Crystal yekamuri chacho mhando dzinokosha

Zvachose chero fuma makemikari aripo zvakasikwa, ari inoumbwa vakawanda dzakafanana nezvimedu izvo chokuita pamwechete. nyaya All iripo muna mitatu inoti zviri aggregation: gaseous, mvura uye rakasimba. Kana kuoma chafariz inofamba (yakaderera tembiricha) uyewo ari nezvishoma inoramba iri zvachose nezvatinovavarira muchadenga, riri richiratidzwa chaiwo STRUCTURAL sangano ravo.

The sekristaro yekamuri the pfuma - marongerwo ane geometrically akarayira urongwa nezvimedu (maatomu, mamorekuru kana ions) dzimwe pfungwa nzvimbo iri. The gratings siyana Munokudzwa Inter-raiva pedyo nebundu nzvimbo uye zvakananga nodes - pfungwa panguva iyo inoramba pachavo dziri.

The sekristaro yekamuri ane mhando ina: esimbi, samolecular, mabhomba, Ionic. Mhando arrays takatsunga maererano vorudzii nezvimedu, dzinongoda mu nodes dzavo uyewo hunhu kwokubatana pakati pavo.

The sekristaro yekamuri unonzi samolecular pakuti nyaya, kana mamorekuru akarongwa nodes ayo. Vari dzaibatanidzwa intermolecular nemauto vari vashoma simba, inonzi Van Der Waals, asi pachavo maatomu mukati Morekuru vari akabatanidzwa substantially kusimba covalent chisungo (polar kana nonpolar). Molecular mechanical yekamuri chinoratidza kuiisa chlorine, yakasimba rehydrogen, carbon dioxide inobvisa nezvimwe zvinhu izvo gaseous panguva dzekudya tembiricha.

The crystals izvo zvinoumba anokudzwa magasi, dzinewo samolecular yekamuri zvinosanganisira monohydric mamorekuru. Vazhinji yakasimba Organic zvinhu vane chaizvo chivakwa yakadaro. Kuwanda inorganic zvinhu, izvo chairwo samolecular chivako, iduku kwazvo. Izvi Somuenzaniso, rehydrogen halides zvikukutu, dzinongoitika sarufa, chando, zvikukutu nyore zvinhu nevamwe.

Kana vamutswa moyo, panongova simba intermolecular zvisungo apwanyika zvakarurama nyore, saka imwe chete gratings vakadaro vane yakaderera zvikuru utsotso pfungwa uye pasi zvakaoma, vari insoluble kana zvishoma soluble mumvura, zvingaitwa kuti substantially vasiri conductive, inozivikanwa zvikuru volatility. Minimum Kubika uye utsotso kupisa - nezvinhu zviri nonpolar mamorekuru.

Akadana simbi sekristaro kwakadaro yekamuri vari kuumbwa iyo nodes maatomu uye zvakanaka ions (cations) kubva simbi chete vakasununguka Valence maerekitironi (unhooked kubva maatomu panguva paumbwe ions) randomly kufamba sekristaro hombe. Zvisinei, maerekitironi aya substantially Semi-akasununguka, nokuti vanogona kufamba vakasununguka chete kuburikidza kuti rinokutadzisa ichi sekristaro napamahwindo.

Electrostatic maerekitironi uye zvakanaka ions chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi vari wezvikamu kukwezvwa, rinotsanangura kutsiga simbi napamahwindo. The muunganidzwa chokuzvisarudzira zvokukurumidzira maerekitironi inonzi Erekitironi gasi - rinopa zvakanaka zvemagetsi uye chafariz conductivity chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi. Kana wemagetsi voltage maerekitironi vanomhanyira zvakanaka PARTICIPLE pokuita kusikwa magetsi uye kuwadzana ions.

Metal sekristaro yekamuri maitiro zvikurukuru pedzidziso nesimbi uye yeimwe chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana kuti mumwe. Dzinokosha ehupfumi kuti vari kuri mumashoko esimbi crystals (simba zvemaziso, volatility, kubvunda tembiricha), siyana asi zvakasimba. Zvisinei, nzvimbo mumuviri akadai ductility, malleability, yakakwirira zvemagetsi uye chafariz conductivity, tsika esimbi kubwinya yaingowanikwa chete chete crystals resimbi napamahwindo.