Protein-enzayemu: basa zvivako, mashandiro mapuroteni makemikari mumuviri

In sero ose pane yakarongwa nemakemikari. Makemikari (makemikari) - mapuroteni zvimwe uye anokosha chaizvo mabasa. Ndivo vakadanwa biocatalysts. The chikuru basa makemikari ari muviri kuti mhanyisa nokukanganisika siyana. The kutanga zvinhu, izvo catalyzed kubudikidza kukurukurirana pamusoro mamorekuru izvi zvinonzi substrates, uye yokupedzisira mukomboni - zvigadzirwa.

Zvakasikwa, makemikari vari mapuroteni kushanda chete pakurarama enyika. Asi hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu ano, kurapwa Diagnostics, pharmaceutics uye mushonga vaishandisa Yakanatswa makemikari kana dzavo zvivako, uyewo mamwe zvinoriumba zvakakodzera kuti kushanda wegadziriro uye umboo Visualization nokuda mutsvakurudzi.

The chaivo kukosha uye zvivako zviri makemikari

Pasina mamorekuru izvi muviri vasingagoni kushanda mupenyu. All pezvakaitwa upenyu vari kushanda uchinyatsobatanidzwa kunokwana makemikari. The chikuru basa mapuroteni makemikari mumuviri - murau kuti muviri. Pasina kwavari, harigoni zvakajairika muviri. Regulation webasa mamorekuru kunoitika pasi pokudzora activators (inducers) kana FIs. Control unoshanda pamwero yakasiyana-siyana mapuroteni usage. Akatiwo "mabasa" pamusoro apedza Morekuru.

The chikuru ehupfumi mapuroteni makemikari - specificity kune imwe substrate. Uye, naizvozvovo, kukwanisa catalyze chete zvichidzika dzakatevedzana wanda. Kazhinji, pezvakaitwa ava reversible. Chokupika vose mashandiro mutoro imwe enzayemu. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose.

Basa makemikari kunokosha. Pasina kwavari, hapana nokukanganisika siyana kutora nzvimbo. By kuitwa makemikari, reagents zvinokwanisika yokukunda activation chipingamupinyi pasina chinokosha simba rakawanda. Mumuviri, hapana mukana kuti vakuchidzire tembiricha pamusoro 100 ° C, kana kushandiswa kwemakemikari hasha yeimwe akafanana yezvirwere. Protein-enzayemu anosunga kuti substrate. Ari akasungwa mamiriro nhamba yevane uchiteverwa nokubudiswa yokupedzisira. Izvi imhaka ose catalysts zvinoshandiswa nemakemikari kwetunhu.

kwevari kurongwa Morekuru-enzayemu mapuroteni chii?

Kazhinji, mamorekuru izvi vane tertiary (globule) kana quaternary (akawanda interconnected globules) mapuroteni mamiriro. Chokutanga, vari synthesized mune Linear mufashoni. Zvino peta kupinda achida mamiriro. Kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti basa biocatalyst zvinoda mumwe marongerwo.

Makemikari uyewo dzimwe mapuroteni vanoparadzwa nokuda kudziyisa, akanyanyisa tsika ph, hasha makemikari.

Zvimwe zvivako zviri makemikari

Pakati izvi zvinhu ndedzinotevera zvinoriumba:

1. Stereospecificity - paumbwe chigadzirwa mumwe chete.
2. Regioselectivity - kuputsa makemikari chisungo kana boka nadzurudzo pane nzvimbo imwe chete.
3. Chemoselectivity - catalysis mumwe chete kuita.

kushanda

The pamwero enzayemu specificity zvinosiyana. Zvisinei, chero enzayemu dzose kushingaira ari imwe substrate kana boka yeimwe saizvozvo mamiriro. Non-proteinaceous catalysts regai kuratidza pfuma iyi. Specificity akayera kunyorerana rusingaperi (mol / l), izvo zvinogona kusvika 10 ^-10 mol / l. Shanda kushingaira enzayemu kunokurumidza. Imwe Morekuru catalyzes zviuru-mamiriyoni mirayiridzo por wechipiri. The mwero kumhanyisa ose nokukanganisika siyana yekudyidzana (1000-100,000 times) kupfuura kwakajairika catalysts.

Kuitwa makemikari yakavakirwa pamusoro zvigadziriswe akawanda. The nyore kudyidzana kunoitika chete morekuru substrate, zvichiteverwa paumbwe chigadzirwa. makemikari Most anogona kusunga 2-3 dzakasiyana mamorekuru sei. Somuenzaniso, kuchinjwa ane atomu kana boka kubva remubatanidzwa kune imwe, kana miviri kuzvitsinhanisa pamusoro "ping-pong". In nouku yemanyorero richibatanidza rimwe substrate, uye dzichipfekeka boka rechipiri unesungano ne enzayemu.

Kudzidza ari enzayemu mashandiro chiito kunoitika nenzira:

1. Pakusarudza zvenguva yokupedzisira zvigadzirwa.
2. Studies yechivako chacho uye geometry pamusoro dzichipfekeka mapoka anosunga kuti substrate uye kupa refu maitiro unodiwa.
3. Kunotouraya ari majini pamusoro enzayemu uye kutsunga kuchinja kwayo kwetunhu uye basa.

Active uye anosunga nzvimbo

Substrate Morekuru duku zvikuru pane puroteni chiri enzayemu. Naizvozvo, kunyorerana imhaka vashomanana dzichipfekeka mapoka biocatalyst. Vanoumba kushingaira nzvimbo, ina dzakananga iine amino acids. In mapuroteni dzakaoma ari nemamiriro prosthetic boka chipo nonprotein hunhu, izvo zvinogona kuva chikamu yezviri centre.

Inofanira govera rimwe boka makemikari. Vane muna Morekuru inosanganisira coenzyme nokusungwa Morekuru zvachose uye vakasununguka kubva pairi. Fully kuumbwa mapuroteni enzayemu inonzi holoenzyme, uye kana kubvisa imwe cofactor - apoenzyme. Sezvo coenzymes kazhinji vanoita mavhitamini, nesimbi, nomukaka zviri nitrogenous bwezvingoro (ZWL - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, kwechokwadi - flavin adenine dinucleotide, FMN - flavin mononucleotide).

Kunyorerana nzvimbo inopa yakananga sungano kuna substrate. Nokuda Yakaumbwa yakatsiga substrate-enzayemu yakaoma. Globule mamiriro kuvakwa kuti kuva pamusoro pemvura niche (yakachekwa kana rusesi) imwe saizi iyo anopa kunyorerana pamusoro substrate. mapazi iyi makhiriniki pedyo zvinoshingaira nzvimbo. Vamwe makemikari, pane nzvimbo kubatanidza pamwe cofactors kana simbi ions.

mhedziso

Protein-enzayemu inoita basa rinokosha mumuviri. Kwakadaro zvinhu catalyze nemakemikari ndivo mhosva muviri - muviri. Muchitokisi chimwe mupenyu nguva dzose chinoitika mazana nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa chokuita rutapudzo siyana, cleavage uye kwetunhu yeimwe. Mberi oxidation kuti zvinhu zhinji kusunungurwa simba. Iyewo, iri kupedzerwa paumbwe makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni, mafuta, uye avo zvivako. The cleavage zvigadzirwa vari STRUCTURAL okunze zvinodiwa kwetunhu Organic yeimwe.