Siberian Mugwagwa: kare, tsananguro, urefu

Siberian Mugwagwa - nyika nzira ndichisveerera kubva European Russia kusvikira China kuburikidza kuSiberia miganhu. It ane mazita akawanda. Pakati pavo:
- Moscow-Siberian mugwagwa mukuru.
- turakiti Large.
- Moscow-Irkutinsky turakiti.
- The huru Siberian romukova mugwagwa.

Kupera nzira iyi akasarudzwa mapazi kuna Nerchinsk uye Kyakhta. Kureba kuSiberia turakiti, maererano nokumwe kufungidzira, akanga akaenzana 11 zviuru. Makiromita. Ichi kota daro riri yakaurungana pamusoro wayo ikweta.

kudiwa chokusika

Vanodarika kumbonyanya yakareba kutaurirana pakati European chikamu Russia uye kweSiberia rakanga rakataku- kunze chete yoga rwizi pakutengeserana. Rakanga chokuita nokusava migwagwa.

Muna 1689, Russia uye China akasaina Chibvumirano Nerchinsk, apo pakati penyika mbiri vakava kuti kokutanga pamutemo ukama. Mukuwedzera, chibvumirano rwakagadzirira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzaishandiswa ukama, izvo zvakakonzera kudiwa nokuumba chokufambisa mukoridho pakati States.

Start okuvaka

12 (22). 11. 1689 wakabudiswa youmambo chirevo, izvo akaraira kushongedzera nzira unobva Moscow pamwe kuSiberia. Zvisinei, kuvaka yakanonoka turakiti. Makore makumi mana, hapana chimwe yatorwa. The chirevo akaramba papepa.

Under Peter First kubva kuMoscow China aigona chete kuiswa Via nepanyika migwagwa, waterways uye muhwezva. Chete muna 1725, China akatuma nhume, rinotungamirirwa Count Sawa Raguzinsky Vladislavovich. Somugumisiro Nhaurirano ayo muna 1727 kondirakiti yakanga yakasainwa Bura. chibvumirano ichi akasimbisa miganhu remangwana ugari Kahta. Paivawo yakasainwa uye Kahtinsky chibvumirano kuti chinorondedzerwa wezvokutengeserana uye wezvematongerwo enyika ukama pakati penyika. Uye pakupedzisira, muna 1730, Russia akatanga kuvaka mugwagwa mutsva, unonzi kuSiberia penzira. Mabasa apera nokuda pezana remakore rechi19.

jogirafi

Siberian Mugwagwa - wakarebesa mugwagwa nguva, izvo akabatanidza pamwe mbiri dzakasiyana dzenyika. Asi panguva imwe chete nepanyika nzira kubva kuMoscow China rava yokudimburira, unobva nechepakati chikamu Russian mamiriro yaro yokumabvazuva namafuro.

Akavaka Siberian Mugwagwa riri map Russia? shinda yake zvinobva Moscow pacharo, ipapo anoenda Moore, ichipfuura Kozmodemyansk uye Kazan, Osu uye Perm, Kungur uye Ekaterinburg, Tyumen uye Tobolsk, Tara uye Kainsk, Kolyvan uye Yeniseisk, Irkutsk uye Verneudinsk uye Nerchinsk. It ndeyekupedzisira achitandadza Kyakhta. Saka, kuSiberia Mugwagwa atambanudza mhiri kuSiberia kumiganhu China.

Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nyika nzira yachinja wedzeredzei. Kana iwe tora mepu nguva, ipapo zviri Siberian mugwagwa mukuru chete kumaodzanyemba Tyumen. Ndezvemhuri kuburikidza Yalutorovsk uye Ishim, Omsk uye Tomsk, Achinsk uye Krasnoyarsk. It mberi kunosvika kuna Irkutsk uye rinobatana aimbova nzira.

Zvisinei, pakazopera remakore rechi19. Siberian Mugwagwa - mumwe wakarebesa Migwagwa munyika - yava kukwanisa kusangana kuwedzera chokufambisa zvinodiwa Russian wehurumende. Ndokusaka Hurumende akanga asarudza pamusoro pakuvaka Trans-Siberian Railway.

The kuvakwa dzomumisha

The richangobva akasika Siberian Mugwagwa vachimubvunza imwe urongwa. Kuti izvi zvidaro, kusvikira kureba kwayo vakavaka misha. Nemisha nemisha dziri huru, yakanga yakakura papi uye vari kumativi enzira. Mapeto pritraktovyh nemisha vakanga riri kure mumwe maviri chete kubva pakati.

To mumigwagwa vakanyanya dzimba tsindirana akaisa mumugwagwa zvikuru rakamanikana divi. The chinokosha mumusha, yaiva pedyo nechechi, sezvinoita mutemo, rakatsaurirwa tichiregeredza mumigwagwa kuti wakamhanya zvaivapowo kuti nepanyika nzira.

Kugadzirwa nharaunda

Siberian Mugwagwa akava kukonzera kugarwa kare dzakati vakawanda munzvimbo. Hurumende kuzomisa inodhura. nzira rokumanikidzirwa Colonisation. Siberian mugwagwa - ndiyo nzvimbo kumatunhu Russia European kugarazve coachmen. Uyezve, pano vakadzingwa vakatapwa vanhuwo zvavo, varidzi vane kutengeserana-mune chikwereti vaiendeswa. We kugadzirisa muzvinhu izvi uye yokuzvidira vanotama. Vakauya akasiyana kumatunhu kweSiberia uye Russia.

Sezvo nyika nzira uye kukura mutsika vanotama kunzvimbo idzi. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kundima idzi vava kupfuura akararama-kuSiberia. Vanhu vakatamira pano, aiva zvakanakira hurumende. Kwemakore maviri vakasunungurwa kubva zvose huripo mitoro panguva iyoyo, asi nokuda sarudzo.

Kana kuSiberia mugwagwa yakanga pakupedzisira kuvakwa pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo dzemisha nemisha pritraktovyh hurumende akapiwa mamwe mabasa nokuti zviri kuyambuka uye mabhiriji, zvechiuto uye provozki t. D. mabasa akadaro kusvikira ka40 kupfuura mari avo chete varimi vaigara mumatunhu Russian.

Post shoko

Kuwedzera pave ukama China, Siberian Mugwagwa rwaidiwa Russia zvikuru nokuda chinangwa chete. Pasina nyika ino nzira zvakanga zvisingaiti kuronga ruzhinji mabha- basa. Kuvakwa mugwagwa munguva pfupi hurumende akararama maererano nezvaitarisirwa. Saka, kana muna 1724 ari mailpieces kubva kuMoscow Tobolsk zvifambiswe kamwe chete pamwedzi, zvino muna 1734 - pahwaro yevhiki nevhiki, uye pashure pemakore maviri - ose mazuva matatu kana mana.

Nepfungwa kumeso sangano chokuendesa akawanda mumhanyi dzemapurisa dzakavakwa munyika kuSiberia penzira. Delivery zvinhu panguva iyoyo kuitwa coachmen uye vanhuwo zvavo.

nzira maketani

Siberian Mugwagwa - the nepanyika nzira, apo kuwedzera akaisawo mabha- nhepfenyuro ose 25-40 mamaira dzaiva nzendo. Vokutanga vakanga avaka maviri remakore rechi19. Maererano administrative kuchinja, bato vakatevera musungwa ari panzira yake, muzvikamu 61 Danho. Sangano daily vasungwa pamusoro kuSiberia Mugwagwa nokudzorwa gwaro rinokosha. Chaiva "Charter on nzendo." Zvakange kupendwa mune dzinokosha mitemo mumajeri urongwa, murayiro kufamba vakatapwa mapato uye zvichingodaro. D.

Siberian Mugwagwa - ichi ndimo vasungwa mushure memazuva maviri kufamba munzira chokutyira ari dzaifanoiswa mujeri. Vakanga zvaishandiswa ichi chinangwa uye nzendo kari, vakanga vanenge zvose pambiru zvechitima. The daro 25-30 makiromita mumazuva maviri akayambuka mujeri transports, sorutivi chinova dzimwe nguva uye ngoro, dzakatakura mhuri nhumbi. Dzimwe nguva nzira kwavasungwa kuti kurwara kana kufa. Zvadaro muviri wake ukauyiswa pengoro uye akaenda njanji kutyaira inotevera pachikuva. Zvinonzi saka shoko akaberekwa: "Rwirai vapenyu kana vakafa."

Munguva kubva 1783 kusvika 1883. Siberian turakiti nzira akapfuura anenge 1.5 Mill. Vasungwa. Pakati pavo paiva vapanduki enyika. Somuenzaniso, muna 90s ramakore rechi18. mugwagwa uyu kaviri vakauya AN Radishchev, akatanga Russian samizdat.

nevezvokutengeserana

Akavaka kubva kuMoscow China turakiti chakamuka haana dzakawanda asi mudzimba mamiriro ezveupfumi chete. Munyika ino nzira vakavhura nhumbi guru - Makarevskaya uye Irbit. Uyewo, nemhaka dzose nzira kuitwa exchanges nhumbi pakati kumatunhu akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muna Kazan mudunhu vaiva vapfumi bai, uyo akazarura mugwagwa pedo mafekitari dzavo.

Nemhaka kuSiberia nomugwagwa anokudza noushamwari kwoupfumi pakati Russia uye China. mugwagwa uyu dzimwe nyika akanunurwa kuti ganda uye furs, sirivha, mafuta, nemipaini nzungu uye hove isingawanzowanikwi, hanzi nyama uye zvakawanda. Uyewo akanakidzwa kuSiberia Mugwagwa Holland, England uye France. On ichi nzira, vakabayiwa zvifambiswe kuna China zvigadzirwa. Zvinofanira akati kuti ngoro akatambanudza pamwe kuSiberia Mugwagwa chichiitwa cheni rose gore.

The chidzoke munhu chokufambisa mukoridho munyika aite kusikwa matatu makuru zvombo mafekitari. In kwavo mazita pfuti Perm, Izhevsk Arms uye Kazan gunpowder. zvigadzirwa ayo zvifambiswe pamwe negwara pakati Russian wehurumende.

Eastern chikamu nepanyika nzira, iri kuSiberia, rinonzi "The Great Tea ne." Sezvazvakanyorwamo, mapoka, murwire tii kubva China. In Russia mukupera rechi18. boka idzva "zvinokosha nevanakomana vake." Iye aitengesa tii, nekushusha nayo zvose kumatunhu umambo.

mugwagwa ezvinhu

Travel pamwe kuSiberia Mugwagwa zvakanga zvakaoma. Chokwadi kuti mamiriro yose mugwagwa uri murombo chaizvo ezvinhu. Description of nzvimbo kuSiberia turakiti unowanikwa netsamba vamwe vafambi. Maererano navo nenzira iyi akatarira somunda makarima, sliced lengthwise grooves nzvimbo. Izvi zvinokosha kufambira kufamba, uye naizvozvo daro makumi maviri emakiromita tingakurirwa chete kwemaawa 7-8.

East Tomsk nzira vakapfuura nemumakomo nomunzvimbo dzine, asi wakanga ari chaizvo yasakara. It kwakaitawo nokunyunyuta vafambi, ane nhamba dziri kuramba vachiwedzera. Zvisinei, pasinei izvi, mugwagwa pamusoro pezviuru makiromita kwave nzira yakavimbika uye rweruzhinji kukurukurirana. Pakutanga, zvakanga akapora chete kwawakabva, kuyambuka, akagura pamakomo uye nzizi, uye musango pamugwagwa. Ipapo Catherine II nyika anoda pamwe Birch turakiti. Miti yaiva kubva mumwe ari chinhambwe 2 M kusvika 84 masendimita (muchivanze mana), kudzivirira mugwagwa kubva chando kufamba kwemhepo uye tisingabvumiri mufambi rirasike ekunze akaipa.

The nzira nhasi

Moscow-Siberian nyika nzira aiva guru National kukosha kwerinenge hafu remakore. Zvisinei, pashure zvakawanikwa muna 1840 steamship rwizi motokari, uyewo kuisa muna 1890 muzvikamu izvi pechiteshi, kushandiswa kwayo yave ichiitwa pamwero muduku. kukura Russia pane zveupfumi yakawedzera munyika senga zvinodiwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti chisarudzo kutanga kuvaka Trans-Siberian Railway. Yangopedzwa muna 1903, zvishoma karavhani basa akatamira kune njanji itsva.

Nhasi, unoriumba wokumaodzanyemba bazi Siberian nzira ndiro shoko kubva Kazan zvinenge zvachose kureva guta Malmyzh uye ipapo Perm uye Ekaterinburg. Panyaya iyi, aichimbova mukuru Siberian vakavakazve zvinenge zvakakwana uye nhasi ndiyo nomuzongoza chemhando muchikwata. Mhiri ano nzira yakanga Somuenzaniso, chikamu kubva Zura Debyosy kumusha, zvokuti zvakasara zvakasiyana. Achishingaira kushandiswa Takaitei chete mumwe wayo chidimbu. Izvi nzira kubva Syurnoguta kuti Debyosy.

Munzira Kazan-Perm pane dzimwe nzvimbo kuSiberia turakiti, vaiva kunze miganhu yacho mugwagwa mutsva. Mamiriro avo ezvinhu akasiyana. Vamwe makwara kare rwakagadzirira vari zvakanaka akaramba uye zvinoshandiswa omunzvimbo zvokufambisa, apo vamwe vari akadzora zvachose kubva wokufambisa uye pari vashoma.

miziyamu

Muna 1991, rimwe rakasiyana kunzwisisa yakavhurwa mumusha Debyosy. Zviri miziyamu nhoroondo yacho Siberian turakiti. Chinangwa charo chikuru ndechokudzibatsira dzakachengeta huru mugwagwa pakati Moscow uye China, izvo 18-19 emakore. Rakanga chikuru post, basa uye ngetani kubudikidza Russia.

Museum iri muchivako kuvakwa muna 1911 ne unoshambadzirana chikwata chechipiri Murtaza kutenga Mulyukova. Mumazuva akare yaiva mumabharaki repasi pemisara, hazvina kure mutirongo-pachikuva, apo vasungwa yakaitwa pakati zvinyorwa. The miziyamu rokuivaka mamiriro kudzivirirwa.

Mudonzvo kunzwisisa chinosanganisira gumi nhengo tsvimbo nevatsvakurudzi mana. Vanodzivirira uye muwande miziyamu, iro nhasi achengeterwe mabhuku anopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvisingawanzoitiki, ethnographic zvinhu nezvimwe zvicherwa zvakawanwa.
Kuonana uku yakasiyana zvakaoma wakazaruka mumahofisi matatu. Vavanotonga:
- "chevaux kuti mugwagwa."
- "Musha kuSiberia turakiti."
- "Forest musangano."

Panhurikidzwa yechipiri dziri kuratidzwa akadai "mumusha chikoro Karaduvan History" uye "History of Siberian turakiti." Exhibits dzavo udza pamusoro pokumuka mabha- mabasa muna 1790 kusvika nhasi. Panguva iyoyowo, vashanyi vanyatsoziva pachavo nenguvo coachmen, uye kushandiswa wenhumbi mabhero, nenhumbi dzokurwa nadzo, uye zvichingodaro. D. The mubereko guru vakokwa zvakaoma chikonzero kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo echimurenga magwaro, pakati vari tsamba nemakadhi post-tsaukana maruwa, izvo zvinomiririra Kazan muruwa. Pakati Exhibits unogona kuona runhare, akaita mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi20. Morse midziyo, mugadziri hembe vashandi mabha- nguva 40-ies of 20., Wokutanga TV yeSoviet.

Chikamu nezvenhoroondo vomumusha Karaduvan, vakapakata pakudzidza, kusanganisira Koran ndiro zvokunyorwa nemaoko, zvinhu zvavo vaimbova varidzi imba zvavatengesi, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Tsvimbo kuronga excursions kwete chete miziyamu, asi vo musha Debyosy, uyewo kweguta ayo. The chikuru basa iri nedzimwe nhoroondo zvakaoma hakusi wezvokutengeserana, uye kutsvakurudza uye tsika.