Kumhara pamusoro kometi. Chii masayendisiti yabudisa vachiongorora kumhara pamusoro pemvura iri kometi?

By zvinoratidza zvose, tine vakapinda imwe nguva zvinhu zvitsva. Vakawanda rapera pamwe bated kufema takatarisa basa "Rosetta". Kumhara pamusoro kometi, wokutanga munhau, waiva oparesheni yakaoma, uyewo yose purogiramu yose. Zvisinei, zvinetso izvi usatapudza kukosha zvose chiitiko uye mashoko ari kare zvikaramba uye achiri anosvitsa nzvimbo vachiongorora. Seiko vaida kumhara pamusoro kometi uye zvakaguma zvave kuwanikwa munyika zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika? Izvi ichakurukurwa pazasi.

The huru Chakavanzika

Ngatitange kure. Mumwe mukuru matambudziko anotarisana nenyika yose zvesayenzi - kunzwisisa chakaita kuti nyika chidzoke upenyu Panyika. Kubva pamazuva akare panyaya iyi akaratidza zvakawanda hypotheses. Mumwe ano pfungwa inoti kuti hazvina yokupedzisira basa rakanga reDare kometi, munyika dzinoverengeka mapopoma panyika panguva yayo inotungamirwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vaigona kuva bhizimisi emvura uye Organic mamorekuru.

Uchapupu pakutanga

Akadaro pfungwa pachako unoruramisa mubereko mukuru masayendisiti, kubva muchadenga kuti zvipenyu, kuti comets. Zvisinei, kuchine mashoma zvinonakidza nguva. Akadanidzira nzvimbo zvinhu akatakurwa kuburikidza gwanza kwemashoko akazara pamusoro zvakaitika mangwanani zvikuru nzendo paumbwe renzou. Panguva iyoyo comets vakawanda kuumbwa. Saka kumhara pamusoro kometi runoita kuongorora nyaya iyo zvose kuumbwa sezvariri, bande edu makore anopfuura mabhiriyoni mana apfuura (uye pasina nguva muchina haasi zvakakodzera).

Uyezve, kudzidza inofamba pakati kometi, ayo akafanana uye maitiro panguva yokusvika kuna Sun anopa guru Kuwanda kwemashoko pamusoro izvi nzvimbo zvinhu kunoita kuti kutarisa zvakawanda zvekungofungira uye hypotheses yesayenzi.

nyaya nhoroondo

Sezvingatarisirwa, akadanidzira "vafambi" kunge akadzidza tichibatsirwa satellites. nomwe yakadzikiswa ne comets vakumikidzwa, umo mifananidzo vakatorwa, kuenda vamwe mashoko. Ndivo chaizvo zvaiva sezvo refu kometi rutsigiro - a yakaoma nyaya. Muna 80 miners akadai vaiva US-European muchina echando uye Soviet "Vega". Wokupedzisira misangano iyi kwakaitika muna 2011. Ipapo mashoko ari nzvimbo chinhu caudate inounganidzwa Stardust midziyo.

Previous tsvakurudzo akapa masayendisiti zvakawanda, asi vakawanda nyaya haina kukwana pamusoro apa kuti kunzwisisa chaizvo pane comets uye mhinduro. Zvishoma nezvishoma, masayendisiti pakuziva kudiwa zvakakwana ukashinga - chinhambwe basa kuti kometi sangano kunoteverwa kumhara ane vachiongorora yawo pamusoro.

Kusiyana basa

Kuti awane vanonzwa sei achiwana pamusoro kometi haisi nyore oparesheni, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti izvi zvose ndiye muviri yepasi pose. It hurtles kuburikidza nzvimbo panguva kumhanya, dzimwe nguva richisvika akawanda zana makiromita por wechipiri. Saka kometi muswe, inoumbwa muviri kusvika zuva uye tsvarakadenga achitarisa kubva panyika musanganiswa negasi uye guruva. izvi zvose zvinoomesa kwete chete nenyika asiwo kufamba yakafanana kosi kwazvo. Zvakakodzera equalize motokari pakukurumidza kumhanya ari chinhu uye sarudza yakakodzera kuti pedyo: The pedyo Sun, iyo kometi, kuti anobuda vakasimba pachiso. Uye chete ipapo achiwana pamusoro kometi kunogona kuitwa, izvo zvichava zvikuru kwakatooma, uye pasi kwevari regiravhiti.

chinhu Selection

ezvinhu zvose izvi kuti zvakakodzera kwazvo yokusvika kusarudza basa zvinangwa. Kumhara pamusoro kometi Churyumov-Gerasimenko - kwete tsanangudzo yokutanga ndiyo. Pakutanga zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti vachiongorora "Rosetta" achatumirwa kuna kometi Wirtanen. Zvisinei, urongwa zvakavhiringidza nyaya: nguva pfupi asati kutarisirwa vanotumira injini kukundikana mutakuri chitundumuseremusere "Ariane 5". Kuti aifanira kuunza "Rosetta" iri muchadenga. Somugumisiro, kushanda yakanga ichinonoka uye zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti asarudze chinhu chitsva. Kwavari uve kometi Churyumov-Gerasimenko, kana 67P.

Izvi nzvimbo chinhu rakaonekwa muna 1969 uye zita rokukudza pakati vawana. Rinoreva nhamba pfupi-pfupi comets, uye anoita chimwe chimurenga yakapoteredza Sun munenge 6.6 makore. Hapana kunyanya 67P kunoshamisa yakasiyana, asi ane tsime-vakadzidza ndege nzira, kwete mhiri muchadenga waZeusi. It akakwira kwaari uye "Rosetta" March 2, 2004.

"Kuzadza" ari chitundumusere-musere

Vachiongorora "Rosette" anotinhwa muchadenga yakawanda michina akaronga yokutsvakurudza zvabuda uye kugadzira navo. Pakati pavo ndiye kamera kuti anogona andobata nemwaranzi ari ultraviolet chikamu chakarondedzera, uye midziyo zvakafanira kuti kudzidza kometi marongerwo uye ivhu pachisara uye midziyo chidzidzo zvomumhepo. Chete "Rosetta" nhaka yakanga zviridzwa 11 zvesayenzi.

Oga, unofanira kumisa pamusoro anoburukira module "Anel" - kuti aifanira kuita kumhara pamusoro kometi. Chikamu yepamusorosoro midziyo pakuiswa zvakananga pamusoro payo, nokuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kudzidza nzvimbo chinhu zvakananga pashure kumhara. Uyezve, "Phylen" vakapakata harpoons matatu zvakavimbika Kuda kutamba pamusoro pemvura shure pashure "Rosette". Kumhara pamusoro kometi, Sezvambotaurwa, inobatanidzwa zvimwe zvinetso. Giravhiti ipapo saka diki kuti pasina zvimwe kutara module pangozi vopedzisira varasika muchadenga.

refu Way

Kumhara pamusoro kometi muna 2014 akanga pashure-gore gumi basa "Rosetta" vachiongorora. Panguva ino, akava kuti kashanu sezvo kure Earth, kubhururuka pedyo Mars, akasangana asteroids maviri. Gorgeous mifananidzo akatorwa vachiongorora panguva ino, kamwe zvakare nezvechikumbiro kunaka kwezvinhu zvakasikwa uye zvakasikwa zvayo siyana nhengo.

Zvisinei, zvingava nomusoro mubvunzo: nei "Rosetta" saka refu yodzoka zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri? Zviri pachena kuti mapikicha uye mamwe mashoko unganidzwa panguva kutiza, havana chinangwa chake, asi vaiva inofadza uye zvinofadza bhonasi nokuti vanotsvakurudza. Chinangwa rinoshamisa ichi - kutaura kometi shure uye anoyera nokukurumidza. kwemakore gumi migumisiro ndege yaiva kuva kuchinja chaiyo pakati "Rosetta" iri kometi Churyumov-Gerasimenko Satellite.

convergence

Zvino, muna April 2015, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti vachiongorora kumhara pamusoro kometi yose kwakabudirira. Zvisinei, muna August gore rapera, kana mumuchina chete kusunungurwa kune zvomuchadenga kwemuviri muchadenga, zvakanga zvakawanda nyaya remangwana pedyo.

The vachiongorora yakawira pamusoro kometi November 12, 2014. Nokuti pakudyara vakatevera anongoda yose nyika. Undocking "Anel" akabudirira. The matambudziko akatanga panguva kumhara: harpoons haana kushanda uye muchina haasi kukwanisa kuwana nzvimbo panyika. "Anel" kaviri bounced kubva kometi, uye chete kechitatu angaenda pasi, uye iye akakandwa kubva panzvimbo akaronga kumhara pamusoro mumwe kiromita.

Somugumisiro, mashoko module "Anel" akazviratidza munzvimbo dzinenge regai pinda Mwaranzi yezuva, zvakakodzera kuti simba raunenge bhatiri. Kana achiwana ari kometi havazomukizve kubudirira zvachose, muchina akanga nepokuongorora mhosva bhatiri, akaverenga panguva maawa 64. Akashanda kwemakore Pasati 57 maawa, asi panguva iyoyo, "Anel" akakwanisa kuita zvinenge zvose, chii akasikwa.

zvabuda

Kumhara pamusoro kometi Churyumov-Gerasimenko akabvumira masayendisiti kuwana dzakawanda mashoko pamusoro ichi muviri yepasi pose. Vakawanda vavo vasati kupatsanurwa kana kuti zvinoda pachisara asi migumisiro kutanga kare akapa zvevoruzhinji.

The amutsvaka muviri dzokunze chimiro chakafanana imwe rabha Dhadha (achiwana pamusoro kometi iri rakatora nharaunda "musoro"): maviri akafanana saizi vakagumisa zvikamu chokuita ne rakamanikana nekamukwavarara. Mumwe zvipingamupinyi parutivi astrophysicists, - kunzwisisa chikonzero kujairika siluetti yakadaro. Today akaisa mberi hypotheses huru mbiri: kana mugumisiro kudhumhana pakati miviri maviri, kana kuti paumbwe Isthmus kwakaguma rikukurwe kwendangariro. Panguva iyoyo, mhinduro chaiyo haina kugamuchira. Kuburikidza tsvakurudzo, "Anel" akanga chete anozivikanwa kuti padanho regiravhiti riri kometi hakusi chete. The soro Nhamba ukaonekwa kumusoro chikamu tsanga, uye duku -. Just mu "pamutsipa"

Relief yomunyika marongerwo uye

Module "Anel" riri kometi inotungamirwa siyana pamusoro chitarisiko chakatodzana makomo uye jecha Dunes. In ayo akafanana, vazhinji vavo vari musanganiswa echando uye guruva. Hills kusvika mamita 3, yainzi zvinokambaira pana 67P zviri zvikuru zvakajairika. Masayendisiti zvinoratidza kuti vakanga achiumbwa munyika tanga paumbwe zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri uye anogona kufukidza pemvura uye nezvimwe miviriwo yekudenga zvakadaro.

Sezvo vachiongorora pamusoro kometi dzakawira kwete nzira yakanakisisa, masayendisiti vakatya kutanga vakaronga kuchera pamusoro. Zvisinei, kuchiri akatora nzvimbo. Zvakaitika kuti pasi pamusoro rukoko zvakasiyana zvikuru batana. Ungangove, chinoitwa echando. In nyasha ichi kubvuma uye vibration pachisara wakaiswa chikwata panguva kumhara. Zvisinei spectrographs mifananidzo inoratidza dzisakarurama nhamba Organic yeimwe uye chando: First zvakajeka zvikuru. Hairevi pamwe zvekungofungira masayendisiti ndokuupfurira mubvunzo pamusoro shanduro kometi mavambo. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti yakatangwa muna zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri, munharaunda Jupiter. Zvisinei, The kudzidza zvifananidzo, rinoramba pfungwa iyi: pachena, 67P akaumba muna Kuiper Belt, iri mhiri muchadenga pamusoro Neptune.

basa mberi

Chitundumusere-musere "Rosetta" kunyatsotevera mabasa module "Anel" kusvikira hope dzake, haana kusiya kometi Churyumov-Gerasimenko kusvikira zvino. Akaramba kuona chinhu, uye kutumira mashoko kudzokera Earth. Saka, nhamba mabasa ayo anosanganisira Kuda kutamba guruva uye gasi anobuda, iyo anowedzera sezvo anosvika kometi kuzuva.

Kare, zvave kuwanikwa kuti chikuru tsime choutsi izvi ndiwo anonzi kometi mutsipa. Chikonzero ichi chinogona kuva pasi giravhiti ichi nzvimbo nokuitika kuunganidza rezuva simba yomuka pano kwakaratidza kubva pedyo zvikamu. Muna March gore rino, "Rosetta" uye zvakanyorwa kuti anobuda guruva gasi, inonakidza chokwadi kuti kwakaitika pamusoro rima divi (somunhu mutemo, zvakadai mananara ndiwo mugumisiro wacho kudziyisa pamusoro, kureva, musi kuine divi kometi). azvaiitwa zvose uye inobudisa 67P anoramba kuti zvitsanangurwe, ukuwo Data muunganidzwa mberi.

Wokutanga munhoroondo yevanhu yakawira pamusoro pemvura iri kometi waiva mugumisiro basa vakawanda masayendisiti, wevanamakanika, mainjiniya uye vagadziri kweanenge makore makumi mana. Nhasi, basa "Rosetta" anozivikanwa somunhu chezvinhu zviitiko zviri nzvimbo zera. Sezvinotarisirwa, astrophysicists handidi agumise ichi. Pakati chinzvimbo urongwa ramangwana zvinosanganisira nokuumba dzinza module achakwanisa kufamba pamusoro pemvura comets, uye chitundumusere-musere kuti vaizosvika pedyo chinhu, kuunganidza ivhu ivhu uye kudzokera navo Earth. Kazhinji, zvinobudirira chirongwa "Rosetta" rinokurudzira masayendisiti kuti kwaiwedzera purogiramu kukura zvakavanzika zvose.