Coefficient kuti zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kukweshera uye tikaisa

In pano ezvinhu chero zvinofamba muviri (kana achiuya inofamba) neVadzidzi yakapoteredza kwezvakatipoteredza kana fuma nevamwe miviri. Muchiitiko chino, mauto simuka kuti zvinopa kuramba kufamba kwavo. Mauto aya anonzi kukweshera mauto ivo uchatamisa chikamu ari zvokuimba simba inofamba mu munyika simba, ndiko achiperekedzwa kudziyisa miviri uye zvakatipoteredza.

Kukweshera iri kwokunze uye dzakawanda. Internal (zvimwe kunzi viscosity) ndiro panowanikwa tangential ehondo pakati zvinofamba Urume kana gasi rukoko kuti kunotadzisa sangano iri.

Kusiyana neizvi, zvokunze kukweshera kunoitika panguva kuonana nezvishoma muchimiro simba tangential pemvura uye kuvhiringidza zvavo yakawiriranwa kufamba. It, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa kunofambira mberi (kunofambira mberi kukweshera) uye kinematic. Kunofambira mberi kukweshera anooneka kana ukaedza kufamba muviri mumwe hama mumwe mira. Kinematic chiripo pakati zvinofamba miviri, uchikurukura nomumwe. External kukweshera inogona rakakamurwa rinopfungaira uye zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kukweshera.

Chii chinorehwa kukweshera panyama? Zvinobatsira kana zvinokuvadza? Pakutanga, mvongamupopoto chete kunotitadzisa vanopfeka muchina zvikamu, motokari matai, shangu inotsika vari vakadzima, etc. Uye pakagadzwa .. nokusingaperi inofamba chete hazvibviri kuti chikonzero ichi. Asi kunyatsotarisa kunyatsotevera. Kukweshera inonyangarika - tinogona nokusatevera kana flipping bhuku kana kutama motokari kana kurega uchifamba. A kuwanda mumuviri mananara munyika hwakavakirwa kukweshera. The huru mbiri kubudirira vanhu kuti kuumbwa kukura yebudiriro - pakuburitswa moto uye nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa vhiri - hakwaikwanisika pasina izvozvo.

Fani iyi inobva hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka chero mitumbi: mumwe notch vaaisangana nguva dzose kuomerera pamusoro roughness mamwe. Nokuti yakarurama (semuenzaniso, vachinyatsoongorora yakabwinyiswa) hukawanika zvakasimba yakabatana mumwe, mitemo samolecular kukweshera kwakavakirwa kukwezvana pakati mamorekuru.

Kudzidza sainzi kukweshera tribology. Muna 1781, nyanzvi yefizikisi French C. Coulomb akagadzira mitemo inokosha akaoma kukweshera. Empirically, vaongorori vakawana kuti kukweshera simba ndiye F, zvichiitika panguva zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope, ndiyo Proportional kune simba kuita pamusoro muviri N kwomuzvarirwo kumanikidzwa zvakananga. ukama Izvi sezvinotevera:

N: F = K ∙ N;

apo huwandu k - kukweshera coefficient (Proportional coefficient). Its kwaisakosha dzaona sezvinotevera: The muviri anoiswa mundege vachida uye tilting nayo kuenzana yunifomu inofamba. Panyaya iyi, mvongamupopoto simba F akaenzana kufambisa simba P:

F = P ∙ chivi;

The simba N (kuipa kumanikidzwa simba) akaenzana P ∙ Kosi munhu; naizvozvo K = nkm a. The coefficient pamusoro kukweshera ari pano tangent nechepasi zvaidiwa yorusvingo panguva iyo yemasiraidhi muviri noruvara, kureva. E. Pane kugara nokukurumidza.

In tsika, ukoshi hwayo zvinogona dzaona chete anenge. The pemvura muviri, kazhinji pane imwe dhigirii kana mumwe utachiona vari oxides, nengura nezvimwe netsvina. kukweshera coefficient dzakatemerwa pairwise mubatanidzwa Kwakashandiswa micheka nokuongorora, ari chakaunzwa chinokosha bhuku pamatafura.

Tikaisa kukweshera kunobva pakuti munhu kubvongodzwa rengoro zvishoma akamanikidzwa kupinda mugwagwa pamusoro, kureva. E. Zvinofanira kukurira chiduku hillock. The kuoma mugwagwa, kashoma kuti chitsama uye zvishoma kukweshera simba. kukosha kwayo rinowanikwa mune iyi kubudikidza nzira: F = K ∙ N / R, umo? r - kukosha vhiri nharaunda. Somugumisiro, rinopfungaira kukweshera coefficient ane kureba divi. Kazhinji runoratidzwa masendimita sezvo anodzivisa zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kukweshera coefficient, inova dimensionless uwandu.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, dzomunyika kukweshera coefficient chiripo kwete chete kune nezvishoma asiwo mvura. The hydraulics inowanzonzi kunodiwa kuverenga zvakananga simba kurasikirwa hydraulic gadziriro yomuka ari mapaipi. Ndivo nezvezvikwata zviviri: sokurasikirwa yakareba zvaibva yakarurama pombi pamwe dzakafanana aibuda, uye kurasikirwa nemakanzuru nokuda - aibuda deformation nokuda kuchinja chiteshi chimiro (marwadzo, kuwedzera, kutenderera). Hydraulic nezvinhu zviri rinowanikwa nokushandisa chete mutengo, unonzi "coefficient kuti hydraulic kukweshera".