Chii saizi ndiye sekamufarenzi Pasi

Nyika kumativi - ichi hakuzivani ruzivo. Asi isu vachiri kuziva chimiro chayo uye kukura? Ndiani pakati pedu kuti ayeuke zvingani makiromita rine paNyika sekamufarenzi panguva neequator? Uye pamwe chete Meridian? Vanoziva kana uye sei yakatanga akayera kureba sekamufarenzi wenyika? Zvichakadai, Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinonakidza chaizvo.

Kokutanga sekamufarenzi paNyika yakanga akayera hwekare yemasvomhu yechiGiriki inonzi Eratosthenes, aigara muguta Siena. Nepo masayendisiti aitoziva kuti nyika iri muchimiro chiri sebhora. Kuona muviri yokudenga panguva dzakasiyana zuva, Eratosthenes akacherechedza kuti mune mumwe chete nguva, zuva, kuchengetwa kubva Siena, iri chaizvo panguva pamusoro-soro, panguva iyoyo muAlexandria pazuva iroro uye nguva vakatsauka imwe angled.

Zvingaonekwa dzakaitwa gore negore muzhizha kwezuva. Nokuyera pakona zvekushandisa inotumirwa muchadenga musayendisiti akawana kuti 1/50 chikamu zvachose sekamufarenzi.

Sezvaunoziva, denderedzwa yakazara zvinotipa 360 inegumi. Saka, zviri zvakakwana kuziva Chord kwekona 1 dhigirii (kureva. E. Daro pakati pfungwa pamusoro avete matanda ane chisina kutsetseka spacing 1 dhigirii pamwe pepasi). Zvadaro, kunoguma kukosha inofanira kane 360.

Kutora Kureba Chord kure pakati pamaguta cheArekizandiria uye Siena (Egyptian 5000 matanho), uye uchitarisira kuti maguta aya vari chete Meridian, Eratosthenes akaita zvakafanira Masvomhu uye zita nemifananidzo kuti vakaenzana kuti sekamufarenzi Nyika - Egyptian 252 zviuru nzendo.

Nokuti nguva zvaiva zvakanaka yakarurama kuyerwa, nokuti akavimbika nzira kuti kuyera daro pakati pamaguta haripo, uye nzira kubva Siena kuAlexandria kuyera kumhanya ari karavhani yengamera.

Naizvozvo masayendisiti munyika dzakasiyana uye vakanatswa kakawanda akayera ukoshi inova nyika sekamufarenzi wenyika. Mugore Dutch musayendisiti remakore rechi17 Sibelius mazita kuitira nzira kuyera chinhambwe yokutanga theodolites - chaiwo geodetic zviridzwa. Nzira iyi yave triangulation uye anobva rokuvaka vakawanda zvokuridza pamwe nokuyerwa hwaro nomumwe wavo.

The nzira triangulation rinoshandiswa nhasi, zvose pose panyika chiri anenge yakakamurwa uye vakamiswa ne refu zvokuridza.

Masayendisiti Russian zvakabatsirawo kuti tsvakurudzo ino. Muzana remakore rechi19 sekamufarenzi paNyika akanga akayera panguva Pulkovo Observatory, akatungamirira pakutsvakurudza V. Ya. Struve.

Kusvikira pezana remakore rechi17 Pasi kwainzi yakarurama bhora chimiro. Asi gare gare akanga awana mamwe uchapupu vasanyanye simba regiravhiti kubva neequator danda. Masayendisiti dzinotyisa nharo zvikonzero ichi, zvikuru anobata pfungwa kwave kuchizivikanwa Pasi matanda compression.

Kuti mumuedze pfungwa iyi, yeFrench Academy vaviri akazvimirira rwendo yakarongwa (muna 1735 uye 1736 azvaitwa), izvo akayera kureba ichinaya uye polar madhigirii ukuwo, kuPeru uye Lapland. Dhigirii panguva neequator, sezvo zvikazooneka, mune pfupi!

Naizvozvo, vamwe kunyatsoenderana kuyerwa ndikazvisimbisa kuti polar sekamufarenzi panyika rakapfupika kupfuura Equatorial 21.4? Km.

Pari anobudiswa mukuru-zvakarurama kuyerwa pamwe azvino pakutsvakurudza nzira uye zviridzwa ano. In nyika yedu, akabvuma mashoko vakawana nemasayendisiti Soviet Izotovym A. A. uye Krasovskim F. N. Maererano zvidzidzo izvi, kureba redu sekamufarenzi panguva neequator - 40,075.7 makiromita, achitevedza Meridian - 40008,55? Km. The Equatorial nharaunda yenyika (.. N T semimajor akabatana) akaenzana 6.378.245 metres, polar (zviduku akabatana) - 6.356.863 mamita.

Nzvimbo panyika - mamiriyoni 510 akaenzana. makiromita, iro nyika ndeyangu 29 chete%. Vhoriyamu wenyika "bhora" - 1,083 tiririyoni cubic metres. makiromita. The vakawanda redu kunoratidzwa nhamba 6x10 ^ matani 21. Izvi, vanenge 7% zvawanikwa nemvura.