa.