Fusion reactors munyika. Wokutanga Fusion reactor

Nhasi, nyika dzakawanda dziri kutora chikamu mune tsvakurudzo Fusion. Vatungamiriri ndivo European Union, United States, Russia uye Japan, apo chirongwa China, Brazil, Canada uye Korea vari kuwedzera nokukurumidza. Pakutanga, Fusion reactors muUnited States uye Soviet Union yakanga yakabatana pave zvombo zvenyukireya uye akaramba chakavanzika kusvikira musangano "maatomu Norugare", iyo yakaitwa kuGeneva muna 1958. Pashure kusikwa Soviet tokamak kutsvakurudza kuti Fusion kwenyukireya muna 1970 yava "sayenzi guru". Asi mutengo uye kunzwisisa Namano yakawedzera zvokuti pamwe dzakawanda ndiye chete mukana kuenderera mberi.

Fusion reactors munyika

Sezvo 1970, kutanga ezvokutengeserana kushandiswa Fusion simba kunoramba kumbosiyiwa kwemakore 40. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvakaitika mumakore achangopfuura, zvichiita ichi nguva anogona achapfupiswa.

Akavaka tokamaks dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira Jet European, British uye rechikepe yenyukireya experimental Reactor TFTR muna Princeton, USA. The International ITER chirongwa pari pasi kuvakwa muna Cadarache, France. Ichava chikuru tokamak kuti zvinoshanda mumakore 2020. Muna 2030, China ichavakwa CFETR, izvo zvichaita kupfuura ITER. Zvichakadai, China anoitisa tsvakurudzo ane experimental superconducting tokamak EAST.

Fusion reactors dzimwe mhando - stellarators - uyewo akakurumbira pakati nevatsvakurudzi. Rimwe remasangano, LHD, akabatana eJapan National Institute for Fusion muna 1998. Rinoshandiswa kutsvaka zvakanaka configuration ari rinobva yeplasma kuvharira. German Max Planck Institute nokuti nguva kubva 1988 kusvika 2002, tsvakurudzo pamusoro Wendelstein 7-AS reactor muna Garching, uye ikozvino - pana Wendelstein 7-X, kuvakwa urwo rwakatora makore anopfuura 19. Chimwe stellarator TJII wakashanda muMadrid, Spain. MuUnited States Princeton rabhoritari yeplasma wefizikisi (PPPL), apo akavaka wokutanga renyukireya Fusion reactor iyi mhando muna 1951, muna 2008 zvapera kuvakwa NCSX nokuda mari overruns uye kushaya mari.

Uyezve, zvinokosha kubudirira mune tsvakurudzo pamusoro inertial Fusion. Building National Galvanzie Facility (NIF) aikosha 7 mabhiriyoni $ panguva Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), mari ne National Security Nuclear Administration, rakapera muna March 2009, French Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) akatanga basa October 2014. Fusion reactors vachishandisa lasers akanunura mukati mashomanana billionths chechipiri vanenge mamiriyoni 2 joules chiedza simba ari chipfuro kukura millimeters akawanda atange Fusion zvenyukireya. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha NIF uye LMJ Kutsvakurudza kutsigira National zvombo zvenyukireya zvirongwa.

ITER

Muna 1985, Soviet Union zvinganaka kuvaka runotevera tokamak pamwe Europe, Japan, uye United States. Basa chaiitirwa pasi auspices of IAEA. Munguva kubva 1988 kusvika 1990 zvakanzi wakasika drafts reInternational yenyukireya experimental Reactor ari ITER, izvo zvinoreva kuti "nzira" kana "kufamba" muchiLatin, kutanga kuitira kuti aratidze kuti Fusion anogona kubereka zvakawanda simba kupfuura absorbs. Canada uye Kazakhstan akatora chikamu yairevererwa Euratom uye Russia, ukuwo.

Pashure 6 makore ITER Council mvumo yokutanga kunzwisisa reactor magadzirirwo yakavakirwa yakasimbiswa wefizikisi uye zvigadzirwa aikosha $ 6 billion. Ipapo US akabva kubva rakapiwa, izvo amanikidzwa kamura mari uye kushandura chirongwa ichi. Zvakaguma ITER-feat aikosha $ 3 bhiriyoni., Asi unogona kuwana kuzvipira kushingiswa zvakaitwa, uye zvakanaka nengaidzo simba.

Muna 2003, United States akabatanidzwa zvakare rakapiwa, uye China yakazivisa chido chavo kupinda mariri. Somugumisiro, pakati 2005, shamwari vakabvumirana pamusoro kuvakwa ITER pana Cadarache kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. EU uye France vakaita hafu EUR bhiriyoni 12.8, apo Japan, China, South Korea, United States, uye Russia - 10% neimwe. Japan anotipa yakakwirira zvinoriumba ine kugadzwa arasikirwe IFMIF 1 bhiriyoni chinangwa nokuda bvunzo zvinhu uye aiva nekodzero kumisa inotevera bvunzo reactor. The zvachose Mari ITER inosanganisira hafu mari kuvaka-gore 10 uye hafu - iri kwemakore 20 kushanda. India akava nhengo ITER wechinomwe mukupera 2005

The kuedza vari kutanga muna 2018 nokushandiswa rehydrogen kuti vadzivise activation pakati magnets a. Muchishandisa DT yeplasma haisi kutarisirwa pamberi 2026

Chinangwa ITER - kuva 500 megawatt (mumasekonzi kweinenge 400) kushandisa asingasviki 50 MW chiyamuro simba pasina generating magetsi.

Dvuhgigavattnaya Demo Kuratidzwa chirimwa ichabereka pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa magetsi pahwaro zvachose. Demo Conceptual magadzirirwo zvichazadziswa ne 2017, uye kuvakwa kwayo ruchatanga muna 2024. Start kuchaitika muna 2033.

jeti

Muna 1978, EU (Euratom, Sweden uye Switzerland) akatanga Joint European ndege chirongwa muUK. Jeti pari chikuru uchishandisa tokamak munyika. mumwe reactor kwakadaro JT-60 unoshanda Japanese National Institute of Fusion, asi chete Jet anogona kushandisa deuterium-tritium mafuta.

The reactor kwakatangwa muna 1983 uye ndiye kuedza wokutanga umo dzinodzorwa yenyukireya Fusion kusvika 16 MW yakaitwa November 1991 kuti wechipiri 5 MW uye irambe simba kuti deuterium-tritium plasma. kuedza Vazhinji vave inoitwa kudzidza zvakasiyana kudziyisa matunhu uye nedzimwe nzira.

Uyezve kuvandudzika chokuita Jet kuwedzera pakukwanisa kwayo. Rechikepe tsindirana reactor hunovapo Jet uye ITER chikamu chacho.

K-Star

K-Star - Korean superconducting tokamak National Institute for Fusion Studies (NFRI) muna Daejeon, izvo zvakaunza yeplasma yaro yokutanga pakati 2008. Ichi mutyairi chirongwa ITER, inova mugumisiro pamwe dzakawanda. Tokamak nharaunda pamusoro 1,8 M - wokutanga reactor achishandisa superconducting magnets A Nb3Sn, zvakafanana dzichashandiswa muna ITER. Panguva yokutanga chokutambudzika, izvo yakaguma muna 2012, K-nyeredzi aifanira kuratidza chinhanho wose ruzivo uye kuti vabudirire yeplasma kupomba nguva kuti mumasekonzi 20. In wechipiri kutotanga (2013-2017) rinoitwa kudzidza mazuvaano ayo pulses refu anosvika 300 S mu H muoti, uye kuchinja kuti zvikuru AT-nzira. Chinangwa danho rechitatu (2018-2023) ndiko kuzadzisa yakakwirira kuita uye kunyatsoshanda ari refu kufamba kweropa muoti. In danho 4 (2023-2025) vachaedzwa Demo michina. The mudziyo haakwanisi kushanda pamwe tritium DT uye huni tizvishandise.

K-Demo

Yakagadzirwa muna pamwe chete (PPPL) US Department Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory of Energy uye South Korean Institute NFRI, K-Demo vanofanira kuva danho rinotevera kurutivi pakusika zvebhizimisi reactors mushure ITER, uye uchava wokutanga simba chirimwa inokwanisa generating simba yemagetsi afoot, kureva, mamiriyoni 1 kilowatts kune shomanana. dhayamita chayo achava 6,65 m, uye achava negumbeze module kunotangira basa Demo. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea anoronga mari mariri pamusoro tiririyoni Won Korean ($ mamiriyoni 941).

EAST

Chinese mutyairi wendege nani superconducting tokamak (EAST) muna Institute of Physics muna China Hefee akasika rehydrogen yeplasma tembiricha mamiriyoni 50 ° C uye akaramba kuti 102 seconds.

TFTR

The American rabhoritari PPPL experimental yenyukireya reactor TFTR vakashanda kubva muna 1982 kusvika 1997. Muna December 1993, akava wokutanga TFTR rinobva tokamak, zvaakatadzisa chaizvo kuedza ane muplasma deuterium-tritium. In zvinotevera, kuti reactor ikabereka zvinyorwa apo kudzorwa simba 10.7 MW, uye muna 1995, nhoroondo tembiricha yakanga kubudirira ionized gasi kusvika mamiriyoni 510 ° C. Zvisinei, installation haana kubudirira breakeven Fusion simba, asi ari kukunda kwakazadzisa chinangwa mazano ari Hardware, vachiita rakakura ITER.

LHD

LHD muna Japanese National Institute for Fusion zvenyukireya Toki, Gifu Prefecture ndiyo yakanga yakakura stellarator munyika. Kutanga ari Fusion reactor kwakaitika muna 1998, uye iye akaratidza unhu yeplasma musungwa, kufanana nezvimwe zvivako zvikuru. Rakanga yakasvika 13.5 keV Ion tembiricha (anenge mamiriyoni 160 ° C) uye nesimba 1.44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Pashure pegore yokuedzwa, kutanga mukupera 2015, nehelium tembiricha munguva pfupi nguva yasvika 1 mamiriyoni ° C. Muna 2016 The yenyukireya reactor pamwe rehydrogen yeplasma kushandisa 2 MW, tembiricha yakasvika mamiriyoni 80 ° C kuti chikamu chechipiri. W7-X stellarator ndiyo pakukura munyika uye akaronga kuti kuramba ichishanda kwemaminitsi 30. Mari reactor racho € 1 bhiriyoni.

NIF

National Galvanzie Facility (NIF) mu rakapera muna March 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) gore. Kushandisa ayo 192 Laser namatanda ayo, NIF anokwanisa kuramba mamwe 60 nguva simba kupfuura yapfuura Laser hurongwa.

Cold Fusion

Muna March 1989, vaongorori mbiri, American Stenli Pons uye Martin Fleischmann Briton, vakati ivo yakatanga nyore pakombiyuta inotonhora Fusion reactor, kushanda panguva nenzvimbo tembiricha. The kwacho kwaisanganisira electrolysis inorema mvura uchishandisa palladium electrode umo deuterium nuclei dzakanga dzichiitika rurefu arambe achirema. Vaongorori vanoti unobereka kupisa, izvo zvinogona kutsanangurwa chete maererano zvenyukireya urongwa, uyewo paiva divi zvibereko kwetunhu, kusanganisira nehelium, tritium uye neutrons. Zvisinei, dzimwe experimenters vakatadza kutevedzera chiitiko ichi. Vazhinji masayendisiti asingatendi kuti inotonhora Fusion reactors vari zvechokwadi.

Low-simba renyukireya siyana

Hwakaitwa neDare Zvinotaurwa "chando Fusion" tsvakurudzo akaramba mumunda yakaderera simba zvenyukireya siyana, vamwe rutsigiro empirical, asi haasi kazhinji kugamuchirwa tsananguro nesayenzi. Pachena, simba renyukireya mukukurukurirana (uye kwete simba, sapamazuva fission kwenyukireya kana kwetunhu) anoshandiswa pakusika uye kubatwa zviri neutrons. Kuedza zvinosanganisira kupinda rehydrogen kana deuterium kuburikidza nokuva gombedzero mubhedha uye zvakaitwa pamwe simbi. Vaongorori vaudza vakachengeta simba kusunungurwa. Muenzaniso mukuru rinoshanda zvakaitwa rehydrogen rine nickel upfu kupisa, uwandu rinopfuura anogona kupa chero makemikari kuita.